IOQM ASSIGNMENTS: BASIC NUMBER THEORY
Exercise 1. Find all primes p such that p + 2 and p2 + 2p − 8 are primes.
(Albania, 2012)
Exercise 2. Let p and q be primes such that the numbers p + q and p + 7q are both perfect
squares. Find the value of p.
(HMMT-Algebra, 2002)
Exercise 3. Prove that the equation x2 = 2008! + y 2 has no solutions in integers.
(Iberoamerican, 2008)
Exercise 4. Find all pairs of positive integers (n, k) such that n! + 8 = 2k .
(Australia, 2018)
Exercise 5. If a, b and c are natural numbers such that 10! = a!·8!·c!, then find the number
of solutions to the above equation.
(South Africa, Junior Maths Olympiad - 2014)
Exercise 6. Let p, q, r be distinct primes. Prove that p + q + r + pqr is composite.
(Berkeley Maths Circle, 2009)
Exercise 7. Find all primes p and q such that p + q = (p − q)3 .
(Russia, 2003)
Exercise 8. Find all primes p, q, r such that 15p + 7pq + qr = pqr.
(Slovenia, 2010)
Exercise 9. Find all integers x for which 2x2 − x − 36 is the square of a prime number.
(Croatia, 2001)
Exercise 10. Let P be a fixed prime number. Find all pairs (x, y) of positive integers
satisfying P (x − 3) = xy.
(Estonia, 1996)
Exercise 11. The prime numbers p, q, r satisfy the equations pq+pr = 80 and pq+qr = 425.
Find the value of p + q + r.
(Australia, Intermediate-2013)
Exercise 12. Find all triples (p, q, r) of primes such that pq = r + 1 and 2(p2 + q 2 ) = r2 + 1.
(RMO-2013)
Exercise 13. Find all prime numbers p such that p2 + 2007p − 1 is also prime.
(Berkeley Maths Circle - 2008)
Exercise 14. Find the triples of primes (a, b, c) such that a − b − 8 is prime.
(Hitotsubashi University, 2014)
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Exercise 15. Find all positive integers x, y, z such that 2x + 2y + 2z = 2336.
(Vietnam, 1982)
Exercise 16. Suppose that n is a positive integer and let d1 < d2 < d3 < d4 be the four
smallest positive divisors of n. Find all integers n satisfying this condition.
(Balkan-1989; Iran-1999)
Exercise 17. Find all primes p such that p2 + 11 has exactly six different divisors (including
1 and itself).
(Russia, 1995)
Exercise 18. The positive integer n is divisible by 24. Show that the sum of all the positive
divisors of n − 1 is also divisible by 24.
(Putnam -1969; Bosnia & Herzegovina - 2011)
Exercise 19. The digits of n strictly increase from left to right. Find the sum of the digits
of 9n.
(Russia, 1999)
Exercise 20. Find the primes p, q, r, given that one of the numbers pqr and p + q + r is 101
times the other.
(Nordie, 2015)
Exercise 21. Let p, q be two consecutive odd prime numbers. Prove that p + q is a product
of at least 3 natural numbers > 1 (not necessarily distinct).
(Baltic Way, 1992)
Exercise 22. Find all prime numbers p, q, r satisfying p4 + 2p + q 4 + q 2 = r2 + 4q 3 + 1.
(Turkey Junior National Olympiad, 2013)
Exercise 23. Find all prime numbers p, q, r such that p > q > r and the numbers p − q,
p − r, and q − r are also prime.
(Slovenia, 2010)
Exercise 24. Knowing that the numbers p, 3p + 2, 5p + 4, 7p + 6, 9p + 8, and 11p + 10 are
all primes, prove that 6p + 11 is a composite number.
(Czech and Slovak Olympiad, 2009)
Exercise 25. Let p and q be prime numbers. Show that p2 + q 2 + 2020 is composite.
(Kosovo, 2020)
Exercise 26. Let 1 = d1 < d2 < · · · < dn = n be the divisors of n. Find all values of n such
that a given condition holds.
(Mexico, 2008)
Exercise 27. Find all pairs of prime numbers (p, q) for which 7pq 2 + p = q 3 + 43p3 + 1.
(Dutch, 2015)
Exercise 28. Solve 2a2 + 3a − 44 = 3pn in positive integers where p is a prime.
(Turkey - Junior, 2019)
Exercise 29. Find all the positive integers x and y that satisfy the equation x(x−y) = 8y−7.
(JBMO-Shortlist, 2008)
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Exercise 30. Find all prime numbers p, q, r such that an additional condition holds.
(JBMO-Shortlist, 2008)
Exercise 31. Find all primes p, q such that 2p3 − q 2 = 2(p + q)2 .
(JBMO-Shortlist, 2011)
Exercise 32. Find all prime numbers p, q, r, k such that pq + qr + rp = 12k + 1.
(Iberoamerican, 2016)
Exercise 33. Prove that there aren’t any positive integer numbers x, y such that x2 + y 2 =
3z 2 .
(Conosur, 1992)
Exercise 34. Find all positive prime numbers p, q, r, s so that p2 + 2019 = 26(q 2 + r2 + s2 ).
(Conosur, 2019)
Exercise 35. Find all positive prime numbers p, q, r such that p and q are primes and an
additional condition holds.
(Centro American, 2011)
Exercise 36. Determine all triples (p, q, r) of positive integers, where p, q are primes, such
that a condition holds.
(Centro American, 2018)
Exercise 37. Find all pairs of non-negative integers m and n that satisfy 3 · 2m + 1 = n2 .
(New Zealand - Camp Selection Problems, Junior-2011)
Exercise 38. Find all positive integers n for which 4n + 2007 is a perfect square.
(Greece, 2007)
Exercise 39. Does there exist any integers a, b, c such that a2 bc + 2, ab2 c + 2, abc2 + 2 are
all perfect squares?
(China Western, 2013)
Exercise 40. How many primes p are there such that 2p4 − 7p2 + 1 is the square of an
integer?
(Turkey National Olympiad, 2001 - Round 1)
Exercise 41. If p and p2 + 2 are prime numbers, at most how many prime divisors can
p3 + 3 have?
(Turkey National Olympiad, 2006 – Round 1)
Exercise 42. Find all triples of primes in the form (p, 2p + 1, 4p + 1).
(Moldova, 2002)
Exercise 43. Prove that the equation p4 + q 4 = r4 does not have solutions in the set of
prime numbers.
(Bosnia & Herzegovina - Regional, 2008)
Exercise 44. Find all pairs (x, y) of positive integers that satisfy the equation x2 − xy +
2x − 3y = 2013.
(Lusophon, 2013)
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Exercise 45. Find all positive integer solutions to 2x2 + 5y 2 = 11(xy − 11).
(Baltic Way, 1998)
Exercise 46. Let M and N be positive integers satisfying M N 2 + 876 = 4M N + 217N .
Find the sum of all possible values of M .
(Singapore - Junior Section, 2012)
Exercise 47. Find all positive integer solutions of the equation 10(M + N ) = M N .
(Croatia, 1998)
Exercise 48. How many pairs of integers (x, y) are there such that 2x + 5y = xy − 1?
(Turkey National Olympiad, 2003 - Round 1)
Exercise 49. Let M, N be natural numbers such that M + N + 1 is prime and divides
2(M 2 + N 2 ) − 1. Prove that M = N .
(Switzerland, 2010)
Exercise 50. Two different positive integers a and b satisfy the equation a2 −b2 = 2018−2a.
What is the value of a + b?
(Australia – Intermediate, 2018)
