CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
STUDY
Dance is the movement of the body to a
particular sound,melody or rhythm in time
and space to convey emotions,feelings and
ideas.
It is both a social activity and an art form
that can be performed for
entertainment,ritual,therapy or
[Link] is a form of artistic
expression where people move their
bodies to music or rhythm. Adrienne L.
Kaeppler, in the Encyclopedia of Quality of
Life and Well-Being Research, describes
dance as "a complex visual form that
communicates through movement in time
and space, often in conjunction with music
and poetry."
According to Wikipedia,Dance is an art
form consisting of sequences of body
movements with apathy and often
symbolic value,either improvised or
purposefully selected. It can be done for
various reasons such as entertainment,
performance, social interaction, or even as
a way to tell stories. Dance is a performing
art that allows the expression of feelings
and emotions with bodily movement
(Elpidoforou, 2016). This view highlights
dance’s role in enabling individuals,
particularly children, to experience the joy
of movement, satisfying their innate
desires for action.
People dance in many different styles, like
ballet, hip-hop, salsa, or folk dances, and
each style has its own unique movements
and traditions. There are five types of
dance namely;pure dance,study
dance,abstract dance,dance drama and
dramatic dance. At its core, dance is about
using the body to communicate emotions,
ideas, or just to have fun. It can be done
alone, with a partner, or in a group, and it
often reflects the culture and traditions of
the people who perform it. Dance is also a
way to show creativity, express feelings,
and connect with others. Whether in a
formal setting like a theater or just at a
casual party, dance can bring people
together and create a sense of joy and
connection.
The origin of dance is difficult to access
because there are different accounts on
when dance began to [Link] was
used as a form of worship and [Link]
man existed,he realized certain resources
on earth were made available by some
spiritual beings and decided to continue to
reverence the beings through
dance,thanking them for
survival,protection and victory.
Mimesis:when man goes to hunt,he makes
use of dance to imitate the animal he is
after.
Storytelling:Dance was used to tell
certain stories and these stories were
passed down from generation to
generation through [Link] of the
earliest structured uses of dance may have
been in the performance and telling of
[Link] was also used sometimes to
show feelings for one of the opposite
[Link] is also linked to the origin of love
[Link] vary from one society and
culture to [Link] is a very broad
phenomenon that can take many forms,
from structured styles like ballet and salsa
to more improvisational forms like hip-hop
or contemporary [Link] is not
restrictive to a particular gender I.e, there
are dances for females only,male only,as
well as male and female as partners,which
rules out specific gender roles to enable
the understanding of the story being told.
In dance and other physical activities,
men and women are often thought to move
differently due to innate differences in
body structure. . For instance, men
generally have more upper-body strength
than women (Jensen et al 2000), and
women often have more hip flexibility than
[Link] course, many contemporary
choreographers realize that women and
men need not be restricted by these
movement stereotypes. Instead of
emphasizing "difference" in their
choreography, they find ways of keeping
the choreography neutral by ignoring
gender (for instance, giving all dancers the
same movement regardless of gender).
Another option is to undercut or transform
gender roles in some way,for instance
using role reversal or re-gendering.
Sally Banes in her article "Martha Graham
and the Feminine Archetype" examines
how Graham’s work, particularly in pieces
like Cave of the Heart and Appalachian
Spring, redefined the feminine by
portraying women who were emotionally
and physically active, taking on roles that
were previously reserved for men. Dance
serves as a site for the performance of
gender, where roles are not only expressed
but also enforced through choreography,
costume, and movement styles.
By the time dancers develop into
artists, often in their late teen years, they
have already participated in shaping
themselves into gendered beings "Dancing
Desires: Choreographing Sexualities On
and Off Stage" by Jane C. Desmond (2011)
These differences, along side a cultural
habit to highlight aesthetic points
perceived as either masculine or feminine,
have produced some distinctly gendered
styles of dance, with masculine styles
often emphasizing leaps, jumps, power,
and upper-body strength and feminine
styles focused upon flexibility, fluidity, and
emotion,for example,the salsa dance.
 Martha H. Merrill’s article "Gender Roles
in Social Dance: The Construction of
Masculine and Feminine Identities" (2002)
explores how in social dance forms such
as ballroom and tango, gender roles are
not only embodied through movement but
are also constructed through the
socialization of the dancers. Men and
women are taught specific movements that
reinforce their roles in the dance, which
often mimic societal gender expectations.
Salsa is a vibrant and dynamic partner
dance known for its rhythmic energy and
expressive movements. One of its most
distinctive features is its social aspect,
which allows dancers to engage with
different partners rather than being limited
to a single, regular dance partner.
In salsa, partners can effortlessly
coordinate their movements even if they
have never danced together before. As
long as both individuals are familiar with
the fundamental steps and the leader
effectively guides the follower, they can
create fluid and spontaneous dance
sequences. This adaptability makes salsa
an inclusive and enjoyable dance style that
encourages connection, improvisation, and
shared expression on the dance floor.
Also,the connection between partners is
key, as they work together to move in sync
with the music, often improvising and
adding personal flair to their movements.
This dance is both a performance and a
social activity, which makes it a great
example of how dance can bring people
together, express emotions, and connect
individuals across cultures. In salsa, the
lead (typically the man) is responsible for
guiding the movements of the follower
(typically the woman). This reflects a
longstanding gender dynamic in many
social dances, where men are expected to
take the active role of initiating
movements, while women follow and
respond to the lead.
In salsa, like in many dance forms, the
performance of gender roles not only
serves as a visual expression of
masculinity and femininity but also
conveys a narrative that speaks to the
relationship between the dancers and the
story they are telling through their bodies.
The dynamics between the male lead and
the female follower create a dialogue that
can be interpreted as a form of non-verbal
communication, where emotions, tension,
power, and connection are conveyed
through movement and interaction.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Salsa dance is more than just an
expression of sensuality; it is a powerful
storytelling medium that conveys
emotions, traditions, and cultural
narratives through specific gender roles
and coordinated movements. Beyond its
dynamic and passionate style, salsa serves
as a form of communication, allowing
dancers to express a range of emotions,
from joy and celebration to struggle and
resilience.
This study aims to challenge
misconceptions about salsa, particularly
the misunderstanding of gender roles
within the dance. While salsa is often
viewed through the lens of sensuality and
entertainment, many fail to recognize its
deep-rooted cultural significance and the
structured roles that both male and female
dancers play in executing its movements
and telling a story.

1.2PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This study is to give a clear representation
of the movement vocabulary of the
dancers of salsa and also the specific
gender roles involved in salsa dance and to
properly orientate people how its sexual
nature is used to tell a story and not just to
fulfill fantasy or [Link] study aims to
promote a positive view of the dance and
will encourage concentration on the
message that salsa dancers seek to pass
and also to foster In-depth understanding
of the movement vocabulary of the
dancers.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to explore the specific
movements used by female dancers in
salsa, particularly those that express
emotions and sexuality. It examines how
gender and sexuality influence the dance
while also encouraging a more positive and
informed perspective in society.
Additionally, the study seeks to help
audiences appreciate the deeper cultural
and artistic significance of salsa beyond
just its sensual or erotic elements.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Others find solace and joy in its
rhythms,using the dance as a form of
personal expression and [Link]
evokes emotions,ignites passion and
fosters a sense of communication,inspiring
a range of opinions and connections that
reflects the diversity of human
[Link] work seek to unravel the
essence of this unique genre of dance,and
also prove its relevance to the emotional
health of each gender involved.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study on the exceptional
dance style called "Salsa" begins by
providing a comprehensive overview of
dance as an art form, exploring its
significance across cultures and its role in
human expression. It then delves into the
concept of gender roles in dance,
examining how different cultures assign
specific movements, responsibilities, and
expectations to male and female dancers.
Following this, the study traces the origin
and historical evolution of Salsa dance,
beginning with its African roots, where
traditional rhythms and movements laid
the foundation for what later became a
globally recognized dance form.

