Lesson 3
Operations
on
Functions
At the end of the lesson, you are
able/expected to:
a. perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and
composition of functions.
Perform the indicated operations.
a. 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
b. 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑
c. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟒
d. 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
e. 𝟑 + 𝒙 𝟑−𝒙
f. (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑𝟓) ÷ (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝟐
Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
Rule:
• To add two polynomials, write the sum and simplify
by combining like terms.
• To subtract an expression from another expression,
add its negative.
That is, 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒂 + (−𝒃)
To add 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 and 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒, we have:
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒 − 𝟒
= 𝟏𝟎𝒙
To subtract 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐 from 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒, we have:
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒 − 𝟐
= −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
Multiplication of Polynomials
• When multiplying monomials, you will often use the
following laws of exponents.
Law of Exponents
1. Product Rule for Exponent: 𝒙𝒎 ∙ 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒙𝒎+𝒏
To multiply powers having the same base, keep the base
and add the exponents
2. Power Rule for Exponent: (𝒙𝒎 )𝒏 = 𝒙𝒎𝒏
To find power of a power of a base, keep the base and
multiply the exponents.
3. Power of a Product Rule: (𝒙𝒚)𝒏 = 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏
To find the power of a product, find the power of each
factor and then multiply the resulting powers.
To simplify 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟓 , use the product rule for exponents for
each base to get :
= 𝒙𝟐+𝟒 ∙ 𝒚𝟑+𝟓
= 𝒙𝟔 𝒚𝟖
To simplify (𝒎𝟑 )𝟐 𝒎𝟕 , apply the power and product rules for
exponents to get:
= 𝒎𝟑∙𝟐 𝒎𝟕
= 𝒎 𝟔 𝒎𝟕
= 𝒎𝟔+𝟕
= 𝒎𝟏𝟑
To multiply a polynomial, multiply each terms of the polynomial
by the monomial.
To find the product of 𝟓𝒙 and 𝒙 + 𝟒, we have:
𝟓𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟓𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 𝟒
= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙
To multiply a polynomial, multiply each terms of the polynomial
by the monomial.
To find the product of 𝟓𝒙 and 𝒙 + 𝟒, we have:
𝟓𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟓𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 𝟒
= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙
The FOIL Method (First, Out, In, Last)
𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒄 + 𝒅 = 𝒂𝒄 + 𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅
To find the product of 𝒙 + 𝟑 and 𝒙 + 𝟓 using the FOIL
method, we have:
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
𝟐
= 𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
Special Products
Square of a Binomial
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐
The square of binomial is the square of the first term plus(or
minus) twice the product of the two terms plus the square of the
last term.
When you use these special product patterns, remember that x
and y can be numbers, variables, or even algebraic expressions.
Trinomials of the form 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 or 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 are called
perfect square trinomials because each is the result after
squaring a binomial.
To get the square of 𝒂 + 𝟕, we have:
(𝒂 + 𝟕)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂 𝟕 + 𝟕𝟐
𝟐
= 𝒂 + 𝟏𝟒𝒂 + 𝟒𝟗
Square Twice Square
of the of
First Term Product Last term
of the
two terms
Cube of a Binomial
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑
(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑
To cube 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓, a (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟑 , we do as follows:
First term: The cube of 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟖𝒙𝟑
Second Term: Three times the product of (𝟐𝒙)𝟐 and 5
= (𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝟓 (𝟑) = 𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟐
Third Term: Three times the product of 𝟐𝒙 and (𝟓)𝟐
= (𝟓)𝟐 (𝟐𝒙)(𝟑) = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒙
Fourth Term: The cube of 5 = 125
So, (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟑 = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓.
