UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA

UNIVERSITY, NANDED
STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS OF TWO-YEAR MASTERS

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FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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M. Sc. Second Year

(As per Se ester Based Credit and Grading System from 2013-14)
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SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES
SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA
UNIVERSITY, NANDED
With Effect From June 2024

M Sc Biotechnology, Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, 1
From the Desk of the Dean, Faculty of Science and Technology:
Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, enduring to its vision statement
“Enlightened Student: A Source of Immense Power”, is trying hard consistently to enrich the
quality of science education in its jurisdiction by implementing several quality initiatives. Revision
and updating curriculum to meet the standard of the courses at national and international level,
implementing innovative methods of teaching-learning, improvisation in the examination and
evaluation processes are some of the important measures that enabled the University to achieve the
3Es, the equity, the efficiency and the excellence in higher education of this region. To overcome
the difficulty of comparing the performances of the graduating students and also to provide mobility
to them to join other institutions the University has adopted the cumulative grade point average
(CGPA) system in the year 2014-2015. Further, following the suggestions by the UGC and looking
at the better employability, entrepreneurship possibilities and to enhance the latent skills of the
stakeholders the University has adopted the Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) in the year 2018-
2019 at graduate and post-graduate level. This provided flexibility to the students to choose courses
of their own interests. To encourage the students to opt the world-class courses offered on the online
platforms like, NPTEL, SWAYM, and other MOOCS platforms the University has implemented
the credit transfer policy approved by its Academic Council and also has made a provision of
reimbursing registration fees of the successful students completing such courses.

SRTM University has been producing a good number of high calibre graduates; however, it is
necessary to ensure that our aspiring students are able to pursue the right education. Like the
engineering students, the youngsters pursuing science education need to be equipped and trained as
per the requirements of the R&D institutes and industries. This would become possible only when
the students undergo studies with an updated and evolving curriculum to match global scenario.

Higher education is a dynamic process and in the present era the stakeholders need to be educated
and trained in view of the self-employment and self-sustaining skills like start-ups. Revision of the
curriculum alone is not the measure for bringing reforms in the higher education, but invite several
other initiatives. Establishing industry-institute linkages and initiating internship, on job training for
the graduates in reputed industries are some of the important steps that the University would like to
take in the coming time. As a result, revision of the curriculum was the need of the hour and such
an opportunity was provided by the New Education Policy 2020. National Education Policy 2020
(NEP 2020) aims at equipping students with knowledge, skills, values, leadership qualities and
initiates them for lifelong learning. As a result the students will acquire expertise in specialized areas

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 2 of 42
of interest, kindle their intellectual curiosity and scientific temper, and create imaginative
individuals.

The curriculum given in this document has been developed following the guidelines of NEP-2020
and is crucial as well as challenging due to the reason that it is a transition from general science
based to the discipline-specific-based curriculum. All the recommendations of the Sukanu Samiti
given in the NEP Curriculum Framework-2023 have been followed, keeping the disciplinary
approach with rigor and depth, appropriate to the comprehension level of learners. All the Board of
Studies (BoS) under the Faculty of Science and Technology of this university have put in their
tremendous efforts in making this curriculum of international standard. They have taken care of
maintaining logical sequencing of the subject matter with proper placement of concepts with their
linkages for better understanding of the students. We take this opportunity to congratulate the
Chairman(s) and all the members of various Boards of Studies for their immense contributions in
preparing the revised curriculum for the benefits of the stakeholders in line with the guidelines of
the Government of Maharashtra regarding NEP-2020. We also acknowledge the suggestions
and contributions of the academic and industry experts of various disciplines.

We are sure that the adoption of the revised curriculum will be advantageous for the students to
enhance their skills and employability. Introduction of the mandatory On Job Training, Internship
program for science background students is praise worthy and certainly help the students to imbibe
first hand work experience, team work management. These initiatives will also help the students to
inculcate the workmanship spirit and explore the possibilities of setting up of their own enterprises.

Dr. M. K. Patil
Dean
Faculty of Science and Technology

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 3 of 42
Preamble:

The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) is formulated to revamp education system and
lay down road map for new India. This policy is framed based on the fundamental pillars of access,
equity, quality, affordability, and accountability and seeks to transform India into a thriving
knowledge society and a global knowledge superpower.
Some of the important features of National Education Policy are increasing gross enrolment ratio
in higher education, holistic and multidisciplinary education with multiple entry/exit options,
establishment of academic bank of credit, setting up of multidisciplinary education and research
Universities and National Research Foundation, expansion of open and distance learning to
increase gross enrolment ratio, internationalization of education, motivated / energized and
capable faculty, online and digital education and effective governance and leadership.
As per the National Education Policy, the Government of Maharashtra has proposed a model
curriculum framework and an implementation plan for the State of Maharashtra. It is to suggest
and facilitate the implementation of schemes and programs, which improve not only the level of
academic excellence but also improve the academic and research environment in the state. The
proposed curriculum framework endeavors to empower the students and help them in their pursuit
for achieving overall excellence.
In view of NEP priority and in-keeping with its vision and mission, process of updating the
curriculum is initiated and implemented in SRTM University at UG and PG level from the
academic year 2023-2024.
Biotechnology is often considered as the technology of hope for meeting future challenges like
feeding our increasing population, cleaning dangerously polluted environments and potentiating
healthcare sector etc. Establishment of new IISERs, Central Universities and IITs indicate that we
are already on the track of developing infrastructure and human resource. Our dream of becoming
future ‘superpower’ will not be possible without Biotechnology and inclusive efforts. Therefore,
it is necessary to attract young and bright students and train them in the field of Biotechnology.
Keeping in mind, BOS in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics prepared the curriculum to ensure
up-to-date level of understanding of Biotechnology. Studying Biotechnology prepares the
students for their career working either in educational institutions or industries in which they can
be directly involved in the teaching, research and development. Also, to ensure uniform
curriculum and its quality at UG/PG level, curriculum of different Indian Universities, syllabus
of NET, SET, MPSC, UPSC and the UGC model curriculum are referred to serve as a base in
updating the same.
The comments or suggestions from all teachers, students and other stakeholders are welcome for
upbringing this curriculum.
Salient Features:
The syllabus of M Sc Biotechnology has been framed to meet the requirement of Choice Based
Credit System under NEP 2020. The courses offered here in will train and orient the students in
the specific fields of Biotechnology.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 4 of 42
The Core Courses deal with Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Immunology and
Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bioanalytical Techniques, Bioprocess Engineering
and Technology, r-DNA Technology, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Plant
Biotechnology and Genomics and Proteomics.
Apart from the core courses, the Department Specific Elective Courses deal with Microbial and
Enzyme Technology, Environmental Biotechnology, Diagnostic Biology, Animal Biotechnology,
Nanobiotechnology, Techniques in Microbiology and Food Biotechnology. These courses offered
during this program are designed with the aim of imparting specific skills to the students which
will lead to the employability of the students. There are also two Research Projects in third and
fourth semester respectively.
This would help students to lay a strong foundation in the field of Biotechnology.
Overall, after completion of this program, students will also acquire fundamental knowledge of
applications of Biotechnology.
Program Educational Objectives:
The Objectives of this program are:
PEO1: To offer postgraduate program in Biotechnology based on the needs of industries,
academic and research institutions worldwide.
PEO2: To promote and popularize Biotechnology at grass root level and attract young and
budding talents.
PEO3: To expose the students to the different emerging fields of Biotechnology.
PEO4: To update curriculum by introducing recent advances in the subject that enable the
students to face NET, SET, MPSC, UPSC and other competitive examinations successfully.
PEO5: To train and orient the students so as to develop human resource for the educational
institutes and other organizations.
PEO6: To inculcate analytical and application-oriented abilities to create active and frontline
researchers and human resource for the industries.
PEO7: To develop specific skills amongst students for self-employability and also for the
development of their own enterprises.
Program Outcomes:
The Outcomes of this program are:
PO1: This Biotechnology program shall promote and popularize Biotechnology at grass root level
and attract young and budding talents.
PO2: This program will expose the students to the different emerging fields of Biotechnology.
PO3: This will provide updated curriculum with recent advances in the subject that enable the
students to face NET, SET, MPSC, UPSC and other competitive examinations successfully.
PO4: This program shall train and orient the students so as to develop human resource for the
educational institutes and other organizations.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 5 of 42
PO5: This program shall train and orient the students so as to develop active and frontline
researchers and human resource for the industries.
PO6: This will also develop specific skills amongst students for self-employability and also for
the development of their own enterprises.
Prerequisite:
Basic knowledge of Science at B.Sc. level. The optional courses of this program are offered to the
students registered for post-graduate programs. Such students should have the basic knowledge
of Biotechnology and willing to gain additional knowledge in the field of Biotechnology.
The students seeking admission to this program should have cleared any B Sc or B Pharm or B
Sc Agri from any statutory University.