1.6 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology adopted in this research
is a qualitative one which consists of
primary and secondary data [Link]
primary source was an interview
conducted with a professional salsa
dancer Bright Ufot John,and his female
partner Adejumoke Mercy,analysis of his
dance rehearsals and taking part in the
dance class and workshop.
Secondary sources include materials
from the World Wide
Web,journals,PDFs,published works and
from my experience of attending salsa
classes for assessments.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There were difficulties in finding relatable
materials as many works were focused on
the general aspect of salsa dance a not
particularly on the gender [Link]
limitations include:sleepless
nights,financial constraints and access to
the case study,as the case study is
temporarily unavailable most times.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

I. Gender: A social and cultural construct
that refers to the roles, behaviors,
identities, and attributes that a given
society considers appropriate for men,
women, and non-binary individuals.
Gender is the set of social and cultural
roles, behaviors, and expectations that
society associates with being male or
female. It relates to how people express
themselves and are seen in terms of traits,
activities, and roles that are considered
appropriate for men and women. Unlike
biological sex, which is based on physical
characteristics, gender is more about
identity and societal [Link] the context
of salsa dance, gender influences the roles
that participants are expected to perform
(e.g., the leader and follower roles) and
how these roles are perceived and
negotiated. Gender is a complex concept
that encompasses more than just
biological differences. It involves how
individuals identify themselves, how they
express themselves, and how society
expects them to behave based on their
assigned sex. This refers to a person's
internal sense of being male, female, a
blend of both, or neither. It may or may not
align with the sex assigned to them at birth

II. Sexuality: A complex spectrum of sexual

orientation, preferences, and behaviors. In
salsa dance, sexuality can impact how
dancers express intimacy, attraction, or
physical connection through their
movements and interactions with others,
influencing both the dance's social
function and personal significance. This
involves biological, psychological,
physical, erotic, emotional, social, or
spiritual feelings and behaviors. Sexuality
refers to a person's sexual orientation,
preferences, and behaviors. It
encompasses a range of feelings,
attractions, and identities, and it can
involve emotional, romantic, or sexual
attraction to others.
III. Gender Roles: Societal expectations
and behaviors assigned to individuals
based on their gender. In many fields, men
and women have historically been
expected to pursue different careers or
take on different roles. Men were often
encouraged to enter the workforce and
pursue positions of power or leadership,
while women were expected to focus on
domestic roles. This has changed
significantly over time, but there are still
lingering disparities in many professions. A
gender role, or sex role, are social norms
deemed appropriate or desirable for
individuals based on their gender or
[Link] roles are usually centered on
conceptions of masculinity and femininity.
Gender roles refer to the set of societal
expectations, behaviors, and norms that
are typically associated with an individual's
perceived gender. These roles influence
how people are expected to act, dress,
think, and interact based on whether they
are assigned or identify as male, female, or
another gender. Gender roles have been
deeply ingrained in societies for centuries,
often shaping everything from personal
identity to social and professional
expectations. These roles are learned
through various sources such as family,
education, media, and culture. Historically,
gender roles were seen as a way to
organize society, but as social dynamics
change, so do these expectations. Gender
roles in dance have traditionally followed a
clear and structured pattern, particularly in
classical and social dance forms, with
distinct expectations for men and women.
These roles were often based on societal
norms about masculinity and femininity,
shaping the way dancers performed and
were perceived in different contexts. In
salsa, gender roles are often reflected in
the traditional division of roles between
the lead (typically male) and follow
(typically female), though these roles have
evolved in contamporary dance
communities.

[Link] Dance: Salsa is one of the most

popular types of dance that is practiced
worldwide,and is typically danced with a
partner, although there are elements of
solo footwork as well. Salsa dance steps
can be done individually, but salsa is most
popularly known as a partnered dance
where the lead takes the follower through
a series of spins and turn patterns to
music. Salsa footwork is often intricate,
with lots of quick movements, pauses, and
changes in direction. Dancers incorporate
spins, turns, and even dips as they dance.
Though the steps themselves are fairly
simple, the rhythm and style make it a
highly expressive form of dance.

1.9 References

Elpidoforou. "In the Realm of Dance

Education." 2016.

Desmond, Jane C. Dancing Desires:

Choreographing Sexualities On and Off
Stage. University of Wisconsin Press, 2011.

Merrill,Martha H. “Gender Roles in Social

Dance: The Construction of Masculine and
Feminine Identities. “Journal of Dance
Studies,vol 14,no.2,2002,pp.31.

“Salsa’ is More African Than All Black-

American Musical Forms.” African Studies
Review, vol. 60, no. 2, Sept. 2017, p. 207.

African Studies Review, Volume 60, Issue

2.
September 2017, pp. 207

Rondon, Cesar Miguel. The Book of Salsa:

A Chronicle of Urban Music from the
Caribbean to New York City. Translated by
Frances R. Aparicio with Jackie White,
University of North Carolina Press, 2008,
pp. 24–26.

Celebrating Cuban Culture. “Arsenio

Rodriguez – Godfather of Son Montuno,
Root of Salsa.” 17 June 2020.

"‘On 2’ and Overseas: The Migration of

Salsa Dance." 2021.

Bosse, Joanna. Salsa Dance and the

Transformation of Style: An Ethnographic
Study of Movement and Meaning in a
Cross-Cultural Context. University of
Illinois Press, 2015.

"Company News: Latin Dance." 27 Dec.

2023,

“Salsa.” Encyclopædia Britannica,

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 4 Nov.
2024.

Salsa Dance: A Celebration of Cultural

Identity. 14 Oct. 2023.

“[Link]. Learn Salsa Dance!”

[Link].

[Link]

[Link]
dance-classes

[Link]

RF Dance. “Tricks for Perfect Turns,18th

sept,2023.

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

Lloyd, Rebecca J. Salsa Rhythms and Soul

Connections. 3 June 2023.

Salsa Latina. “The Secrets of Salsa

Timing.” 24 Feb. 2024.

Franco Vergaray, Jean. Personal interview.

20 May 2020.

Fazzuoli, Leela, and Daniele Cavallo.

Personal interview. 7 Oct. 2021.

Alfonso, Elisa. Gender Performance in

Salsa. 2021.

Gergen, Kenneth. Salsa Rhythms and Soul

Connections. 2021.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction/background Study
1.1Statement of problem
1.2 Purpose of the study
1.3 Significance Of The Study
1.4 Justification Of The Study
1.5. Scope Of The Study
1.6. Methodology Of The Study
1.7. Limitations Of The Study
1.8. Definition Of Terms
1.9. References

CHAPTER 2: Review Of Relevant Materials

2.0 Introduction
2.1 The Origin Of Salsa Dance:Africa
2.2 Development of Salsa:Latin America
2.3. Techniques Of Salsa Dance
2.4. Salsa in Nigeria

CHAPTER 3:Case Study

3.1 Traditional Gender roles in Salsa
partnering
3.2 Masculinity and Femininity in Salsa
Movement and Performance.
3.3 Sexual Tension and Intimacy in Salsa
3.4 Sexuality as Expressed Through Dance
Movements
3.5 Salsa and Storytelling

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Summary Of Findings
4.2 Recommendations
4.3. Conclusions
4.4 References

CHAPTER 2
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Ready to feel the rhythm and passion of
salsa? This fiery Latin dance isn’t just
about the steps—it’s a full-on journey
through time and culture! Imagine dancing
salsa without knowing its story,it’s like
tasting a dish without savoring its
ingredients. To truly experience salsa, you
need to dive into its history, tracing its
roots and evolution. Let’s explore how
salsa was born from syncopated rhythms,
how its signature steps and hip
movements came to life, and how it’s been
shaped by influences from various dance
styles along the way. Get ready for a dance
adventure that goes beyond the moves!
2.1 The Origin Of Salsa Dance:Africa
Salsa, widely recognized as a Cuban
dance, has roots that trace back far
beyond Latin America, with strong
influences from African tribes. During the
era of the transatlantic slave trade,
Spanish colonizers brought African slaves
to Cuba, along with their native rhythms.
Though the enslaved Africans were forced
to abandon their traditional Yoruba religion
and convert to Catholicism, they blended
their beliefs into a new form of worship
known as Santería, merging the African
Orishas (deities) with Catholic saints.
Members of the Yoruba tribe exerted a
strong influence over the developing Afro-
Cuban Culture.
In addition, the African slaves were
prohibited from dancing the traditional
dances that honored their gods, so they
found subtle ways to incorporate their
rhythms into the European-style dances
they were required to perform. This led to
a fusion of African and European dance
and music styles.

