Module 3: Code of Ethics
● Principle of Ethics
● Compliance based and values based codes of ethics
● Professional Obligation
Principle of Ethics
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles, values, and the
concepts of right and wrong behavior. There are various principles of ethics that provide
a framework for guiding individuals and groups in making ethical decisions and
evaluating the morality of actions. These principles help to determine what is considered
morally acceptable or unacceptable. Here are some of the key principles of ethics:
● Autonomy: This principle emphasizes the importance of respecting an individual's
right to make their own decisions and choices. It involves obtaining informed
consent and ensuring that people have the freedom to make choices about their
own lives.
● Beneficence: The principle of beneficence requires acting in the best interests of
others and promoting their well-being. It encourages actions that maximize the
welfare of individuals and society.
● Non-Maleficence: This principle is often summarized as "do no harm." It requires
avoiding actions that could harm or cause unnecessary suffering to others. It's
about preventing harm and minimizing risks.
● Justice: The principle of justice is concerned with fairness and equality. It requires
that individuals and groups be treated equitably and that resources and benefits
be distributed fairly. This includes both distributive justice (fair distribution of
goods and resources) and procedural justice (fair processes and procedures).
● Veracity: Veracity is the principle of truthfulness and honesty. It involves being
honest and transparent in all communications, as deception and dishonesty can
undermine trust.
● Fidelity: This principle emphasizes the importance of keeping promises and
being loyal and faithful to one's commitments. It is often associated with
professional ethics and responsibilities.
● Respect for Persons: This principle involves treating individuals with dignity and
recognizing their inherent worth. It is closely related to the concept of human
rights and requires that individuals not be used as a means to an end but as
ends in themselves.
● Cultural Sensitivity: This principle acknowledges the importance of respecting
cultural diversity and recognizing that ethical standards and values may vary
across different cultures. It emphasizes the need for cultural competence and
sensitivity.
● Prudence: This principle encourages individuals to exercise wisdom and practical
judgment when making ethical decisions. It involves considering the
consequences of actions and making decisions that are morally sound.
● Common Good: The principle of the common good promotes actions that
contribute to the well-being and flourishing of the larger community or society as
a whole. It looks beyond individual interests to the greater good of all.
Compliance based and values based codes of ethics
Compliance-based and values-based codes of ethics represent two different
approaches to establishing and maintaining ethical standards within organizations.
These codes of ethics help guide the behavior and decision-making of individuals within
an organization.
Compliance-Based Code of Ethics
● Focus: Compliance-based codes of ethics primarily focus on ensuring that the
organization and its members follow laws, regulations, and industry standards.
They emphasize adherence to external rules and requirements.
● Objective: The main objective of a compliance-based code is to prevent legal
violations, lawsuits, and sanctions. It is often a response to regulatory or legal
requirements in a particular industry.
● Rules and Procedures: Compliance-based codes often consist of specific rules,
policies, and procedures that employees must follow. These rules are designed
to prevent legal issues and promote adherence to external standards.
● Enforcement: The emphasis is on monitoring and enforcement. Violations of the
code can result in disciplinary actions or legal consequences.
● Example: In the financial industry, organizations may have compliance-based
codes of ethics that require employees to follow strict regulations to prevent
insider trading and fraud.
Values-Based Code of Ethics
● Focus: Values-based codes of ethics emphasize the organization's core values,
principles, and moral beliefs. They are more concerned with promoting a positive
organizational culture and ethical decision-making.
● Objective: The primary objective of a values-based code is to encourage ethical
behavior based on the organization's principles and values. It is about fostering a
strong ethical culture within the organization.
● Guiding Principles: Values-based codes often provide employees with general
guiding principles rather than specific rules. They encourage employees to make
ethical decisions in line with the organization's values.
● Ethical Decision-Making: Values-based codes promote ethical decision-making
and encourage employees to consider the broader ethical implications of their
actions.
● Example: A tech company might have a values-based code of ethics that
prioritizes innovation, transparency, and social responsibility. Employees are
encouraged to make decisions that align with these values.
In practice, many organizations may incorporate elements of both compliance-based
and values-based codes of ethics, striking a balance between following legal
requirements and fostering an ethical organizational culture. However, the emphasis
can vary based on the industry, the organization's mission, and its leadership's ethical
priorities.
Professional Obligation
Professional obligation refers to the responsibilities and duties that individuals in a
specific profession are expected to uphold. These obligations are typically based on the
standards, ethics, and norms of the profession and are essential for maintaining the
integrity, trust, and credibility of that profession. Some key aspects of professional
obligation are as follows:
1. Ethical Responsibility: Professionals are often bound by ethical codes of conduct
that outline the principles and values they must adhere to. These ethical
guidelines serve as a moral compass for professionals and guide their
decision-making.
2. Duty of Care: Many professions require a duty of care, which means
professionals are obliged to act in the best interests of their clients, patients, or
stakeholders. This includes providing competent and diligent services and
ensuring the well-being and safety of those they serve.
3. Confidentiality: In many professions, maintaining confidentiality is a critical
obligation. Professionals are often entrusted with sensitive information, and they
must protect the privacy and confidentiality of their clients or patients.
4. Competence: Professionals have an obligation to continually update their
knowledge and skills to ensure they provide the best possible services. This
includes engaging in professional development and staying up-to-date with
industry trends and best practices.
5. Accountability: Professionals are accountable for their actions and decisions.
They should be prepared to explain and justify their choices and behavior,
particularly when those choices have a direct impact on others.
6. Integrity: Upholding a high level of integrity is a fundamental professional
obligation. This involves being honest, transparent, and acting in a trustworthy
manner. Ethical breaches, such as fraud or dishonesty, can seriously damage a
professional's reputation.
7. Conflict of Interest Management: Professionals must be diligent in identifying and
managing conflicts of interest. They should prioritize the interests of their clients,
patients, or stakeholders over their personal or financial interests.
8. Legal Compliance: Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is a basic
professional obligation. Professionals should ensure that their actions and
decisions are in accordance with the legal framework governing their field.
9. Advocacy: In some professions, professionals have an obligation to advocate for
the best interests of their clients or a particular cause. This may involve taking a
stand on important issues or actively working to improve conditions within the
profession.
10. Continual Improvement: Many professions require professionals to engage in
ongoing self-assessment and improvement. This involves reflecting on their
practices, seeking feedback, and striving for excellence.