Dr. Sunita D. Lohare

Chairman, BOS in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University,
Nanded 431606.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 6 of 42
Details of the Board of Studies Members in the subject Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
under the Faculty of Science &Technology, S.R.T.M. University, Nanded.
Sr Name of the Member Designation Sr Name of the Member Designation
No No

1 Dr Sunita Dhundiraj Lohare Chairman 2 Dr Babasaheb S Surwase Member

Shri Havgiswami School of Life Sciences
Mahavidyalaya, Udgir, SRTM, University, Nanded
Dist. Latur 431606.
Mob 9284161504 Mob 9075829767

3 Dr Pratap V. Deshmukh Member 4 Dr Komal S. Gomare Member

Nagnath Arts, Commerce and Dept of Biotechnology,
Science College, Aundha Dayanand Science College,
Nagnath, Dist. Hingoli Latur
Mob 9637202024 Mob 9284238413
5 Dr Vaibhav D. Deshpande Member --
General Manager, Quality
Corporate Office, Wockhardt,
Mumbai
Mob 9100988260
Invitee Members
6 Dr Laxmikant Kamble Member 7 Dr M M V Baig Member
School of Life Sciences, Dept of Biotechnology,
SRTM University, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya,
Nanded 431606. Nanded.
Mob 8669695555 Mob 9422170641
8 Dr Arun Ingale Member 9 Dr Prashant Thakare Member
School of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology,
North Maharashtra University, SGB Amravati University,
Umavinagar, Jalgaon Amravati.
Mob 9822708707 Mob 9822222822
10 Dr A B Gulwe Member 11 Dr Sanjog T. Thul Member
School of Technology, Environmental Biotechnology
SRTM University Sub Campus, and Genomics Division,
Latur. National Environmental and
Mob 7387120874 Engineering Research Institute
(CSIR-NEERI). Nagpur.
Mob 9881877072
12 Dr Shivraj Hariram Nile Member 13 Dr Sunil Hajare Member
Department of Food Science Department of Biotechnology,
and Agriculture, National Agri- New Model Degree College,
Food Biotechnology Institute Hingoli .
(NABI), Mohali, Punjab Mob 8378878817
Mob 9561740707

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 7 of 42
 Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded-431606
Faculty of Science & Technology
Credit Framework and Structure of Two Year PG Program (NEP 2020)
Subject: M Sc Biotechnology (Campus School of Life Sciences) (R-2023)
Year & Sem Major Subject VEC OJT / Research Practicals Credits Total
Level FP/CS Project (1-Cr) Credits
(DSC-4 Cr) (DSE-3 Cr) (3-Cr)
1 1 SBTTC-401 Biochemistry SBTTE-401 Biostatistics SVECR-401 -- SBTTP-401 Lab Course in Biochemistry 22 44
and Basic Computer Research SBTTP-402 Lab Course in Cell and
SBTTC-402 Cell and Developmental OR Methodology Developmental Biology
(3-Cr) SBTTP-403 Lab Course in Immunology and
Biology SBTTE-403 Techniques in
Virology
Microbiology SBTTE-402 Lab Course in Biostatistics and Basic
SBTTC-403 Immunology and Virology Computer
OR
SBTTE-404 Lab Course in Techniques in
Microbiology
2 SBTTC-451 Genetics and Molecular SBTTE-451 Environmental --- SBTTX- SBTTP-451 Lab Course in Genetics and 22
--
Biology Biotechnology 451 Molecular Biology
OR (O/F/C) SBTTP-452 Lab Course in Bioanalytical
Techniques
SBTTC-452 Bioanalytical Techniques SBTTE-453 Diagnostic
SBTTP-453 Lab Course in Bioprocess
Biology Engineering and Technology
SBTTC-453 Bioprocess Engineering and SBTTE-452 Lab Course in Environmental
Technology Biotechnology
OR
SBTTE-454 Lab Course in Diagnostic Biology
Exit option: Exit Option with PG Diploma in Basic Biotechnology (After 2024-25)
2 3 SBTTC-501 r DNA Technology SBTTE-501 Animal -- -- SBTTP-501 Lab Course in rDNA Technology 22 44
Research
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Project
SBTTC-502 Bioinformatics OR SBTTP-502 Lab Course in Pharmaceutical
SBTTE-503 Microbial and SBTTR- Biotechnology
Enzyme Technology 501 (4-Cr) SBTTE-502 Lab Course in Animal
SBTTC-503 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Biotechnology OR
SBTTE-504 Lab Course in Microbial and
Enzyme Technology
4 SBTTC-551-Plant Biotechnology SBTTE-551 SVECP- 551 -- SBTTP-551 Lab Course in Plant Biotechnology 22
Research
Nanobiotechnology Publication
Project
SBTTC-552-Genomics and Proteomics OR Ethics SBTTP-552 Lab Course in Genomics and
SBTTE-553 (2-Cr) SBTTR- Proteomics
Food Biotechnology 551
(6-Cr) SBTTE-552 Lab Course in Nanobiotechnology
OR
SBTTE-554 Lab Course in Food Biotechnology
Total Credits 44 12 05 03 10 14 Total Credits88
DSE indicates Department Specific Elective Course. Biotechnology student, in a particular semester, can opt either of these courses OR a course offered by other programs of the school. DSC- Department Specific Core, OJT- On Job
Training, FP- Field Project, CS- Case Study, R- Research Methodology, P- Publication Ethics, Cr- Credit, VEC- Value Education Course, R- Revision, Credits of four semesters = 88, Total Marks of All Four Semesters = 2200

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 8 of 13
 M. Sc. Second Year Semester III (Level 7.0)
Teaching Scheme
Subject Course Course Name Credits Assigned Teaching Scheme
Code
Theory Practical
Theory Practical Total
(Hrs/Week) (Hrs/Week/Batch)
Major SBTTC-501 rDNA Technology 04 -- 04 04 --
(DSC) SBTTC-502 Bioinformatics 04 -- 04 04 --
Pharmaceutical
SBTTC-503 04 -- 04 04 --
Biotechnology
Elective SBTTE-501 Animal Biotechnology
OR
(DSE) 03 -- 03 03 --
SBTTE-503 Microbial and Enzyme
Technology

Research
SBTTR-501 Research Project -- 04 04 -- 08
Project
Lab Course in rDNA
SBTTP-501 Technology and -- 01 01 -- 02
DSC Bioinformatics
Practical Lab Course in
SBTTP-502 Pharmaceutical -- 01 01 -- 02
Biotechnology
SBTTE-502 Lab Course in Animal
DSE Biotechnology
Practical OR -- 01 01 -- 02
SBTTE-504 Lab Course in Microbial and
Enzyme Technology
Total Credits 15 07 22 15 14

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 9 of 13
 M. Sc. Second Year Semester III (Level 7.0)
Examination Scheme
[20% Continuous Assessment (CA) and 80% End Semester Assessment (ESA)]

