Quarter 4 – Module 1:

Using Appropriate Grammatical

Signals or Expressions to Each Pattern of Idea Development

Idea development is essential in writing. This is done by organizing

ideas in a logical and clear manner that suits the writer’s purpose. To
achieve this, it is necessary to use appropriate grammatical signals or
expressions.

Grammatical signals are writing devices such as transitional devices,

connectors, determiners, and repetitions that are used to maintain text
coherence. Coherence establishes a logical connection between ideas in
sentences and paragraphs

Pattern of idea development refers to the structure of writing on how

the ideas are being presented.

 general to particular
 cause and effect
 claim-counterclaim
 problem-solution,
 and persuasion.

A. General to Particular
This pattern of idea development discusses the general topic by
presenting specific details that support the topic. The writer starts with
the general idea stated in the topic sentence. Then, it is elaborated and
explained through specific details and examples. In other words, general
to particular pattern is a deductive method of organization.
These are the other grammatical signals that can be used for general to
particular pattern of idea development:
also, for example, as an example, in addition, in addition to, for instance,
examples of these, first, second, third, next, on one hand, and on the other
hand.
B. Cause and Effect

This pattern of idea development explains the causes or the effects

of something. When a writer presents reasons, he or she is explaining the
causes. When a writer explains the results, he or she is explaining the
effects.

These are the other grammatical signals that can be used for cause and
effect pattern of idea development:

Cause: if, for, since, due to, because, owing to, because of, one cause,
and resulting from

Effect: so, thus, hence, then, therefore, as a result, in effect, as

consequence, consequently, leads to, one of the effects is, and that is
why

C. Claim and Counterclaim

This pattern of idea development refers to the structure of presenting a

side of an issue in an argumentative manner. A claim is the writer’s stand
on a topic supported by evidences and logical reasoning. Also, the writer
presents the counterclaim or the opposite stand of an issue to disprove it

Here are the other transitional devices that can be used for
claimcounterclaim pattern of idea development:

however, nevertheless, on one hand, on the other hand, admittedly,

some people say, some may say, of course, nevertheless, and but not
only that.
through evidences and logical reasoning.

D. Problem-Solution

This pattern of idea development is used when a writer identifies a

problem and addresses it by presenting one or more solutions. A problem
refers to the unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties. A
solution on the other hand, refers to the ways in solving or minimizing the
problem.

Here are the grammatical signals to be used for problem-solution pattern

of idea development:

because, cause, since, as a result, in order to, and so that, as a solution,

and one way.
E. Persuasion

This pattern of idea development intends to convince the readers to do

or believe in something. It allows the writer to express his or her personal
viewpoints about a topic to convince the readers. This pattern of idea
development is based on opinions and emotions. Below are the
grammatical signals to be used in persuasive pattern of idea
development.

Here are some of the other grammatical signals and expressions of

persuasion:

come, free, need, must, must not, necessary, latest, hurry, join, help,
best, better, great, proven, trusted, create, come along, urgent,
amazing experience, avail now,

I believe, I urge, don't miss, can do it, and one of a kind.

Module 2: Expanding the Content of an Outline Using Notes from
Primary and Secondary Sources

What is an outline?

An outline is a tool used in improving and organizing written ideas about a

topic into a logical order. Writers use outlines when writing their papers to
know which topic to cover and in what order.

What are the types of an outline?

The type of outline to be used by the writer depends on the nature of the
topic and purpose of the writer. Topics that are information-heavy may
require more major topics and subtopics since the writer’s purpose is to
be as informative as possible. However, if the writer wants to be
persuasive, outline should only accommodate what is important to the
audience’s needs.

There are two types of outlines: the sentence outline and the topic
outline.

1. Sentence Outline

It is a type of outline that presents the thesis statement, major topics,

subtopics, and supporting details in sentence form. It allows you to include
those details in the sentences instead of having to create an outline of
many short phrases that goes on page after page. Also, it follows a
hierarchical structure composed of sentences and headings around the
subject of the speech or essay.

These characters are used in this order in bullet formatting.

• Roman Numerals

• Capitalized Letters

• Arabic Numerals

• Lowercase Letters

2. Topic Outline

It is a type of outline which presents the major topics, subtopics, and

supporting details in the form of words and phrases.

What are the contents of an outline?