The dance known as Danzón developed

from the European Contradanz as a slow,
formal partner dance. However, in the
1940s, the infusion of faster, syncopated
African rhythms gave birth to what we now
recognize as the Mambo.
The arrival of African slaves in Latin
America occurred after the Spanish
invasion, which nearly wiped out the
indigenous population. Slaves were
brought from West Africa to work in the
colonies, and their cultural influence on
music and dance became profound. This
continued until the abolition of slavery in
1886. As the influence of African culture
grew, particularly in Cuba, the island’s
music evolved, incorporating distinct
characteristics influenced by African
traditions. While the American enslaver
worked feverishly to destroy any vestige of
African culture, the Spanish enslaver of
Cuba felt that it was in his best interest to
allow the enslaved African to maintain his
culture. In support of that, the Spanish
allowed the Africans to organize Cabildos
(or social groups) based on their nation of
origin. Thus you had the Abakua (or Ekpe)
from the nations known as Nigeria and
Cameroon, the Madinga (or Malinke) from
Sierre Leone, [Link] focus is primarily on
the Lucumi, the Cabildo founded for the
Yoruba of Benin and Nigeria. This lineage
would be the cornerstone and origin point
for what is now called “Salsa.”(“Salsa” is
More African Than All Black-
America,2016).
By the late 19th century, Cuban music
began to shift away from European
traditions, increasingly shaped by the
African slaves’ rhythms. Afro-Cuban
dance, which encompasses salsa,
emerged as a blending of Spanish and
African cultural elements. Spanish settlers
contributed melody and string
instruments, while African slaves,
particularly from tribes like the Bantu,
Yoruba, and Karagali, introduced
percussion instruments. Thus, the
essential components of salsa dance and
music came together, shaped by
generations of immigrants and forced
laborers in Latin America.
While salsa dance is popularly,and now
globally,understood to be a symbol and
expression of Latin identity,its adoption in
non-Latin contexts has produced new
meanings and cultural configurations. This
is particularly the case in West Africa,
where salsa is not only catching on among
urban youth, but is becoming understood
and approached from an African
perspective. (African Studies
Review,2017).
[Link] Of Salsa:Latin America
The full origin of the term "Salsa" was
never precisely identified. Although the
same Spanish word was used beforehand
in close connection with Latin dance, the
modern version of the term was
popularized not organically but with the
marketing push of the record labels and
promoters who wanted to introduce this
dance to the broader public. In its earliest
form, "salsa" is a Spanish term that means
"spice."
The word "salsa!" was used extensively in
Latin music since the mid-1800s as a cry
that musicians shouted during their
performances. The term was used in
energetic songs, spurring the dancers and
other musicians to become more frenetic,
acrobatic, introduce freestyle changes,
and "spice up" their act.
The term "Salsa" could also signify the
origin of the dance, which can be traced to

the fusion of several other dances. Some

music and dance historians believe that
the term "salsa" has the same meaning as
"sauce," signifying the mixture of
ingredients used in the creation of this
dance.
“Although salsa is rooted in urban culture,
Rondón explains, it is also a commercial
product produced and shaped by
professional musicians, record producers,
and the music industry” (Rondon,Ceaser
Miguel 2008)
Salsa dance emerged in the Central
American country of Cuba during the late
19th and early years of the 20th century.
This country's rich musical history enabled
many Latin dances to thrive, grow, and
morph into new forms, leading to modern
Salsa dance and Salsa music by the 1920s.
The contemporary Salsa as we know it
evolved from several earlier Cuban dance
forms, including Son, Son Montuno,
Mamba, Cha Cha Cha, and was also
enriched with Puerto Rican influences of
dances Bomba and Plena. At its core, Salsa
was made from the elements of the Són of
Cuba, troubadour music from Spain
(Flamenco and others), Rumbas of African
slaves, Danzón of French, and Haiti
immigrants, and various instruments that
were popular in Cuba. While Salsa started
gripping the Cuban population in the final
years of the 19th century, other regions of
Central America became aware of it during
the first years of the 20th century. Tourists
and music performers brought Salsa to
several other South and Central American
countries, enabling this music style to
morph, grow, and become an influential
cultural heritage of entire Latin America.
During the early 1900s, Cuba and
neighboring Puerto Rico were regarded as
"melting pots" of Latin dance and music,

enabling musicians and dancers to quickly

and quickly morph various styles into new
art forms. During that time, Cuba
popularized dances such as tango,mambo,
and flamenco. With the popularity of the
new dances on the rise, local radio
recording studio "Fania" decided to
promote a dance called Salsa, quickly
popularizing it all across Cuba.
Not long after that, the Salsa dance exited
Cuba's borders and started spreading
across the Caribbean, North America, and
the entire world. Salsa's popularity
exploded once this dance arrived in the
United States in the early years of the 20th
century.
The first notable exposure of Salsa by
American people happened during the
Cuban war of 1898 when American
Soldiers started enjoying the early version
of this Cuban dance. In years following the
Cuban war, Salsa became a fascination
point with numerous American jazz
musicians who incorporated Latin styles
into their performances. By the end of the
1st decade of the 20th century, Cuban
musicians and promoters started creating
and distributing the first radio recordings
of Salsa songs. These songs quickly found
their way to the U.S. mainland. Confronted
with the new and exciting Latin music
style, American record labels and radio
promoters quickly coined the new term
"salsa." They started using it during the
promotion of any upbeat Latin music that
was imported to the U.S. ( Arsenio
Rodriguez,2020)
The New York City mambo, which is one of
the earliest derivatives of salsa dance in
the
United States, is distinctively different
than Cuban salsa. The Cuban version of
salsa begins with “a simple step-tap step
performed solo,seldom with a partner”

writes Sydney Hutchinson. However, the

American version of mambo begins with a
“back-and-forth, side-to-side dance with a
partner” similarly to the ballroom style of
rumba that was popularized in Cuba in the
1930s.(“on 2” and Overseas,2021)
Salsa is the latest of the Latin dance
crazes, and since the early 1990,the genre
has experienced increased attention from
mainstream American audiences who have
invested significant resources in order to
learn to dance salsa. Formation teams are
presentational performance ensembles, in
this case combining salsa; ballroom; and
staged, theatrical dance, and generally
draw their enthusiasts from ballroom
dance circles. (Joanna Bosse,2015).
salsa is everywhere. Salsa communities
have formed beyond the Americas, too, in
places like Ghana, London, Switzerland,
the Netherlands, and beyond. People from
across Latin America and from other ethnic
backgrounds come together to experience
and adapt salsa to their migrant or local
communities. As Panamanian salsero
Rubén Blades says: “La música Salsa es un
folclor urbano a nivel internacional” (Salsa
music is urban folklore at the international
level). Salsa is a global phenomenon with
many distinct histories and communities.
The 1950s and 1960s saw a significant
migration of Latin American and Caribbean
musicians and dancers, especially from
Cuba and Puerto Rico, to New York City
In the vibrant atmosphere of New York’s
dance clubs and neighborhoods, these
artists blended their styles with others, like
swing.(Company News,2023). Since then it
has continued to expand to encompass
more variations and grow to reach new
parts of the world. Today, salsa is one of
the most popular styles of dance
worldwide. The importance of preserving

the integrity of salsa lies in constantly

revisiting its fundamental movements and
rich history. (Encyclopædia
Britannica,2024).
Salsa embodies resilience, resistance, and
is an ancestral technology carrying
forward the legacy of those who have
danced before us. By honoring these
roots, salsa remains grounded in its origins
while embracing contemporary
[Link] challenges traditional
notions of borders around nations,
identities, and cultures. It serves as a
powerful reminder that art, especially
dance, transcends physical and social
boundaries. Through salsa, we learn that
our shared humanity is more significant
than the divisions that separate us. This
dance form becomes a language of our
shared futures, promoting unity and love.
Over time, this dance form traveled,
evolved, and was embraced by various
cultures, each adding its own flavor and
essence. Today, salsa is not just a dance;
it’s a movement that bridges gaps,
transcends borders, and unites diverse
communities under a shared love for music
and dance.(Salsa Dance: A Celebration of
Cultural Identity,2023).
Through the years,many different styles of
salsa dancing have evolved around the
world. Many of them are compatible with
each other, but others are different enough
to make dancing between dancers of
different styles [Link]
other dance styling techniques into salsa
dancing has also become common, with
dancers of one style incorporating styles
and movements of others to create new
fusions of dance styles.
[Link] of Salsa Dance