Subject Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

Continuous Assessment (CA) ESA
Avg of
Test I Test II (T1+T2)/2 Total CA ESA

Major SBTTC-501 rDNA Technology 20 20 20 80 -- -- 100

(DSC)
SBTTC-502 Bioinformatics 20 20 20 80 -- -- 100
Pharmaceutical 20 100
SBTTC-503 20 20 80 -- --
Biotechnology
Elective SBTTE-501 Animal Biotechnology 15 15 15 60 -- -- 75
(DSE) OR
SBTTE-503
Microbial and Enzyme
Technology

Research -- -- -- -- 20 80 100
SBTTR-501 Research Project
Project
Lab Course in rDNA -- -- -- 05 20 25
DSC Practical SBTTP-501 Technology and --
Bioinformatics
Lab Course in -- -- -- 05 20 25
SBTTP-502 Pharmaceutical --
Biotechnology
DSE Practical SBTTE-502 Lab Course in Animal -- -- -- 05 20 25
Biotechnology --
OR
SBTTE-504
Microbial and Enzyme
Technology

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 10 of 13
 M. Sc. Second Year Semester IV (Level 7.0)
Teaching Scheme

Subject Course Code Course Name Credits Assigned Teaching Scheme

Theory Practical Total Theory Practical
(Hrs/Week) (Hrs/Week/Batch)
SBTTC-551 Plant Biotechnology 04 -- 04 04 --
Major (DSC)
SBTTC-552 Genomics and Proteomics 04 -- 04 04 --
Elective SBTTE-551 Nanobiotechnology
OR 03 -- 03 03 --
(DSE) SBTTE-553 Food Biotechnology

Value Education SVECP-551 Publication Ethics 02 -- 02 02 --

Course

Research Project SBTTR-551 Research Project -- 06 06 -- 12

Lab Course in Plant
SBTTP-551 -- 01 01 -- 02
Biotechnology
DSC Practical
Lab Course in Genomics and
SBTTP-552 Proteomics -- 01 01 -- 02

SBTTE-552 Lab Course in

DSE Practical Nanobiotechnology
OR
Lab Course in Food -- 01 01 -- 02
SBTTE-554
Biotechnology

Total Credits 13 09 22 13 18

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 11 of 13
 M. Sc. Second Year Semester IV (Level 7.0)
Examination Scheme
[20% Continuous Assessment (CA) and 80% End Semester Assessment (ESA)]

Subject Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

Continuous Assessment (CA) ESA
Test I Test II Avg of Total CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2

SBTTC-551 Plant Biotechnology 20 20 20 80 -- -- 100

Major (DSC)
SBTTC-552 Genomics and Proteomics 20 20 20 80 -- -- 100
Elective SBTTE-551 Nanobiotechnology
OR 15 15 15 60 -- -- 75
(DSE) Food Biotechnology
SBTTE-553

Value Education SVECP-551 Publication Ethics -- -- -- -- 10 40 50

Course

Research Project SBTTR-551 Research Project -- -- -- -- 30 120 150

Lab Course in Plant
DSC Practical SBTTP-551 -- -- -- -- 05 20 25
Biotechnology
Lab Course in Genomics and
SBTTP-552 Proteomics -- -- -- 05 20 25
--
SBTTE-552 Lab Course in
DSE Practical Nanobiotechnology
OR
Lab Course in Food -- -- -- 05 20 25
SBTTE-554 --
Biotechnology

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 12 of 13
 SBTTC-501: rDNA Technology
Teaching Scheme

Course Course Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned

Code Name
Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTC-501 rDNA Technology 04 -- 04 -- 04

Assessment Scheme

Course Code Course Theory Practical Total

Name CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
rDNA
SBTTC-501 20 20 20 80 -- -- 100
Technology

Course pre-requisite:
Ø Students should be aware of the basics of different processes of Genetics and Molecular
Biology.
Course objectives:
Ø The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with concept of rDNA, clone and gene
cloning, cloning strategies, tools and techniques, applications and advantages and alternatives
to transgenics etc.
Course outcomes: Students will be able to be
Ø GM literate i.e. aware about rDNA technology, its advantages and disadvantages in addition to
tools and techniques. It will help in avoiding spread of misconception about GMO in society.

Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering 15
1.1 Introduction to concept of r-DNA, clone and gene cloning. Scope and
Milestones in Genetic Engineering.
1.2 Strategies and Molecular Tools: Restriction and modifying enzymes. DNA
and RNA markers.
1.3 Vectors: Cloning and expression vectors; vector components: Promoters,
selectable markers, reporter genre, ori, URRs, codon optimization,
Properties and Applications.
1.4 Commonly used vectors: Plasmids, bacteriophages, Phagemids and
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 13 of 42
 cosmids. Artificial chromosomes.
2.0 Gene Cloning strategies and tools 15
2.1 Isolation and purification of chromosomal and plasmid DNA, Yield
analysis, Nucleic acid amplification and its applications. Genomic and c-
DNA library preparation and application.
2.2 Cloning Methods: Blunt end cloning, Sticky end and sticky end PCR
cloning, TA cloning, PCR recombination, Integration PCR, In-Fusion™
Cloning, TOPO Cloning, Gateway cloning etc.
2.3 Methods of screening: Selection by complementation, antibiotic resistance,
colony PCR etc.
2.4 Expression analysis: Phenotype, RNA and Protein level. Northern blot,
Primer extension, S1 mapping, RNase protection assay, Reporter assays,
RT-PCR and Real time q-PCR, Nucleic acid microarray, Transcriptome
sequencing, Western blotting.
3.0 Applications of r DNA Technology I 15
3.1 Heterologous expression of proteins. Vector engineering and codon
optimization, host engineering
3.2 Expression in bacteria, expression in mammalian and plant cells,
3.3 Processing of Recombinant proteins: Purification and refolding,
characterization of recombinant proteins, stabilization of proteins.
3.4 Process and applications of Phage Display. GMO (Microorganisms, Plants
and animals) with traits having applications in different sectors: A. Health,
B. Agriculture, C. Environment and D. Industrial
4.0 Applications of r DNA Technology II 15
4.1 Gene silencing: Strategies, applications and advantages. Genome editing:
Strategies, applications and advantages.
4.2 Gene therapy: Principles of Gene therapy: Vector engineering.
4.3 Strategies of gene delivery. Gene replacement/augmentation therapy,
success and limitations of gene therapy.
4.4 Genetic engineering guidelines, Regulatory bodies, GEAC, RCGM and
IBSC.
Total 60
References:

1. Sambrook, J., Fritisch E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 2000.
2. Glover, D. M. and Hames, B. D. DNA Cloning: a Practical Approach, IRL, Press, Oxford, 1995.
3. Kaufman, P. B., Wu, W., Kim, D. and Cseke, L. J. Molecular and Cellular Methods in Biology and
Medicine, CRC Press, Florida, 1995.
4. Berger, S. L. and Kimmel, A. R. Methods in Enzymology ,Vol. 152, Guide to Molecular Cloning
Techniques, Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, 1998.
5. Goeddel, D. V. Methods in Enzymology, Vol 185, Gene Expression Technology, Academic Press,
Inc., San Diegoo, 1990.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 14 of 42
6. Mickloss, D. A. and Freyer, G. A. DNA Science. A First Course in Recombinant Technology, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1990.
7. Primrose, S. B. DNA Science: A First Course in Recombinant Technology, Blackwell Scientific
Publishers, Oxford, 1994.
8. Davies, J. A. and Raznikoff,, W. S. Milestones in Biotechnology. Classic papers on Genetic
Engineering, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992.
9. Walker, M. R. and Rapley, R. Route Maps in Gene Technology, Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford,
1997.
10. Kingsman, S. M. and Kingsman, A. J. Genetic Engineering. An Introduction to gene analysis and
exploitation in eukaryotes, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1998.
11. Glick, B. R., Pasternak, J. J. and Patten, C. L. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications
of Recombinant DNA, 6th Edition, American Society for Microbiology, 1994.
SBTTP-501 Lab Course in rDNA Technology
Part A
1. Genetic recombination (conjugation, transformation, transduction) in bacteria.
2. Gene cloning: Restriction, digestion and ligation, DNA Cloning in plasmid vectors and analysis
of gene products.
3. Preparation of competent cells and transformation by CaCl2 method.
4. DNA amplification.
5. DNA fingerprinting: RFLP, RAPD
6. Blotting and hybridization techniques: Western, Southern & Northern hybridization.
7. Gene expression in E. coli
8. Agarose gel electrophoresis by using DNA markers for molecular weight determination