 An outline is composed of many parts. These parts work together to
present a clear idea of a paragraph or an essay. An outline contains thesis
statement, major topics, subtopics, and supporting details. The following
are the parts with their corresponding definition:

Contents of an Outline Definition

A thesis statement is a one-sentence

Thesis Statement statement that expresses the main idea of
an essay.

Major topics refer to the major

Major topics phrases/sentences which are formed from
the thesis statement.

Subtopics refer to the minor

Subtopics phrases/sentences which are formed from
the major topics.

Supporting details are phrases/sentences

which provide additional information to
clarify or prove the main idea. These details
Supporting Details
help you explain further the ideas
presented by the major topics and
subtopics.
What are the steps in writing an outline?

Writing an outline involves a series of steps. To achieve a well-organized

outline, follow these steps carefully:

Create and organize a

Choose your topic list of your major
and establish your topics.
purpose.

Make and organize a

list of your subtopics.
STEPS IN WRITING AN OUTLINE

Provide additional
Review and refine the
information to support
contents of your
your subtopics.
outline.

How to Expand the Content of an Outline Using Different Sources?

In expanding the content of an outline, you need to use primary and

secondary sources. Primary sources are firsthand information taken
from original evidences such as reports on discoveries and events and
interviews from persons in authority while secondary sources are
secondhand information taken from the primary sources.

Below are examples of primary and secondary sources which will be used
in expanding the contents of your outline.

Examples of primary sources Examples of secondary sources

include: include:

 journal articles that

comment on or analyses
• diaries, letter
research
correspondence,
 textbooks
• original documents e.g.
birth certificates, trial  dictionaries and
records encyclopedias

• interviews, speeches,  books that interpret,

oral histories analyze

• laws, regulations,  political commentary

constitutions
 biographies
• government
 dissertations
documents,
 newspaper
statistical data, research reports
editorial/columns
• journal article reporting
 criticism of literature,
new research or findings
art works or music
• creative art works,
literature

• opinion pieces
 Module 3: Synthesize Essential Information Found in Various
Sources

In the process of synthesizing, a synthesis can form: a new

understanding, something a reader has not considered before until
reading the text; a deeper understanding, becoming more aware or
appreciative of an idea after reading a text; and a changed
understanding, thinking differently as a result of the text.

This time, let's deepen your understanding of the lesson by defining the
term synthesizing. Synthesizing is the process through which readers
bring together their background knowledge and their evolving
understanding of the book to create a complete and original
understanding of the text (Debbie Miller, 2013, p.171).

Your thesis is the sentence or paragraph that asserts your idea or

hypothesis, which your paper will then prove or disprove. You do this with
the sources you collect and then assess, compiling the information
provided, and then coming up with a hypothesis.

Note: Synthesizing is not the same as summarizing. A summary

restates

the information in one or more sources without incorporating new

insight or reaching new conclusions while a synthesis draws on
multiple sources to reach a broader conclusion.

The REST Method

R – read two different sources about a topic and record ideas.

E – edit notes and combine concepts that are similar.

S– synthesize by combining notes with what you already know about the
topic.
T– think about your new ideas and connect them to what you already
know.

Quarter 4 – Module 4:

Composing an Effective Paragraph

What is a Paragraph?

A paragraph is a group of sentences organized to discuss a topic. In fact,

the main rule of paragraph writing is to focus on one idea or topic. To be
able to write an effective paragraph, one must have the essential parts.

What are the Parts of a Paragraph?

There are three parts of a paragraph namely topic sentence, supporting
sentences, and concluding sentence. Each serves a different function in
the paragraph.

Topic Sentence

A topic sentence presents the topic of the paragraph. It will serve as

a guide for the writer to keep his or her writing under control. This is why,
a topic sentence is called the "controlling idea" of a paragraph

Supporting Sentences

The Supporting sentences serve as the body of your paragraph.

This is where you elaborate your topic by including specific details or
evidences. All of the sentences in the body must relate to the topic
sentence. These sentences should be organized accordingly through the
use of transitional devices.

Concluding Sentence

A concluding sentence restates what the topic of the paragraph

is all about. It comes after all the details have been included in the body
of the paragraph. The box below contains the list of transitional devices
used in concluding sentences.

Conclusion: thus, hence, indeed, finally, therefore, consequently, in

conclusion, to conclude, as a result, in the end, and for all these reasons

Summary: so, accordingly, briefly, in brief, in sum, summing up, in

summary, to sum up, as can be seen, given this point, and to summarize

What are the Principles in Writing a Paragraph?