Salsa is usually a partnered dance, though

there are some styles that can be
performed either alone or in a group,
exchanging partners throughout the song.
No matter how many people are dancing,
this style is always marked by its energetic
and rhythmic movements. Salsa dance
steps can be done individually, but salsa is
most popularly known as a partnered
dance where the lead takes the follower
through a series of spins and turn patterns
to music. Salsa's tempo ranges from about
150 bpm (beats per minute)to around
250 bpm, although most dancing is done
to music somewhere between 160 and 220
[Link] basic salsa dance rhythm
consists of taking three steps for every
four beats of music. Salsa dancers can
also break apart to dance solo, known as
"shines".
Salsa is simply too electric to have you
feeling left out. When you visit a Salsa club
or party, it’s basically guaranteed that
you’ll meet new people, laugh with them,
and be able to learn a little bit about
yourself too.
Being one of the most popular activities in
Latin America, you can observe that
nobody feels self-conscious — everyone’s
just vibing [Link], whether you are
shy, experiencing a period of depression,
or trying to gain a boost in self-esteem,
Salsa will be able to help with that through
and through([Link],learn salsa
dance!)
However Salsa dance styles vary across
different regions, with two main
categories: linear and circular. Linear
styles, like New York and LA style, involve
dancers moving in a line, while circular
styles, such as Cuban and Colombian,
feature dancers circling around each other.
Other popular styles include Puerto Rican,
Miami, and Salsa Choke.

List of salsa dance techniques

● The basic steps and footwork
● Partnering and connection
● Turns and spins
● Styling and embellishments
● Musicality and timing
The Basic Step and Footwork:
The fundamental salsa step, often called
the "cross-body lead," involves a series of
forward, side, and back steps with a focus
on weight transfer and rhythm. It's a
foundation for many other salsa moves,
and mastering it is crucial for beginners.
● Salsa music is typically in 4/4 time,
meaning there are four beats in each
musical bar or measure.
● The basic salsa step spans two musical
measures, totaling eight counts.
● We take steps on counts 1, 2, 3, and 5,
6, 7. Counts 4 and 8 are generally pauses,
weight transfers in place, or opportunities
for styling.
The Basic Step for the Leader (Typically
Male):
Let's break down the footwork for the
leader, starting with feet together and
facing your partner:
Count 1: Step forward with your left foot.
Your weight should now be primarily on
your left foot.
Count 2: Step in place with your right foot,
directly underneath your torso. Transfer
your weight fully onto your right foot. Your
left foot will now be free.
Count 3: Step backward with your left foot.
Your weight shifts to your left foot.
Count 4: Pause. Your weight remains on
your left foot. Often, there's a subtle hip
movement or a tap of the right foot without
transferring weight.
Count 5: Step backward with your right
foot. Your weight is now on your right foot.

Count 6: Step in place with your left foot,

underneath your torso. Transfer your
weight fully onto your left foot. Your right
foot is now free.
Count 7: Step forward with your right foot.
Your weight shifts to your right foot. Count
8: Pause. Your weight remains on your
right foot. Again, a subtle hip movement or
a left foot tap can occur. This sequence
repeats continuously. Notice the pattern:
Forward - Place - Back - Pause / Back -
Place - Forward - Pause.
Fig.1 [Link]
Salsa_(dance). Basic step for leader and
follower.

The Basic Step for the Follower (Typically

Female):
The follower's basic step is essentially the
mirror image of the leader's:
Count 1: Step backward with your right
foot. Your weight is on your right foot.
Count 2: Step in place with your left foot,
underneath your torso. Transfer your
weight fully onto your left foot. Your right
foot is free.
Count 3: Step forward with your right foot.
Your weight shifts to your right foot. Count
4: Pause. Weight remains on your right
foot.
Count 5: Step forward with your left foot.
Weight is on your left foot.
Count 6: Step in place with your right foot,
underneath your torso. Transfer your
weight fully onto your right foot. Your left
foot is free.
Count 7: Step backward with your left foot.
Weight shifts to your left foot.
Count 8: Pause. Weight remains on your
left foot.
The follower's pattern is: Back - Place -
Forward - Pause / Forward - Place - Back -
Pause.
Partnering and connection
Salsa is primarily a lead-follow dance. The
leader uses subtle hand and body
movements to communicate patterns and
turns to the follower, who then interprets
and responds to these cues.
Frame: Maintaining a comfortable and
consistent connection through the arms
and hands (the "frame") is essential for
clear communication. The leader's frame
should be relaxed but firm enough to
guide, and the follower should be receptive
and maintain slight tension to feel the lead.
Communication: Effective non-verbal
communication through touch, pressure,
and body language is key to a smooth
partnership. The physical connection
between partners is primarily established
through the frame, which involves the
arms and hands. The type of hold can vary
depending on the move and the style of
salsa:
● Closed Position: Partners face each
other closely. The leader typically holds
the follower's right hand with their left, and
their right hand is placed on the follower's
back (around the mid-to-upper back,
below the shoulder blade). The follower's
left hand rests lightly on the leader's upper
arm or shoulder. This position allows for
close communication through body weight
and subtle pushes and pulls.
Fig. 2 [Link]
salsa-dance-classes Leader and follower
in closed position

Open Position: Partners are apart,

connected by one or both hands. This
allows for more freedom of movement and
turns. Various handholds can be used,
such as.
● Single Hand Hold: Leader's left to
follower's right, or leader's right to
follower's left.
● Two Hand Hold: Both hands are
connected.
Handshakes/Specific Grips: For certain
turns and moves, specific hand grips like
the "guns" grip (thumbs and forefingers)
or the "Spider-Man" grip (middle and index
fingers) are used to provide better control
and prevent tangling.
Fig.3 [Link]
[Link]. The leader and follower
in an open position

Turns and Spins

Your core muscles play a pivotal role in
salsa turns. Engage them to stabilize your
body during [Link] your core
through exercises like planks and twists to
improve your turn control. (RF
Dance,Tricks for perfect turns,18th
sept,2023)
Fundamentals for Both Leader and
Follower:
Before diving into specific turns, some
fundamental principles apply to both the
leader and the follower:
Balance: This is paramount. Maintaining
your center of gravity over your supporting
foot is crucial. A slight bend in the knees
helps with balance and stability. Engaging
your core muscles acts like an internal
stabilizer.
*Weight Transfer: A clean and decisive
weight transfer onto the turning foot is
essential. Hesitation or an incomplete
transfer will make the turn feel wobbly and
uncontrolled.
*Spotting: This is a technique used to
minimize dizziness and maintain focus
during turns. You fix your gaze on a
stationary point in front of you, and as you
turn, you keep your eyes locked on that
point as long as possible. Just before your
head has to turn with the rest of your body,
you quickly whip your head around to find
that same focal point again. This creates
the illusion that your eyes remain fixed.
*Pivot Point: Turns in salsa often happen
on the ball of the foot. This allows for
smoother rotation with less friction. The
heel might lift slightly off the floor.
*Bent Knees: Maintaining a slight bend in
your knees throughout the turn helps
absorb momentum, maintain balance, and
allows for more controlled movements.
Stiff legs make turning much harder.
Core Engagement: Activating your core
muscles helps stabilize your torso and
provides a strong axis for rotation. Think of
drawing your navel towards your spine.
II. Techniques for the Follower
(Responding to the Lead):
The follower's ability to execute turns
gracefully relies heavily on their
connection with the leader and their
understanding of the lead.
Feeling the Lead: The follower must be
sensitive to the leader's hand and arm
movements, as these will indicate the
initiation, direction, and speed of the turn.
A clear and consistent frame is vital for
feeling these cues.
Preparing the Turn: Often, the leader will
provide a preparatory lead, such as a slight
lift or redirection of the hand. The follower
should recognize this and prepare their
weight transfer and body position
accordingly.