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 15 of 42
 SBTTC-502: Bioinformatics

Teaching Scheme

Course Course Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned

Code Name
Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTC-502 Bioinformatics 04 -- 04 -- 04
Assessment Scheme

Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
SBTTC-502 Bioinformatics 20 20 20 80 -- -- 100

Course pre-requisite:
Ø The students should be aware of the basics of computers and Molecular Biology.
Ø Course objectives:
Ø The objective of this course is to familiarize students with basic concepts of sequences,
structural alignment, database searching and protein structure prediction..
Course outcomes: On completion of this course, the students shall:
Ø Explain the theoretical knowledge of database system and algorithms.
Ø Analyze and discuss the results in light of molecular biological knowledge (sequence
alignment and Phylogenetic tree plot)
Ø Collect the proficient knowledge to solve biological system- a multi-disciplinary problem
Ø Develop the key skills of molecular modeling techniques currently practiced in any
pharmaceutical research and development unit

Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 Introduction to Bioinformatics 15
1.1 Introduction to Bioinformatics Resources Bioinformatics Resources:
NCBI, EBI, ExPASy
1.2 RCSB, And DDBJ: The knowledge of databases and bioinformatics tools
available at these resources
1.3 Organization of databases: data contents, purpose and utility.
1.4 Open access bibliographic resources and literature databases: PubMed,
BioMed Central, Public Library of Sciences (PloS), Cite Xplore
2.0 Sequence databases 15
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 16 of 42
 2.1 Sequence databases: Nucleic acid sequence databases: GenBank, EMBL,
DDBJ; Protein sequence databases: Uniprot-KB: SWISS-PROT,
TrEMBL, UniParc
2.2 Structure Databases: PDB, NDB, PubChem, ChemBank.
2.3 Sequence file formats: Various file formats for bio-molecular sequences:
GenBank, FASTA, GCG, MSF etc.
2.4 Protein and nucleic acid properties: Proteomics tools at the ExPASy
server, GCG utilities and EMBOSS, Computation of various parameters
3.0 Sequence analysis 15
3.1 Sequence Analysis: Basic concepts of sequence similarity, identity and
homology, definitions of homologues, orthologues, paralogues and
xenologues
3.2 Scoring matrices: basic concept of a scoring matrix, Matrices for nucleic
acid and proteins sequences
3.3 PAM and BLOSUM series
3.4 Matrix derivation methods and principles
4.0 Sequence alignment 15
4.1 Sequence alignment: Measurement of sequence similarity; Similarity and
homology.
4.2 Pairwise sequence alignment: Basic concepts of sequence alignment
4.3 Needleman and Wunsch, Smith and Waterman algorithms for pairwise
alignments, gap penalties
4.4 Use of pairwise alignments for analysis of Nucleic acid and protein
sequences and interpretation of results.
Total 60
References
1. Mount, D., Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, New York, 2004.
2. Baxevanis, A. D. and Francis Ouellellette, B. F. Bioinformatics- a Practical Guide to the Analysis
of Genes and Proteins, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2009.
3. David, P. S.,Attwood, T. K. Introduction to bioinformatics, 1st Edition, Pearson Education, 1999.
SBTTP-501 Lab Course in Bioinformatics
Part B
1. Proteomics tools
2. Structural and functional predictions
3. Phylogenetic Analysis, Phylogenetic tree construction
4. DNA and protein sequence and PDB file formats
5. Local and global sequence alignments of protein and DNA sequences
6. Needleman Wunsch and Smith-Waterman algorithm
7. BLAST, Multiple sequence alignment

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 17 of 42
 SBTTC-503: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Teaching Scheme

Course Course Name Teaching Scheme Credits Assigned

Code (Hrs.)

Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTC-503 Pharmaceutical 04 -- 04 -- 04
Biotechnology

Assessment Scheme

Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
Pharmaceutical
SBTTC-503 20 20 20 80 -- -- 100
Biotechnology

Course pre-requisite:
Ø Basic understanding of Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Microbiology.
Ø Knowledge of basic concepts in pharmaceutical sciences.
Ø Course objectives:
Ø The objective of this course is to apply the basic concepts in the specific field of pharmaceutical
biotechnology.
Ø To expose students to gain insights into identification and design of drugs that could be
potentially useful in the identification of candidate drug which have efficacy in cell culture or
animal models and thus the most effective compound could be employed based on the above
results to put into clinical trials.
Course outcomes: Students will be able to
Ø Explain the strategies and various steps of new drug discovery process.
Ø Explain the concept of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Ø Apply the knowledge of pharmaceutical manufacturing in the production of biopharmaceuticals
like antibiotics, vaccines, proteins and hormones
Ø Carry out the quality control procedures in the production of various biopharmaceuticals
Ø Explain the regulatory aspects in the development of pharmaceuticals.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 18 of 42
Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 Antibiotics and Synthetic antimicrobial agents 15
1.1 Concept of bioassay, therapeutic index, MIC and LD50 Mechanism of
action, microbial resistance
1.2 Therapeutic, prophylactic usage and adverse reactions of antibiotic and
synthetic antimicrobial agents: β-lactam, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines,
ansamycins, macrolides, peptide antibiotics
1.3 Synthetic antibiotics: Sulphonamides, Chloramphenicol, Quinolone.
Antifungal antibiotics: Amphotericin B, Griseofulvin and Fluconazole
1.4 Antiviral drugs: Acyclovir, Zidovudine, Amantadine. Antitumor drugs:
Bleomycin, Dactinomycin
2.0 Drug discovery methods 15
2.1
Drug Discovery Process, biological activity directed and other types of
screening, natural products
2.2 Combinatorial chemistry; General overview of validation techniques,
Methods of Drug Discovery and development, QSAR and SAR.
2.3 Concepts of Bioavailability, Process of drug absorption,
Pharmacokinetic processes, Timing for optimal therapy
2.4 Drug delivery considerations for the new biotherapeutics.
3.0 Pharmacology of drugs 15
3.1 Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action, Effects of
route of administration, Drug Targets, Validation techniques of
Pharmaceutical targets
3.2 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, Drug Toxicity
3.3 Basic terminologies in drug delivery and drug targeting, Doses forms,
Various routes of administration of drugs, Strategies for enhanced
therapeutic efficacies
3.4 DNA vaccines, Vaccines & Monoclonal antibody-based
pharmaceuticals and other pharmaceutical products: Streptokinase,
streptodornase
4.0 Formulations and Regulations of drug 15
4.1 Formulation of Biotechnological Products, Drug Delivery,
4.2 Examples of some Biotechnological products in clinical development.
4.3 Role of FDA, ICH Guidelines
4.4 The Regulation of Pharmaceutical Biotechnological Products and
Ethical Issues.
Total 60
Text Books and Reference Books
1. Hugo, W. B. & Russel, A. R., Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Sixth Edition. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, 1998.
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 19 of 42
 2. Kadam, S. S., Mahadik, K. R. and Bothra, K. G. Principles of medicinal chemistry, Vol. 1,
Edition: 17, Nirali Publication, 2017.
3. Gokhale, S. D., KoKate, C. K. Pharmacognosy, Edition:18, Nirali Prakashan Educational
Publication, 2017.
4. Singh., B. D. Biotechnology – Expanding Horizon, First Edition, Kalyani Publication, Delhi,
2004.
5. Vyas, S. P., & Dixit, V. K. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 12th edition, CBS publishers &
distributors, New Delhi, 2009.
6. Hooper, D. C., Wolfson. J. S. Quinolone antimicrobial agents, Second edition, Washington, D.C.
: American Society for Microbiology, 1993.
7. Murray, S., Cooper Quality control in the Pharmaceutical industry, Vol. 2, Academic Press Inc.
U. S., New York, 1974.
8. Rhem, H. J. & Reed G. Biotechnology : Measuring, Modelling and Control, vol 4 ,Wiley India
Pvt Ltd publications, 2010.
9. Gregory Gregoriadis, Drug carriers in biology & medicine, Academic Press New York London,
1979.
10. Hillery, A. M., Lloyd, A. W. and Swarbrick, J. Drug Delivery and Targeting For Pharmacists
and Pharmaceutical Scientists, Harwood Academic Publisher, 2001.
11. Ansel, H. C., Allen, L. V. and Popovich, N. G. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Systems, 8th Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publisher, 2005.
12. Shyam Mohapatra, Shivendu Ranjan, Nandita Dasgupta, Raghvendra Kumar and Sabu Thomas.
Applications of Targeted Nano Drugs and Delivery Systems, 1st Edition, Elsevier, 2018.
SBTTP-502 Laboratory Course in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
1. Quality control of antibiotic and non-antibiotic formulations using titrimetric,
spectrophotometric, chromatographic methods as per IP/US Pharmacopoeia.
2. Microbiological assays of antibiotics.
3. Sterility testing and stability testing of parenteral formulations.
4. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products (intra-venous injections, antibiotics and vitamins)
5. Assays for screening antimicrobial/antifungal agents from plants and other natural sources.
6. Test for disinfectants (phenol coefficient / RWC method).
7. Determination of antibacterial spectrum for drugs/antibiotics.
8. Testing for antibiotic / drug sensitivity /resistance.
9. Determination of MIC value for antimicrobial chemicals.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 20 of 42
 SBTTE-501 Animal Biotechnology