For a paragraph to be effective, the following principles must be observed.

Unity

Unity means that all sentences in the paragraph talk about one central
idea. This means that the writer will deal only with one topic. It is
important because it guides the writer with his or her idea.

Coherence

Coherence refers to the connection of ideas in the paragraph in

general. The idea in the topic sentence, as well as in the supporting
sentences and concluding sentence, is connected to each other through
the use of transitional devices.

Development
 Development refers to the principle when a paragraph describes,
elaborates, explains, and supports its topic sentence. A paragraph is
considered adequately developed if after reading it, the reader is left
with no questions.

What are the Different Patterns of Paragraph Development?

There are many ways to develop a paragraph. The following are the
common patterns of paragraph development.

Narration

In the narration pattern, the paragraph tells a story or recounts a series of

events. It arranges the events or ideas in a chronological order which
means the events are organized from beginning to end. Narrative
paragraph can be based on personal experience or on knowledge gained
from reading or observation

Description

In a description pattern, the paragraph is characterized by using more

adjectives or vivid sensory description. It creates a mental picture of the
idea or the topic by describing how it sounds, smells, tastes, feels, and/or
looks. It is often recommended to use transitional words and phrases that
indicate location.

Process

This pattern of development is usually used to explain a process on how to

do something. It uses transitional devices of enumeration (e.g., first,
second, third) and time (e.g., then, next, finally). It is the right pattern of
development when your purpose is to help your readers understand the
steps in a process or procedure, or to give instructions.

Exemplification

This pattern of paragraph development uses series of examples to support

the topic sentence. This means that to further explain the topic, the use of
specific examples must be provided.

Comparison/Contrast

This pattern of paragraph development is used when a paragraph

demonstrates comparison and/or contrast or examines how given subjects
are either similar or different. Comparison examines how the subjects are
the same while contrast examines how the subjects are different. In
writing this paragraph pattern it is highly recommended to use transitional
words and phrases that indicate comparison and contrast.

Definition
This pattern of paragraph development aims to give a complete working
definition of a term, concept, or idea. One of the main features of this
pattern is that it tells both what the term is and what it is not. In other
words, it defines the boundaries of a term, so the readers can better
understand it.

Classification

This pattern of paragraph development presents a topic and classifies it

into component parts, types, kinds or categories. It distinguishes its parts
by presenting the characteristics of each. This pattern uses transitional
phrases like can be divided, is a kind/type/part of, can be classified, falls
under, can be categorized, is related to, and associated with.

Cause and Effect

This pattern of paragraph development explains the reasons why

something happened or explains the effects of something. When an
author gives reasons, he or she is explaining the causes. When a writer
explains the results, he or she is explaining the effects. To explain the
causes, the following signal words may be used: since, due to, because,
consequently, and for this reason. To explain the effects, the following
signal words may be used: so, thus, hence, therefore, and as a result.
 Quarter 4 – Module 5:

Developing Paragraphs that Illustrate Text Types

Text types may be categorized in a number of ways. The following lists

the more common text types you read almost every day.

1. Narrative – tells a story which can be fiction (made-up story) or

non-fiction (real events). Shorts stories and other traditional tales are
examples of fiction, while biographies are examples of narrative non-
fiction.

2. Explanation - explains a particular subject or topic through ideas

that support it. It is a kind of factual text that explains how or why things
are. It elaborates on how or why something occurs or give information on
how to do something.

3. Expository – are also informational texts that present factual data

on a topic through description, sequence, comparison and contrast, cause
and effect, and problem-solution.

4. Procedural text - lists a sequence of actions or steps needed to

make or do something. Some examples include recipes, science
experiments, assembly manuals, or instructions for playing games. This
should not be confused with explanations on processes, because
procedural texts are more directive and imperative. They instruct readers
on how to go about processes.

5. Recount - retells past events which may either be personal or

factual.

• Personal recount - retells past events that the writer was

personally involved in. Diary entries and short personal memoirs are
examples of personal recounts

• Factual recount - retells events that also happened in real life but
may not be about the writer himself/herself. News reports and witness
statements are examples of factual recounting.
6. Persuasive text - intends to convince the readers/listeners to
believe, perform a certain action or change mind. Examples of persuasive
text types include advertisements, editorials, debate speeches,
arguments, and persuasive essays and speeches.