Fig.4 [Link] male

salsa dancer spinning his female partner

Maintaining Connection: Even during the

turn, the follower should maintain a light
but consistent connection with the
leader's hand(s). This allows the leader to
guide the turn and signal its completion.
Staying on Axis: The follower should strive
to turn around their own vertical axis,
avoiding leaning forward, backward, or to
the side unless specifically led to do so.
*Completing the Turn: The follower should
complete the number of turns the leader
has indicated and return to a balanced
position, ready for the next lead. Avoid
over-spinning or stopping abruptly without
a clear signal.
Common Follower Turns:
*Right Turn (Inside Turn for the Follower):
Typically led with the leader raising their
left hand. The follower turns clockwise,
usually under the leader's raised arm. Left
Turn (Outside Turn for the Follower): Often
led with the leader guiding the follower's
right hand across their body. The follower
turns counter-clockwise, moving outside
the leader's frame.
*Cross Body Lead Turn: A turn executed as
part of a cross body lead, where the
follower switches places with the leader
while turning.
*Multiple Turns: Leaders can lead followers
into executing more than one turn in
succession. This requires good balance
and a clear lead.
styling and embellishments
What is Styling?
Styling refers to the personal movements,
gestures, and adornments that dancers
incorporate into their salsa. It goes beyond
the fundamental steps and turns, adding
flavor and character to the dance. It's
about how you move your body, arms,
hands, head, and even your feet within the
framework of the lead and follow.
Fig 5. [Link]
and follower styling of the hands,head and
feet.

Common Areas for Styling:

● Arms and Hands: This is a very common
area for styling.
Arm Swings and Extensions: Flowing
movements of the arms, often in
coordination with steps or turns.
● Hand Articulation: Subtle movements of
the fingers and wrists, adding grace and
detail.
Framing the Face or Body: Using the arms
to create interesting lines and shapes
around the body.
Fig.6. [Link] Arm
styling for the ladies.

● Connecting with the Music: Emphasizing

musical accents with a flick of the wrist or
an extension of the arm.
Body Movement:
● Body Rolls: Undulating movements
through the torso, adding sensuality and
flow.
Shoulder Shimmies and Isolations: Quick,
rhythmic movements of the shoulders. Rib
Cage Isolations: Moving the rib cage
independently, adding a Cuban flavor.
● Tilts and Sways: Subtle leans and shifts
of the upper body.
Head Movement:
● Head Rolls and Circles: Smooth,
controlled movements of the head.
● Head Snaps: Sharp, quick movements of
the head, often on strong musical beats.
● Following the Gaze: Using the direction
of your gaze to enhance the line of your
body.
● Footwork (Shines): During solo sections
or breaks in partner work, dancers can
showcase intricate footwork patterns and
styling.
● Changes in Weight Distribution: Playing
with balance and creating dynamic shifts.
Syncopated Steps: Adding extra steps or
pauses within the basic rhythm.
Floor Contact Variations: Using different
parts of the foot (heel, toe, ball) for
different effects.
● Hip Movement: While hip movement is
inherent in the basic step, styling can
involve:
Exaggerated Hip Swings: Emphasizing the
no lateral movement of the hips.
● Figure-Eight Hip Motion (Cuban
Motion): A more pronounced and
controlled version of the natural hip
movement.
Circular Hip Movements: Rotating the hips
in a circular fashion.
Musicality and Timing
Musicality as specifically rhythmicity is an
inter-animation of dancers and musicians.
It becomes a conversation between those
playing specific instruments or singing
lyrics or making scatting sounds and those
on the dance floor (Salsa Rhythms and
Soul Connections Rebecca J. Lloyd ,June
3,2023)
In the world of salsa dancing, timing is
your dance partner, guiding your every
move and allowing you to connect with the
music on a profound level. By unlocking
the secrets of salsa timing, you transform
yourself from a dancer into a storyteller,
interpreting the music and expressing your
emotions through every step. (The Secrets
of Salsa Timing,Salsa Latina Feb 24, 2024)
Key Aspects of Musicality:
● Understanding Salsa Music Structure:
Salsa songs typically have distinct
sections like the intro, verse, chorus,
mambo (instrumental break), and outro.
Recognizing these sections can inform
your energy and the types of movements
you choose. For example, a more energetic
mambo section might inspire more
dynamic footwork or turns.
● Identifying the Beat and Tempo: The
fundamental pulse of the music. Staying
on beat is the absolute foundation of
timing.
● Recognizing the Rhythm: Salsa has a
characteristic rhythmic
[Link] the "clave" (a
fundamental rhythmic pattern in Cuban
music that often underlies salsa) and how
the steps relate to it is crucial. Different
salsa styles often emphasize different
aspects of the rhythm.
Key Aspects of Timing:
● Identifying the Downbeat: The first beat
of each musical measure is the downbeat.
It's often the strongest and most
emphasized beat.
● Counting the Music: Consciously

●
counting the "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8" helps
you stay aware of your position within the
musical phrase.
Stepping on the Correct Counts: In most
linear salsa styles, steps occur on counts
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, with pauses or weight
transfers on 4 and 8. Understanding this
basic timing is crucial.
● Maintaining a Consistent Rhythm: Even
during styling or more complex patterns,
your underlying rhythm should remain
consistent with the music.
● Recognizing and Respecting Pauses:
The pauses on counts 4 and 8 are also
part of the timing and can be used for
styling or preparing for the next
movement.
● Understanding Different "Breaks":
Different salsa styles
"break" (change direction) on different
beats. LA style typically breaks forward on
1, while NY style often breaks on
[Link] your chosen style's break
is fundamental to timing in partner work.
In conclusion, Mastering these techniques
is
not merely about learning steps; it's about
cultivating a holistic understanding of the
dance. It involves developing physical
skills like balance, coordination, and
weight transfer, alongside the ability to
communicate and interpret non-verbal
cues with a partner. Furthermore, it
requires a keen ear for the music, allowing
dancers to synchronize their movements
with the rhythm, accents, and overall
feeling of the song.(Jean Franco Vergaray.
Professional Dance Instructor. Expert
Interview,2020.)
Whether one is a leader initiating the
dance or a follower responding with grace,
each technique plays a vital role in creating
a vibrant and engaging salsa experience.
From the foundational "quick-quick-slow"
of the basic step to the intricate arm
styling during a turn, every element
contributes to the unique character and joy
of salsa.(Leela Fazzuoli, 2021).
2.4 Salsa In Nigeria
Salsa, with its vibrant rhythms and
energetic movements, has found a
welcoming home in Nigeria, evolving from
a foreign import to a beloved dance form
embraced across the country. Salsa's
infectious energy has transcended
geographical boundaries, captivating the
hearts and feet of Nigerians.
The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw
a rise in dance as a form of fitness and
social activity globally, including in Nigeria.
Salsa, with its social nature and physical
benefits, likely found a place within this
growing dance culture. Dance academies
and fitness centers have started offering
salsa classes to cater to this interest.
Salsa was brought to Nigeria by a
Ghanaian choreographer who was the first
established salsa instructor and organizer
in Nigeria, sparking the salsa dance scene
there in 2004.
Mr Charles Agbemaisor is the founder of
The Latin Dance Club (TLDC) in Lagos at
that [Link] introduced a workshop for
salsa in his academy and this contributed
to the development of salsa in
[Link] salsa dance began to grow in
Nigeria through a combination of global
media influence, the return of Nigerians
from abroad, the growth of dance as a
social and fitness activity, and potentially
through cultural exchange with
neighboring West African countries with
established salsa [Link] are other
mediums through which salsa developed
and spread widely throughout Nigeria.
Dance Academies and Schools:
Organizations like the Society for the
Performing Arts in Nigeria (SPAN) offer
salsa classes alongside other dance styles.
Social Dance Events and Communities:
Platforms like "Salsa Nigeria" on social
media showcase a thriving community with
regular meetups, classes, and social dance
events in cities like Lagos and Port
Harcourt. Venues like Kohinoor Lounge,
Turaka Lagos, and others host salsa
nights.
Dedicated Instructors: There are
individuals and dance companies in Nigeria
dedicated to teaching and promoting
salsa.
The Nigeria DanceSport Federation:
Recognizes salsa as a competitive dance
discipline, indicating a level of formal
organization and participation.
Major cities like Lagos and Abuja have
become hubs for salsa activity. Dance
schools and dedicated salsa clubs have
sprung up, offering classes for beginners
to advanced dancers. Social salsa nights
are becoming increasingly popular,
providing a platform for enthusiasts to
come together, dance, and connect. These
events foster a sense of community and
offer a fun and engaging way to socialize
and stay active. You can often find salsa
gatherings happening in various locations,
from dedicated dance studios to open-air
parks and lounges.
2.5 Influence of salsa on Nigerian
Dance Industry.
Salsa dancing has added a fresh and
exciting touch to the Nigerian dance
scene. Known for its lively and energetic
style, salsa has become popular especially
among young people ,not as a replacement
for traditional Nigerian dances, but as an
enjoyable way to socialize, stay fit, and
even heal. Salsa has helped grow a fun and
active social dance culture, especially in
cities like Lagos, where clubs and dance
events are now common. With its fast-
paced moves, salsa is not just fun,it’s also
a great workout. Many people enjoy it as a
way to stay healthy and reduce stress.
Nigerian dancers and choreographers are
blending salsa with local styles, creating
new, expressive performances. Even
though salsa is a unique dance, its
rhythms and movements are influencing
how some Nigerian artists create music
and perform on stage. Salsa has
encouraged more participation among
women and young people in the dance
industry. The inclusive and expressive
nature of salsa gives people a safe space
to explore movement, confidence, and
creativity. Salsa introduced a new genre of
movement into Nigeria's dance scene,one
that blends Afro-Caribbean and Latin
rhythms. This has inspired choreographers
and dancers to experiment by fusing salsa
with Nigerian dance styles. Salsa has
contributed to a growing interest in social
and partner dances. In urban areas like
Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt, salsa
clubs, dance socials, and weekly classes
have become [Link] spaces
promote social bonding, cultural exchange,
and physical wellness. With salsa’s
rise,dance studios in Nigeria now offer
structured salsa training. This has
improved professionalism in dance
instruction and created new opportunities
for dance educators, especially in Latin
genres. Salsa has been embraced not just
as entertainment, but also as therapy
particularly for stress relief and emotional
expression. Its rhythmic nature and
interactive style make it an effective tool
for physical and emotional healing. Salsa
has opened doors for cultural
collaborations. Nigerian dancers now
participate in international salsa festivals,
workshops, and competitions, enhancing
the country's presence on the global
dance map. Salsa has not replaced
Nigerian dances,it has enriched them.