Teaching Scheme

Course Course Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned

Code Name
Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTE-501 Animal 03 -- 03 -- 03
Biotechnology

Assessment Scheme
Course Code Course Theory Practical Total
Name CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
Animal
SBTTE-501 15 15 15 60 -- -- 75
Biotechnology

Course pre-requisite:
Ø Basic understanding of Cell and developmental Biology.
Course objectives:
Ø The objective of this course is to enable students to develop basic skills for vertebrate cell culture,
maintenance of cell lines and in vitro application of cell and molecular techniques and also to
understand the principles of animal cloning and its applications.
Course outcomes: Students will be able to
Ø Explain the fundamental scientific principles that underlie cell culture
Ø Acquire knowledge for isolation, maintaince and growth of cells.
Ø Develop proficiency in establishing and maintaining of cell lines.
Ø Acquire knowledge in animal cloning and its applications

Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 Introduction to Animal Cell Science 11
1.1 Structure and organization of animal cell. Equipments and materials for animal
cell culture technology.
1.2 Primary and established cell line cultures. Introduction to the balanced salt
solutions and simple growth medium.
1.3 Brief discussion on the chemical, physical and metabolic functions of
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 21 of 42
 different constituents of culture medium.
1.4 Role of carbon dioxide. Role of serum and supplements. Serum and protein
free defined media and their applications. Application of animal cell culture.
2.0 Cell lines and its applications 11
2.1 Primary and secondary culture of animal cells: types of primary cell
cultures, isolation of tissue and primary culture.
2.2 Subcultured propagation, criteria for subculture and propagation, split ratio,
subculture in suspension.
2.3 Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro, disaggregation of
tissue and primary culture; maintenance of cell culture; cell separation.
2.4 Scaling- up of animal cell culture.
3.0 Cell lines and its applications 12
3.1 Culture and maintenance of cell lines, Biology and characterization of the
cultured cells, Measurement of viability,
3.2 Model animals in animal biotechnology
3.3 DNA transfer techniques in to mammalian cells, Microinjection,
electroporation, Stem cell etc.
3.4 Artificial insemination, IVF, somatic cell nuclear transfer and stem cell
technology.
4.0 Animal Cloning 11
4.1 Principle, Concept and application of animal cloning
4.2 Embryonic stem cells and their applications.
4.3 Cell culture based vaccines, viral vectors, Gene therapy
4.4 Animal ethics and bio safety, Principle of tissue engineering
Total 45

References
1. Ian, R. Freshney Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique and Specialized
Applications , 4th Edition, 2000.
2. Ranga, M. M. Animal Biotechnology, 2nd edition, Agrobios, 2007.
3. Masters, J. R. W. Animal Cell Culture, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2000.
4. Marshak, D. R., Gardner, R. L. and Gottlieb, D. Stem Cell Biology, Volume 40, Cold Spring
Harbor Publication, 2001.
SBTTE- 502 Laboratory course in Animal Biotechnology

1. Enumeration of Red Blood cells (RBCs) from sheep and human blood
2. Isolation of Cells from Liver tissue and its Quantification
3. Cell Viability assay using dye-exclusion method
4. Micronucleus Assay
5. Hemolytic test for Staphylococcus aureus
6. Con-A induced Hemagglutination Assay
7. Anchorage independent cell culture( Lymphocyte culture)
8. Anchorage dependent cell culture ( chick embryo cell culture)

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 22 of 42
9. Epithelial cell culture
10. Anti-angiogenic activity using chick chorio-allantoic membrane(CAM) assay
11. Preparation of culture media.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 23 of 42
 BTTE-503 Microbial and Enzyme Technology
Teaching Scheme

Course Course Name Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned

Code Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTE-503 Microbial and 03 -- 03 -- 03

Enzyme Technology

Assessment Scheme

Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
Microbial and
SBTTE-503 Enzyme 15 15 15 60 -- -- 75
Technology

Course pre-requisite: Students should be aware of basics in Microbiology and Enzymology

Course objectives:
Ø To make Students learn structural and functional relationships in enzymes and altering their
structure in order to function ‘better’.
Ø To provide basic knowledge of microbes and enzyme technology and use of enzymes as tools
in industry, agriculture and medicine.
Ø To exploit microbes and enzymes for the production of human beneficial products
Course outcomes: Students will be able to
Ø Learn kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions & enzyme inhibitory and regulatory process.
Ø Perform immobilization of enzymes
Ø Understanding of microbial pathways
Ø Get exposure of wide applications of microbes and enzymes and their future potential

Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 Fundamentals of Microbial Metabolism 12
1.1 Isolation, development, presentation and improvement of industrially
important micro-organism; isolation of auxotrophic mutants