Product of Sum and Difference
𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
To perform (𝟒𝒕 + 𝟗)(𝟒𝒕 − 𝟗), we have:
= 𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 −𝟑𝟔𝒕 + 𝟑𝟔𝒕 − 𝟖𝟏
= 𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏
Square of a Trinomial
(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝒛 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛
1. Square of the first term
2. Square of the second term
3. Square of the third term
4. Twice the product of the first term and the second term
5. Twice the product of the first term and the third term
6. Twice the product of the second term and the third term
Division of Monomials
Rules of Division for Exponents
For every positive integer 𝒎 and 𝒏, and 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎:
𝒙𝒎
= 𝒙𝒎−𝒏 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒎 > 𝒏;
𝒙𝒏
𝒙𝒎 𝟏
= , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒎 < 𝒏;
𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒎−𝒏
𝒙𝒎
= 𝒙𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒎 = 𝒏
𝒙𝒏
Applying the Division Rules for Exponents
𝒙𝟓 𝟓−𝟐 𝟑
= 𝒙 = 𝒙
𝒙𝟐
𝒂𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
𝟔 = 𝟔−𝟒 = 𝟐
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒎𝟑 𝟑−𝟑 = 𝒎𝟎
= 𝒎 =𝟏
𝒎𝟑
Sum, difference, Product and Quotient of Functions
Let 𝒇 and 𝒈 be any two functions.
The sum 𝒇 + 𝒈, difference 𝒇 – 𝒈, product 𝒇𝒈, and quotient
𝒇
are functions whose domains are the set of all real numbers
𝒈
common to the domain of 𝒇 and 𝒈, and defined as domains are
the set of all real numbers common to the domain of 𝒇 and 𝒈,
and defined as follows:
1. Sum: 𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒙
2. Difference: 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙
3. Product: 𝒇𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 ∙ 𝒈 𝒙
𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
4. Quotient: 𝒙 = , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝒈 𝒈(𝒙)
If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅:
𝒇
a. 𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 b. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 c. (𝒇𝒈)(𝒙) d. (𝒙)
𝒈
𝒂. 𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒙 Definition of Sum Functions
= 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 Add f(x) and g(x)
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓 Combine Like Terms
b. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙
= 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
= 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
= −𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏
If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅:
𝒇
c. (𝒇𝒈)(𝒙) d. (𝒙)
𝒈
c. 𝒇𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 ·𝒈 𝒙
= 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
= 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔
= 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔
𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟑𝒙−𝟐 𝟑𝒙−𝟐
d. 𝒙 = = =
𝒈 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟑 (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙−𝟏)
Let 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅:
a. 𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 b. 𝒇 + 𝒈 𝟑 c. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 d. (𝐟 − 𝐠)(𝟓)
a. 𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐟 𝐱 + 𝐠 𝐱
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏
b. 𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒇 + 𝒈 𝟑 = (𝟑)𝟐 +𝟓 𝟑 − 𝟏
= 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏
= 𝟐𝟑
Let 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅:
c. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 d. (𝐟 − 𝐠)(𝟓)
c. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐟 𝐱 − 𝐠 𝐱
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟗
d. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟗
𝒇 − 𝒈 𝟓 = (𝟓)𝟐 −𝟓 𝟓 − 𝟗
= 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟗
= −𝟗
Let 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅:
c. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 d. (𝐟 − 𝐠)(𝟓)
c. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐟 𝐱 − 𝐠 𝐱
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟗
d. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟗
𝒇 − 𝒈 𝟓 = (𝟓)𝟐 −𝟓 𝟓 − 𝟗
= 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟗
= −𝟗
The Composition of Functions
The 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒈 is denoted by
𝒇 ○ 𝒈 and is defined by the equation:
𝒇○𝒈 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒈 𝒙
The domain of the composition function 𝒇 ○ 𝒈 is the set of
all 𝒙 such that
1. 𝒙 is the domain of 𝒈; and
2. 𝒈(𝒙) is in the domain of 𝒇.
Given 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒, find:
a. 𝒇 ○ 𝒈 (𝒙) b. 𝒈 ○ 𝒇 (𝒙)
Because 𝒇 ○ 𝒈 (𝒙) means 𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 , we must replace each
occurrence of 𝒙 in the function by 𝒇 𝒃𝒚 𝒈(𝒙).
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒇 ○ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓
= 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 − 𝟓
= 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟓
= 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏
Thus, 𝒇 ○ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏
Given 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒, find:
b. 𝒈 ○ 𝒇 (𝒙)
Because 𝒈 ○ 𝒇 (𝒙) means g 𝒇 𝒙 , we must replace each
occurrence of 𝒙 in the function by 𝐠 𝒚 𝒇(𝒙).
g 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝒈○𝒇 𝒙 =𝒈 𝒇 𝒙
= (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 +𝟒
= 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒
= 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟗
Thus, 𝒈 ○ 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟗