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Traditional Gender roles in Salsa
partnering
Salsa dancing, with its rich cultural history
and strong ties to Latin American
traditions, offers a vivid reflection of
gender roles in society. In its traditional
form, salsa is structured around a partner
dynamic where each dancer assumes a
clearly defined role — typically, the man
leads, and the woman follows. These roles
are not only central to the technique and
flow of the dance, but they also reflect
deeper societal norms about masculinity
and femininity. While salsa music and
dance show Latino pride, they also
showcase different ways salseros
portrayed their gender [Link] is
dominated by straight male performers
(Elisa Alfonso,2021).
The leader-follower dynamic is one of the
most recognizable elements of partnered
salsa. Traditionally, the male dancer takes
on the role of the leader, initiating and
guiding the steps, turns, and overall
direction of the dance. The female dancer,
in turn, follows the cues of her partner,
responding with fluidity, grace, and an
emphasis on styling and expression. This
setup mirrors broader cultural
expectations that men should be assertive,
in control, and dominant, while women
should be receptive, flexible, and
supportive.
These traditional roles are often learned
implicitly. In many dance studios or social
dance settings, instructors rarely question
or challenge the standard male-leads/
female-follows model. Instead, it is
commonly assumed that this structure is
natural or necessary for the dance to
[Link] dancers are encouraged to be
strong, confident, and precise, while
female dancers are taught to be elegant,
sensual, and responsive. This not only
affects how dancers move but also how
they view themselves and others on the
dance floor.

3.2 Masculinity and Femininity in

Salsa Movement and Performance.
In the vibrant world of salsa movement and
performance, the interplay of masculinity
and femininity is a rich and dynamic
aspect. While traditional gender roles
often provide a foundational structure, the
way dancers embody and express these
concepts can be quite diverse and is
continually evolving.
Historically, salsa has roots in cultural
contexts where distinct gender roles were
more prevalent. This often translated onto
the dance floor, with the male partner
traditionally taking the lead. This
leadership role was often associated with
assertiveness, control, and providing a
clear framework for the dance through
decisive movements and guiding the
follower through turns and patterns. The
female partner, in the traditional sense,
would follow, embodying qualities of grace,
fluidity, and responsiveness to the leader's
cues, adding her own embellishments and
styling while staying connected to the
lead.
However, the performance of masculinity
and femininity in salsa goes beyond simply
who leads and who follows. It's deeply
embedded in the movement vocabulary
and stylistic choices of individual
[Link] beauty of Salsa lies in its
ability to allow for individual expression
and creativity, regardless of gender.
Dancers can personalize their styles and
infuse their own personalities into the
dance, creating unique and captivating
performances.
Expressions of Masculinity in salsa can
manifest through:
● Strong and grounded movements:
Utilizing the whole body with a
sense of power and stability.
● Sharp and defined gestures: Clear
arm movements, decisive footwork,
and strong body posture.
● Dynamic and energetic leading:
Executing intricate turns and
patterns with confidence and
precision.
● A focus on providing a solid and
reliable frame: Ensuring the follower
feels secure and supported.
● Styling that emphasizes strength
and control: Incorporating elements
that showcase physical prowess.
Expressions of Femininity in salsa can be
seen through:
● Fluid and graceful movements:
Emphasizing smooth transitions and
a flowing quality in the arms, body,
and hips.
● Expressive styling and
embellishments: Adding intricate
 arm styling, body rolls, and hip
movements that enhance the basic
steps.
● A strong connection and
responsiveness to the lead:
Interpreting and reacting to the
leader's cues with sensitivity and
musicality.
● A focus on elegance and poise:
Maintaining a refined posture and a
sense of artistry in the movements.
● Utilizing the skirt or dress to
enhance movement: Creating visual
dynamism and flair.
It's crucial to recognize that these are
broad tendencies and not rigid definitions.
Contemporary salsa often sees dancers
challenging and subverting these
traditional expressions. Women can take
on traditionally "masculine" qualities in
their movement, displaying power and
assertiveness, even while following.
Similarly, men can incorporate more fluid
and expressive movements often
associated with femininity.
Furthermore, cultural context plays a
significant role. Different salsa styles, such
as Cuban Salsa (Casino), Los Angeles (LA)
Style, and New York (NY) Style, often have
distinct aesthetics and expectations
regarding the performance of gender. For
example, Cuban Salsa often emphasizes a
more playful and grounded interaction with
a strong Afro-Cuban influence, while LA
and NY styles can incorporate more
intricate footwork and flashy turn patterns,
potentially leading to different ways
masculinity and femininity are portrayed.
The performance aspect of salsa also adds
another layer. In competitions or staged
performances, dancers may intentionally
exaggerate or play with gendered
movements and costuming to create a
specific artistic effect or to challenge
conventional norms.
In conclusion, masculinity and femininity in
salsa movement and performance are
complex and multifaceted. While historical
and cultural traditions have shaped certain
expectations, the dance floor also serves
as a space for individual expression and
evolving interpretations of gender.
Dancers negotiate these concepts through
their movement quality, styling, leading
and following dynamics, and performance
choices, contributing to the ever-changing
and vibrant landscape of salsa.