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 24 of 42
 1.2 Isolation of revertant mutants and use of recombinant systems for
improvement of industrial microorganisms; metabolic pathways:
Regulatory mechanism of metabolic pathways in industrial strains
1.3 Bioenergetics-basic principles; equilibria and concept of free energy;
coupled processes; glycolysis and glycolytic enzymes regulation
1.4 TCA-cycle and enzyme regulation; oxidative phosphorylation and
enzyme regulation; fatty acid metabolism; principles of metabolic
regulation; regulatory steps
2.0 Enzyme catalysis and kinetics 11
2.1 Source of enzymes; production, isolation and purification of enzymes;
characterization in terms of pH, temperature, ionic strength, substrate and
product tolerance, effect of metal ions etc.
2.2 Enzyme kinetics: Enzymes as Biological catalysts; enzyme action:
Active site, functional group, enzyme substrate complex, cofactors
2.3 Michaelis-Menten equation; enzyme inhibition; methods of plotting
enzyme kinetics data
2.4 Enzyme turnover; enzyme induction, repression, covalent modification,
isoenzymes, allosteric effect
3.0 Enzyme Engineering and Immobilization 11
3.1 Rationales for enzyme engineering, steps in enzyme engineering,
chemical methods for modifying enzyme activity
3.2 Site directed mutagenesis, protein engineering, mechanism of protein
folding and its pathological effects
3.3 Immobilized enzyme technology: different techniques of immobilization
of enzymes and whole cells
3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of immobilization; application of cell and
enzyme immobilization and biosensors
4.0 Clinical and Industrial Enzymes 11
4.1 Clinical and diagnostics enzymes and their applications, enzymes as
therapeutic agents
4.2 Enzymes in food processing, leather, textile, detergent and
pharmaceuticals and fine chemical industries
4.3 Enzymes in organic solvents and ionic liquids: various organic solvents
and ionic liquids used in bio catalysis
4.4 Potential of enzymes in organic solvents and ionic solvents.
Total 45
Reference Books:
1. Dixon, M. and Webb, E. C. Enzyme Inhibition and Activation in: Enzymes, 3rd Edition, Pp. 126–
136, 332–399, Academic Press, New York, 1979.
2. Palmer, T. Understanding enzymes, 4th edition, Prentice Halls/Ellis Horwood Ltd. Publication,
London, 1995.
3. Price, N. C. and Stevens, L. Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of
Catalytic Proteins, 3rd Edition, Oxford science publications, New York, 1999.
4. Buchholz, K., Kasche, V. and Bornscheuer, U. T. Biocatalysts and enzyme technology, 2nd Edition,
Wiley-Blackwell Publication, 2012.
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 25 of 42
 5. Copeland, Robert, A. Enzymes: a practical introduction to structure, mechanism and data analysis,
John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
6. Balasubramanian, D., Bryce, C. F. A., Dharmalingam, K., Green, J. and Jayaraman, K. Concepts in
Biotechnology, 2nd Edition, Universities Press, 2004.
7. Rastogi, S. C., Mendiratta, N. and Rastogi, P., Bioinformatics - Methods and Applications
:(Genomics, Proteomics and Drug Discovery), 4th Edition, PHI Learning, 2006.
8. Satyanarayana, U. and Chakrapani, U. Biotechnology, 1st Edition, Books and Allied Ltd. 2005.
9. Smith, J. E. Biotechnology, 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2009.

10. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Gatto G. J. and Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 8th Edition, WH Freeman and
Company, 2015.
11. Creighton, T. E. Protein - Structure and Molecular Properties, 2nd Edition, W.H. Freeman and Co.
Ltd, 1993.
12. Primrose, S. B. and Twyman, R. M., Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, 7th Edition,
Blackwell Publishing 2006.
13. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. R. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition,
Cold Spring Harbo Laboratory Press, 1989.

SBTTE-504 Laboratory Course in Microbial and Enzyme Technology

1. Isolation of microbial strains for the production of commercially important enzymes.

2. Production of commercially important enzymes from microbial source.
3. Standardization of medium, composition for the optimum production of enzymes
4. Partial purification of isolated enzymes
5. Determination of enzyme activity and specific activity of α-amylase/lipase.
6. Study of Maltose calibration curve
7. Characterization of enzymes effect of pH, temperature metal ions, substrate and inhibitors on
enzyme activity.
8. Study of kinetic parameters Km, Vmax and Kcat
9. Molecular weight determination of enzyme by gel filtration method
10. Method of checking the purity of the enzymes SDS PAGE
11. Immobilization of enzymes
12. Characterization of clinical and industrially important enzymes

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 26 of 42
 SEMESTER IV

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 27 of 42
 SBTTC-551: Plant Biotechnology
Teaching Scheme
Course Course Name Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned
Code Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTC-551 Plant 04 -- 04 -- 04
Biotechnology

Assessment Scheme
Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total
CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
SBTTC-551 Plant Biotechnology 20 20 20 80 -- -- 100

Course pre-requisite:
Ø The students should be familiar with the fundamentals of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology
Course objectives:
Ø To acquaint the students with basic principles and various methods of Tissue Culture.
Ø To impart knowledge about varied methods of gene transfer and transgenic plant development.
Ø To underhand basics of secondary metabolites and their engineering.
Ø To acquire knowledge about molecular markers and their use in plant breeding.
Course outcomes: Students will
Ø Demonstrate the knowledge about the techniques of Plant Tissue Culture and acquire
comprehensive knowledge on GM technology for quality characteristics and their role in crop
improvement.
Ø Acquire knowledge in metabolic engineering and industrial products.
Ø Develop skills in molecular marker studies and their use in plant breeding.
Ø Shall develop scientific skills to work in Plant tissue culture, Pharmaceutical and Research
laboratories.

Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 UNIT I 15
1.1 History: Important events in the history of plant tissue culture; Laboratory
Requirements and General Techniques; Cellular Totipotency
1.2 Tissue Culture Media: Introduction, media constituents, media selection,
media preparation; Callus Culture; Micropropagation: Introduction,
techniques, applications, production of pathogen free plants
1.3 Somatic Embryogenesis; Haploid Production: Introduction, techniques,
factor affecting androgenesis, ontogeny of androgenic haploids
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 28 of 42
 1.4 Plant regeneration from pollen embryos, homozygous diploids,
applications, limitations; Triploid production.
2.0 UNIT II 15
2.1 Somaclonal & gametoclonal variations; Protoplast Culture: Protoplast
isolation, fusion and regeneration,
2.2 Cybrids; Embryo Culture and embryo rescue: Introduction, techniques;
Synthetic Seeds
2.3 Cell and Suspension Culture: Introduction, isolation of single cells,
suspension cultures, culture of single cells, plant cell reactors, applications
of cell culture
2.4 Production of secondary metabolites: Introduction, strategies used to
optimize product yield, commercial aspects
3.0 UNIT III 15
3.1 Introduction to transgenic technology: Conventional breeding versus
Transgenesis; Introduction to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A.
rhizogenes, Features of Ti and Ri Plasmids and their use as vectors, Binary
and co-integrate vectors
3.2 Agrobacterium mediated transformation, Direct DNA transfer to plants,
Detection, characterization and expression of Transformants
3.3 Applications of plant transformation for productivity and performance:
GM technology for Conferring resistance to biotic stresses (pests, viruses
and fungi) and abiotic stresses (draught and salt), Herbicide resistance
3.4 Increasing shelf life of fruits and flowers, Enhancing the nutritional quality
(pro-vitamin A), Chloroplast Transformation
4.0 UNIT IV 15
4.1 Metabolic engineering and industrial products: Plant secondary
metabolites: alkaloids, industrial enzymes
4.2 Biodegradable plastic: polyhydroxybutyrate, therapeutic proteins,
lysosomal enzymes, antibodies, edible vaccines, oleosin partitioning
technology etc
4.3 Aspects related to commercial release of transgenic crops.
4.4 Molecular marker aided breeding: RFLP, RAPD, Microsatelites, AFLP
etc.
Total 60
References :
1. Razdan, M. K. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, 2nd Edition, Oxford and IHB publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd. 2003.
2. Kumar, U. Methods in Plant Tissue Culture, 1st Edition, Bikaner: Agro Botanica, 1999.
3. Misawa M. Plant tissue culture: An Alternative for Production of Useful Metabolites, Daya
Publishing House, New Delhi, 1994.
4. Bhojwani, S. S., and Razdan, M. K. Plant Tissue Culture, Theory and Practice a Revised Edition,
Volume 5, Elsevier India Ltd, 1996.
5. S. Ignacimuthu, S. J. Applied Plant Biotechnology, Science Publishers,U.S., 1997.
6. Young, M. M., Flower, M. W. and Warren, G. S. Plant Biotechnology: Comprehensive
Biotechnology, Second Supplement, 1st Edition, Oxford Pergaman press, 1992.
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 29 of 42
7. Hammond, J.; McGarvey, P., and Yusibov, V. Plant Biotechnology: New Products and
Applications: 240 (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology), Springer-Verlag Berlin
and Heidelberg GmbH & Co, New Delhi, 2000.
8. Mantell, J. H., Matthews, J. A. and Mckee, R. A. Principles of Plant Biotechnology: An
Introduction to Genetic Engineering in Plants, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1985.
9. Singh, C. H. Biotechnology in Crop Improvement, International Book Distribution Company,
Lucknow, 1998.
10. Gupta, P. K. Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogi and Company Meerut, 1996.
11. Pareek, L. K. and Swarnakar, P. L. Trends in Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, Agro
Botanica Publishers, 1997.
12. Esra Galun, Adina Breiman, Transgenic Plants, Imperial College Press, 1997.
13. Singh, B. D. Biotechnology, Kalyani Publishers , Ludhiana, India, 1998.
14. Narayanaswamy, S. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Tata McGraw Hill Education Publication,
1992.
15. Hammond, J., McGarvey, P. and Yusibo, V. Plant Biotechnology : New Products and
Applications: 240 (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology), Springer-Verlag Berlin
and Heidelberg GmbH & Co., 1999.
16. Fu, T. J., Singh, G. and Curist, W. R. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the production of Food
Ingredients, Springer Boston MA press, 1999.
17. Chawla, H. S. Biotechnology in Crop Improvement, International Book Distribution Company,
1998.
SBTTP-551 Laboratory Course in Plant Biotechnology