3.3 Sexual Tension and Intimacy in

Salsa
Salsa dancing, with its close-proximity
movements, can create a palpable sexual
tension that is both a part of the dance's
allure and a potential source of discomfort
if not handled with respect and clear
communication. The dance's intimate
nature, including close body contact, eye
contact, and synchronization, fosters a
sense of connection that can be both
positive and potentially lead to
misinterpretations if boundary lines are not
respected. In salsa dancing, the
relationship between the dancers plays a
central role. The dance involves a series of
steps requiring coordinated and controlled
movements, an interplay of tension and
release. It, coupled with the sultry salsa
music, creates an atmosphere of passion
and sensuality. salsa dancing is a popular
social activity, providing people a space to
express themselves, meet others, and
build relationships. It's not just about
learning the dance moves; it's about the
people you meet and the connections you
form. It goes a long way in enhancing
intimacy when dancing salsa. Many people
find salsa to be a great way to strengthen
their relationships. The mutual reliance on
each other in the dance promotes a sense
of trust and closeness. The need to
communicate, albeit nonverbally, cultivates
understanding. It goes a long way in
making salsa dancing a dance form that
fosters intimacy. However, the sensuality
of salsa dancing is a different form of
intimacy from what you may find in other
dance forms. In the way tango is renowned
for its deep, intense closeness, salsa
instead thrives on fun, fiery, and flirtatious
connections between partners. Salsa's
intimacy isn't about overpowering passion
but about shared enjoyment and dynamic
interaction-an intimacy born of shared
rhythm, mutual respect, and joyous
connection. In the end, salsa is a dance of
the people, by the people, for the people,
and this is what makes it so wonderfully
intimate. The most obvious relational
connection in Salsa dance is between the
lead and the follow. Subtle shifts of weight,
bodily positioning, and movements of the
limbs, palms, and even fingers
communicate intention affectively and
effectively in the recognizable salsa
rhythm of 1, 2, 3 5, 6, 7.(Gergen,kenneth
2021.)
Salsa offers a lot of people the chance to
express their sensuality in a safe
environment. In the Western world, the
dance floor is maybe one of the few places
where people can express that side of
them. So some may go a little over the top
with this "freedom" if that side of them is
usually suppressed due to cultural norms,
etc. But it doesn't necessarily mean they
want "more"--they may or may not. https://
[Link]/threads/managing-
sexual-tension-in-dance.23441/

3.4 Sexuality as Expressed Through

Dance Movements
Dance, as a physical art form, provides a
unique opportunity for individuals to
express their sexuality through movement,
using their bodies to convey emotions,
desires, and identities. The dancer's
intention plays a crucial role in how their
movements are interpreted, with different
expressions of sexuality being conveyed
depending on the context and message
they are trying to communicate. The
audience's interpretation of dance
movements can also vary, with different
cultural backgrounds and personal
experiences shaping how they perceive
and understand sexual expression in
[Link] way sexuality is expressed
through dance is heavily influenced by
social and cultural norms. Dance can be a
deeply personal form of self-expression,
allowing individuals to explore their own
sexuality and gender identity.
Sexuality isn’t just shown through
costuming or erotic gestures — it's lived in
the body, performed through posture,
rhythm, and spatial dynamics.“Gender is
not something one is, it is something one
does, an act... a doing.”
Dancers "do" gender and sexuality in
motion. Their steps, glances, and bodily
expressions constitute sexual identity
rather than merely reflect it (Judith
Buttler,1990). Dance is never just
movement. It’s a language of the body that
speaks desires, norms, pleasures, and
politics. Whether erotic or
sacred,repressive or liberatory,sexuality in
dance tells us who we are allowed to be
and how we experience pleasure. Whether
performed in sacred rituals, on stage, in
clubs, or on social media, dance provides a
unique space where sexuality is felt, seen,
and communicated—both subtly and
openly. Dance speaks through the body.
And since sexuality is also experienced
through the body, it is no surprise that
dance can express sexual energy,
attraction, or even repression. Movements
of the hips, chest, eyes, and hands often
carry sensual meaning. In some styles, like
salsa or tango, the closeness and tension
between partners reflect flirtation,
passion, or even romantic conflict. But it's
not always about sexual desire. Sexuality
expressed through dance is complex, rich,
and deeply human. It can be intimate or
public, joyful or rebellious, traditional or
revolutionary. Through dance, we move in
ways that reveal our desires, identities,
and struggles for freedom. Whether in a
sacred ceremony, a club, a protest, or a
viral video, dance gives people a way to
connect with others.

An Interview Conducted On Mr Ufot

Bright John
On March 19th, 2025,I held an interviewed
Mr. Ufot Bright John from the comfort of
his work place as part of a case study for
my project. Mr. Bright introduced himself
as a multifaceted creative professional—a
dance entrepreneur, costume designer,
bead maker, and cinematographer from
Akwa Ibom State. He describes himself as
a Christian, the last-born in his family, and
someone with a blunt yet loving
personality.

He shared that his journey into salsa

dancing began around 2008. Although he
had been introduced to salsa earlier, he
initially resisted it due to shyness and a
lack of motivation to branch out from the
Afro and hip-hop dance styles he was
already practicing. However, after
researching salsa’s roots and discovering
its African origins particularly its
development among enslaved Africans he
was inspired to take it seriously. He found
salsa to be therapeutic, describing how
dancing it helped him find emotional relief
and inner peace. Over time, he came to
understand salsa as a personal form of
therapy and a safe space. He also noted
that his students have shared similar
experiences, saying salsa helped them
overcome depression and even suicidal
thoughts. This feedback strengthened his
commitment to teaching salsa, regardless
of whether his students could afford to
pay.
Regarding gender roles in salsa, Mr. Bright
explained that salsa, like other social
dance styles, traditionally features a clear
structure: men lead, and women follow.
While there is room for experimentation,
this convention is usually upheld. He noted
that masculine and feminine qualities in
salsa are conveyed through specific
movements—men typically use bold,
dominant gestures, while women express
fluid, sensual styles. The differences in
“shines” (freestyle solo moves), arm
styling, hip movements, and posture
further reinforce these gendered
expressions. While male dancers can’t
realistically incorporate feminine styles
due to their distinctiveness, women may
occasionally borrow from male styling.
He also acknowledged that the expression
of masculinity and femininity in salsa can
vary depending on the style and cultural
context. For instance, while traditional
styles emphasize firm gender roles,
modern and regional styles such as Cali-
style salsa,can adopt a more fluid and
sensual interpretation.
Finally, Mr. Bright emphasized that
effective communication between partners
is key to expressing sexuality and emotion
in salsa. He believes that audiences are
most impacted when dancers are in sync
and not trying to show off. Furthermore, he
stressed the importance of music choice in
storytelling dancers should ensure the
music aligns with the story they aim to tell,
rather than selecting songs solely based
on personal preference.

An interview conducted on Mrs

Adejumoke Mercy Felicia

On March 20th, 2025, I conducted an

interview with Miss Adejumoke Mercy
Felicia as part of my project case study.
Miss Felicia, a dancer and content creator,
is a graduate of the Society for Performing
Arts in Nigeria (SPAN) and hails from
Benue State. She is the third of five
siblings.
During the interview, Miss Felicia reflected
on her time at SPAN. She described the
institution as a platform that nurtures
talent in various performing arts
disciplines such as dance, music, and
drama. After earning her degree in Theatre
Arts from the University of Ilorin, she
decided to enroll at SPAN rather than
remain idle before her national service. Her
time there was enriching, filled with
lessons from skilled tutors and meaningful
collaborations, many of which continue to
date.
When asked about her experiences as a
female salsa dancer, she spoke candidly
about the challenges she faced,
particularly regarding interactions with
male dancers. While her focus and
determination kept her grounded, she did
encounter inappropriate advances from
some men who were interested in more
than just dancing. These experiences
taught her the importance of setting
personal boundaries—something she is
proud to have mastered. She even
recounted receiving calls from some of
these men’s partners, warning her to stay
away, underscoring the personal
complications she had to navigate. Despite
these challenges, she remained
undeterred and is now enjoying the fruits
of her perseverance.

Regarding traditional gender roles in salsa,

Miss Felicia stated that she never felt the
need to reverse roles with her dance
partners. She had been trained to
understand the structure and technique of
salsa, where the man typically leads and
the woman follows. While she supports the
evolution of dance styles and personal
expression, she believes that the
foundational structure of salsa as a
partnered dance should be preserved.

3.5 Salsa and Storytelling

Salsa is more than just a dance. it's a
powerful way of telling stories through
dance. It comes from Afro-Caribbean and
Latin American cultures, and every
movement in salsa can show different
emotions or life experiences. People use
salsa to express feelings like happiness,
love, struggle, identity, or even the history
of where they come from. So when
someone dances salsa,they’re not just
dancing,they’re also sharing a part of their
story or culture. Every salsa social whether
in Nigeria,Africa or any part of the world is
a living stage of shared stories. Music,
lyrics, clothing, and movement all become
carriers of culture(African studies
review,2017). In stage performances and
dance theatre, salsa is used to tell
structured stories. Choreographers often
create works that depict historical
moments (e.g. Cuban Revolution, New
York immigration waves),portray fictional
love stories or betrayals,raise awareness
on social issues such as racism or
inequality.
Polyrhythms and body isolation
techniques come from African dance
traditions, where people have used
movement and rhythm for many years to
tell stories, share emotions, or celebrate
events. So, in salsa, these African
elements help dancers express more with
their bodies like a kind of storytelling
without words. Lyrics in salsa songs often
tell stories of love, politics, migration, or
daily life. Costuming and style choices
reflect cultural [Link]-style salsa,
Colombian salsa caleña, or New York
mambo each tell different regional tales.
performances often reenact social
dynamics, from flirtation to rivalry, much
like a dramatic play. Salsa, especially in its
partner form, is deeply emotional and
expressive. The lead and follow dynamic
mirrors human,interaction,trust,
vulnerability, seduction, conflict, and
[Link] language is the
vocabulary. A strong lead, a gentle pull, a
sudden turn,these all communicate
emotions, just like facial expressions or
words. Improvisation allows dancers to tell
unique, personal stories. One couple may
dance salsa as a romantic tale; another
might express a playful friendship, or even
a power [Link] can be a dance of
longing, celebration, heartbreak, or
triumph. It adapts to the story the dancer
brings.
Even though there's no speaking involved,
the way two people move together on the
dance floor can say a lot. Think of salsa as
a kind of conversation, not with the mouth,
but with the body. Just as two actors can
act out a love scene without speaking, two
salsa dancers can act out a story with their
steps, gestures, and the rhythm of the
music.
The leader and the follower create a
physical and emotional connection,how
close or distant they are, how gently or
firmly they touch, how they look at each
other all this can send a message. A spin
might represent joy or surprise.A dip could
show trust or passion.
A quick breakaway might suggest tension
or [Link] dancers
"shine" (dance apart), they express
individuality, almost like each person
sharing their side of the story. Salsa music
has changes in speed, emotion, and
rhythm. Dancers respond to these
changes, showing how they [Link] the
music slows down, their movements might
become more emotional or [Link] it
speeds up, they might dance with
excitement or joy. Smiles, smirks, or
serious faces can suggest the mood of the
“story” they are dancing out. So, even
without speaking, two dancers can use
their bodies to show a mini love story, a
playful flirtation, a moment of rejection, or
a celebration of [Link] instance,in story
of gender equality,roles can be reversed it
allows them to express freedom, equality,
or even challenge gender expectations all
of which can become part of the “story”
they are [Link] story telling is not
restricted to live alone,For instance one
wants to tell a story of domestic
violence,telling a story of domestic
violence using salsa dance is powerful,
emotional, and symbolic. Although salsa is
often joyful and energetic, it also has
space for deeper storytelling through
movement, rhythm, and body language.
The characters need to be established
through dance roles. The leader (typically
male) controls direction and energy.
The follower (typically female) responds,
reacts, and [Link] a story about
domestic violence, these roles can be used
intentionally;The abuser could be shown as
controlling, harsh, and forceful in their
lead.
The victim may begin as trusting and fluid,
but slowly shows fear, resistance, or
trauma through her movements. The
leader can use strong, dominating
movements,tight grips, sudden spins,
forceful pulls.
The follower can show distress or
resistance by pulling away, dropping eye
contact, freezing, or hesitating.
Facial expressions can add emotion like
fear, sadness, confusion, [Link] time,
the follower might shrink back, become
stiff or unresponsive, showing her
emotional exhaustion or trauma. During
solo shines, the follower can show:Fear
(tight, hesitant movements),Conflict (sharp
vs. soft steps)
Strength (increased control, grounded
footwork)This can represent internal
struggle, and eventually, regaining her
identity.
In conclusion,each salsa performance tells
a story or passes a message which can
only be understood by the audience when
the dancers connect deeply with each
other.

CHAPTER 4
Summary of Findings
Dance is more than just movement,it's a
language of the body, a powerful tool for
expressing identity, emotion, culture, and
personal truth. Across cultures and time
periods, humans have turned to dance to
tell stories, celebrate heritage, protest
injustice, process emotions, and express
who they are often without uttering a
single [Link] has always served as a
mirror of society, reflecting cultural values,
social roles, and personal identities.
Among the many elements expressed
through dance, gender and sexuality stand
out as powerful themes that shape how
people perform, interpret, and experience
movement.
Salsa is a popular Latin social dance that is
known for its partnered structure, rhythmic
footwork, and sensual body
[Link] dancing is organized
along heteronormative lines, where the
male dancer leads and the female dancer
follows. This reflects broader gender
expectations in many cultures, where men
are expected to be dominant and women
[Link] study examines how Salsa
serves as a reinforcer of traditional gender
[Link] looks at how the structure of the
dance, costume, body language, and
audience expectations influence the way
gender and sexuality are [Link]
focusing on Salsa, the study provided a
concrete example of how dance is more
than just entertainment,it is a form of
social communication where bodies tell
stories about identity, power, attraction,
and resistance. The flirtatious and vibrant
character of salsa makes it a unique space
where people can safely explore
sensuality, express emotions, and form
meaningful social or romantic connections.
The research emphasizes that salsa is a
narrative art form. Through movement,
rhythm, and expression, dancers tell
personal, cultural, or emotional stories.
African influences like polyrhythms and
body isolations enrich salsa’s storytelling
capacity. Whether performed socially or
theatrically, salsa can express love,
migration, joy, grief, or political struggle.
Improvisation allows each dancer to bring
their own story to the floor, making salsa a
deeply personal and communal experience
at the same time.
Recommendation
For the audience,Salsa dance has an
aesthetic surface that can draw just
anybody’s attention to [Link] is normal for
audience to be joyful and lively at the site
of this performance but that is not all there
is to a salsa dance performed,there is a
message to take from every
performance,every dancer tells a story
with his or her movement
[Link] should pay mind to
the [Link] people even go as far
as judging the dancers,there by raising
misconceptions about the dance form.
People should visit salsa workshops and
learn about salsa so as to be a better
audience during a salsa [Link]
salsa is also a therapeutic dance one has
nothing to loose,it calms the mind and
from there,one’s understanding about the
dance can be improved.
Dancers and choreographers who have
not been dancing salsa should begin
attending a salsa workshop,it would really
help their flexibility and [Link]
they learn in the workshop can also be
incorporated in or added to their own style
like hip-hop,Afro and so [Link] not be
worried about being too awkward and
making a fool of yourself,it is okay to feel
that way but you can’t expect your first try
to be professional,whether you’re a dancer
or not,do not fail before you even try.
Watching dance videos will also help with
a better understanding of the dance form.
Salsa dancers should also work together
to make their story clear to the
[Link] not make the mistake of
deviating from the story or the message by
dancing too much to show off your
personal strength and leave your partner
behind,dance moderately as required.
No matter how akward you feel about your
partner do not show that to the
[Link] dancers should pick or
select partners they are comfortable with
in order to do justice to the [Link] have
you fulfilled your job as a dancers when
the audience don’t understand the
message? Except the dancers are dancing
for fun,all these stated earlier should be
put into consideration.
Conclusion
This research has looked into the many
different ways in which gender and
sexuality are expressed. it is a powerful
way to express who we are. Through body
movements, rhythms, and the interaction
between partners, salsa allows dancers to
tell stories about identity, emotions,
relationships, and even deeper issues like
gender roles and social [Link]
often follows traditional ideas of gender,
where men lead and women follow, but it
also gives room for creativity, freedom,
and personal expression. It reflects the
way society sees gender and sexuality,
while also giving dancers a chance to
express themselves in unique ways.
The study highlights that dance is a kind of
language,a way to communicate without
words. Salsa especially brings this to life,
as every step, turn, and gesture can carry
meaning. When dancers and audiences
understand this, salsa becomes more than
movement; it becomes a message, a
connection, and a way to share stories that
matter.
In the end, salsa is not just a dance it's a
living form of communication and self-
expression.