1. Preparation of MS medium
2. Surface sterilization
3. Micro propagation of plant through multiplication of pre-existing meristems.
4. Hardening of in vitro raised plants
5. Encapsulation of somatic embryos
6. Embryo culture and embryo rescue.
7. Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture.
8. In vitro production of fast growing normal root culture for production of secondary metabolites
9. Elicitation of plant cells for secondary metabolites
10. Agrobacterium Ti plasmid based vector mediated transformation, selection of transformants,
reporter gene assay.
11. Transformation of plant tissues using Agrobacterium rhizogenes for hairy root production
12. Transformation and expression of GFP gene in suitable host.
13. Developing RFLP maps, Developing RAPD maps

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 30 of 42
 SBTTC-552: Genomics and Proteomics
Teaching Scheme

Course Course Name Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned

Code
Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTC-552 Genomics and 04 -- 04 -- 04

Proteomics

Assessment Scheme

Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
Genomics and (T1+T2)/2
SBTTC-552
Proteomics
20 20 20 80 -- -- 100

Course pre-requisite:
Ø The students should be familiar with the Computers and Basic concepts of Bioinformatics.
Course objectives:
Ø To understand the concept of proteomics and their applications.
Ø To expose the students to methods of studying genetic materials obtained from various
environmental samples.
Ø To provide students the understanding of basic concepts of sequences, structural alignment,
database searching, protein structure prediction and computer-based drug designing.
Course outcomes: On completion of this course, the students shall be able to
Ø Perform alignment of sequences and construct the matrix for alignment based on dynamic
programming
Ø Construct the phylogenetics of different sequences.
Ø Analyze sequence and structure of bio-macromolecule data
Ø Edit the three-dimensional structure of protein using structural bioinformatics tools
Ø Explain the properties of genetic materials and storage and processing of genetic information.
Ø Analyze genomic data.
Ø Explain biological phenomena based on comparative genomics
Ø Design transcriptomics and proteomics experiments for studying differential gene expression and
related analysis
Ø Use metagenomics approach for studying phenomena associated with microbial communities.
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 31 of 42
 Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 Genomics 15
1.1 Introduction, Methods of preparing DNA (isolation and in-vitro
chemical synthesis)
1.2 DNA separation techniques and DNA sequence analysis: Introduction,
methods, sanger and dideoxy method
1.3 Automated sequencing, fluorescence method
1.4 Genome mapping: Introduction, methods, construction, use of online
tools for genome map construction
2.0 15
Genome Engineering
2.1 Microarray technology: Introduction, methods and application,
2.2 Combinational genomics: Introduction and application,
2.3 Synthetic chromosome pharmacogenomics and proteomics
2.4 Synthetic life pharmacogenomics and proteomics.
3.0 Proteomics 15
3.1 Introduction and scope
3.2 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing
3.3 Two dimensional PAGE for proteome analysis and image analysis of 2D
gel
3.4 Mass spectrometry for protein identification
4.0 Protein Structure Prediction 15
4.1 Introduction, principle, tools, application for structure prediction of
primary to quaternary structure of proteins
4.2 Protein engineering: Introduction, protein chips and functional
proteomics,
4.3 Protein modeling, introduction, methods and tools
4.4 Assigning secondary structure
Total 60
References:
1. Primrose, S. B. and Twyman, R. M. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, 7th edition,
Wiley - Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
2. Lesk, A. M. Introduction to Genomics, 7th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007.
3. Lesk, A. M. Introduction to Bioinformatics, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2017.
4. Ghosh, Z. and Mallick, B. Bioinformatics: Principles and Applications, Oxford University Press
India, 2008.
5. Lewin, B. Genes VIII: International Edition, Pearson Education International, 2003.

SBTTP-552 Laboratory course in Genomics and Proteomics

1. Proteomics tools,
2. Structural and functional predictions,
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 32 of 42
3. Phylogenetic Analysis, Phylogenetic tree construction
4. DNA and protein sequence and retrieval and submission
5. Local and global sequence alignment of protein and DNA sequences,
6. Needleman Wunsch and Smith-Waterman algorithm,
7. BLAST, Multiple sequence alignment

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 33 of 42
 SBTTE-551: Nanobiotechnology
Teaching Scheme

Course Course Name Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned

Code
Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTE-551 Nanobiotechnology 03 -- 03 -- 03

Assessment Scheme

Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
SBTTE-551 Nanobiotechnology 15 15 15 60 -- -- 75

Course pre-requisite: General awareness regarding Nanomaterials and Biotechnological techniques

Course objectives:
Ø To introduce to the students various opportunities in the emerging field of Bioscience & nano-
bioscience through nanotechnology and to make the students familiar with the important
concepts applicable to bioscience and nano biotechnology and its applications.
Course outcomes: On completion of this course, the students will able to
Ø Comprehend the concept of "nanotechnology" and its interdisciplinary aspects.
Ø Learn various approaches of synthesizing nanomaterials, their advantages and limitations.
Ø Gain knowledge about various techniques used for characterizing nanomaterials.
Ø Comprehend the importance of engineered nanomaterials for biomedical, therapeutic and
environmental applications.
Ø Evaluate the potential toxic effects of nanotechnology on living organisms and the environment.

Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 1 Introduction to Nano Science 11
1.1 Basic concepts of quantum mechanics and quantum theory
1.2 mechanical properties of nanomaterials, structural properties, optical
properties, melting and electrical conductivity of nanoparticles
1.3 Analytical techniques used in Nanotechnology: Diffraction, UV-visible
spectroscopy, optical microscope
1.4 Analytical techniques used in Nanotechnology: Atomic force
microscope, electron microscope SEM and TEM
2.0 2 Methods of Synthesis of Nanoparticles 12
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 34 of 42
 2.1 Use of bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes
2.2 Magnetotactic bacteria for synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles,
mechanism of formulation
2.3 Viruses as components for formulation of nanostructured materials,
Synthesis process and applications
2.4 Role of plants in nanoparticles synthesis.
3.0 3 Nano-biomaterials 11
3.1 Biocompatibility, anti-bacterial activity
3.2 Principles involved applications. Biomaterial
3.3 Nanocircuitry, protein based nanocircuitry
3.4 DNA nanostructures for mechanics and computing, DNA based
nanomechanical devices
4.0 4 Nanomedicines 11
4.1 Development of nanomedicine, nanodrug administration
4.2 Diagnostic application, therapeutic applications
4.3 Nano-tribology, drug and gene delivery for human health
4.4 Nano-biosensors, Nanomatechnology of cleaning environment for
heavy metals and bioremediation.
Total 45
References:
1. Sulbha Kulkarni, Nanotechnology - Principles and Practices, 3rd Edition, Springer Nature
Publication, 2015.
2. Mark Ratner and Donier Ratner Nanotechnology - A Gentle Introduction to Next Big Idea, 1st
Edition, Pearson Publication, 2002.
3. Satya Prakash, Quantum Mechanics, Pragati Prakashan Publication Limited, Meerut, 2016.
4. Charles P. P. (Jr.), Frank J. O. Introduction to Nanotechnology, 1st Edition, Wiley-Interscience
Publication, 2003.
5. G. Cao, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Imperial
College Press, 2004.
6. Niemeyer, C. M. and Mirkin, C. A. Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Applications and
Perspectives, Wiley, VCH, 2004.
7. Leggett, G. J. and Jones, R. A. L. Bionanotechnology: In Nanoscale Science and Technology,
John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
8. Murthy, B. S., Shankar, P., Raj, B., Rath, B. B. and Murday, J. Textbook of Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology (Universities Press-IIM Series in Metallurgy and Materials Science), Springer
Publication, 2012.
9. Pradeep, T. Nano: The Essentials Understanding Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Ltd. 2007.
10. Goodsell, D. S. Bionanotechnology : Lessons from Nature, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
11. Bhushan, B. Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, 2nd Edition, Springer Publications, 2007.
12. Nalwa, H. S. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Volume1-10, American
Scientific Publishers, 2004.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 35 of 42
SBTTE-452 Lab Course in Nanobiotechnology
1. Synthesis of nanomaterials by using microbial sources (bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes)
2. Synthesis of nano-magnetic particles
3. Detection and Analysis of Nanomaterials using UV-Spectrophotometer
4. Study of topography of Nanomaterials by Atomic Force Microscopy
5. Characterizations and Analysis of Nanomaterials by SEM/TEM
6. Antimicrobial activity of Nanomaterials
7. Evaluation of efficacy of drug conjugated with nanomaterials.
8. Bioremediation of heavy metals by Nanotechnology
9. Pollutant removal using Nanomaterials from industrial effluent.

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 36 of 42
 SBTTE-553: Food Biotechnology
Teaching Scheme

Course Course Name Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned

Code
Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SBTTE-553 Food Biotechnology 03 -- 03 -- 03

Assessment Scheme

Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
SBTTE-553 Food Biotechnology 15 15 15 60 -- -- 75

Course pre-requisite:
Ø General awareness of food items
Course objectives:
Ø To provide basic knowledge about food biotechnology and preliminary preparation of food
before actual processing steps.
Ø To know the effect of microorganisms on food and to make the clear understanding about
chemical and microbiological properties of food etc.
Ø To understand the concept of food born infections and to aware about laws and standards in
food biotechnology.
Course outcomes: On completion of this course, students shall be able to:
Ø Comprehend the different microorganisms roles involved in food biotechnology with different
food items.
Ø Define and explain different preliminary steps before and after food fermentation.
Ø Comprehend phenomenon of food degradation and spoilage by microorganisms with change in
the properties of food.
Ø To create awareness about different laws and standards in food biotechnology.

Curriculum Details:

Module Unit Topic Hrs.

No. No.
1.0 Microbes and Food 12
1.1 Characteristics of Microorganisms in Food, Types of microorganisms
associated with food

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 37 of 42
 1.2 Factors affecting the growth of micro-organisms in food, Microbial Food
Spoilage, Sources of Microorganisms in foods
1.3 Some important food spoilage microorganisms, Spoilage of specific food
groups- Milk and dairy products, Meat, poultry and seafood’s, Cereal
and cereal products
1.4 Fruits, vegetables and Canned food products.
2.0 Food fermentations 11
2.1 Food Fermentations – Definition and types of fermented food,
Microorganisms used in food fermentations
2.2 Dairy Fermentations- starter cultures and their types
2.3 Concept of probiotics, biotechnological process for food fortification
2.4 Prebiotics and oligosaccharides, fermented foods-types, methods of
manufacture for vinegar, sauerkraut, tempeh, miso, soya sauce, beer,
wine and traditional Indian fermented foods.
3.0 Food-borne Diseases 11
3.1 Foodborne Diseases, Types – Food borne infections, food borne
intoxications and toxin infections, with common and recent examples.
3.2 Control of microorganisms in foods, Principles and methods of
preservation, Physical Methods of Food Preservation- Dehydration,
Freezing, Cold storage, Heat Treatment, Irradiation
3.3 Bio-preservatives i.e Bacteriocins and other natural products
3.4 Role of lactic acid bacteria in preservation of food items
4.0 Food safety laws and Standards 11
4.1 Food safety Laws and Standards: Food quality & analysis: Pre and Post-
harvest factors in food quality
4.2 Physical, Chemical and Microbiological factors of quality, proximate
analysis of foods, sample and sample preparation in foods.
4.3 Food laws: voluntary and mandatory food laws in India.
4.4 Food certification agencies.
Total 45

References:
1. Hotchkiss, N. N., Potter and Joseph, H. Food Science, 5th Edition, Science Technology
Publication, 2007.
2. M. Shafiur Rahman, Handbook of Food Processing, 2nd Edition, CRC Press Taylor and Francis
group, 2007.
3. Frazier, W. C., Westhoff, D. C. and Vanitha N. M. Food Microbiology, 5th Edition, McGraw
Hill Education Publication, 2004.
4. Sivasankar, B. Food Processing and Preservation, Prentice Hall India Learning Private Limited
Publication, 2002.
5. Avantina Sharma, Textbook of Food Science & Technology, Vol-I & II, 1st Edition, International
Book Distributing Company, 2006.
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 38 of 42
 6. Cheung, P. C. K., Mehta, B. M. Handbook of Food Chemistry, Ist Edition, Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg, 2015.
7. Jay, J. M., Golden, D. A. and Loessner M. J. Modern Food Microbiology (Food Science Text
Series), Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Publication, New Delhi, 2000.
8. Garbutt, John. Essentials of Food Microbiology, Hodder Arnold H&S Publication, London,
1997.
9. Pelczar, M. J., Chan, E. C. S. and Krieg, N. R. Microbiology, 5th Edition, Affiliated East-West
Press Private Limited Publication, 1993.
10. Lawley, R., Curtis L. and Davis, J. The Food Safety Hazard Guidebook, Royal Society of
Chemistry publication, 2004.

SBTTE-454 Laboratory course in Food Biotechnology

1. Isolation of microorganism from spoiled food (Dairy products, Meat products, Vegetables &
Fruits)
2. Isolation of microorganism from traditional Indian fermented foods
3. Production and characterization of bacteriocin from probiotic microorganisms.
4. Antimicrobial activity of spices and oils against food spoilage causing microorganism
5. Microbiological Analysis of Milk: Raw and Pasteurized Milk - MBRT, SPC, Coliform, Sterilized
Milk / LHT Milk - Spore Count.
6. Microbiological analysis of Milk Products: Analysis of butter, ice cream, Paneer, Standard plate
count, coliform count, yeast and mold count.
7. Proximate analysis of dairy & fermented foods

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 39 of 42
 SVECP-551: Publication Ethics
Teaching Scheme

Course Course Name Teaching Scheme (Hrs.) Credits Assigned

Code
Theory Practical Theory Practical Total

SVECP-551 Publication Ethics 02 -- 02 -- 02

Assessment Scheme

Course Code Course Name Theory Practical Total

CA
Test I Test II Avg of ESA CA ESA
(T1+T2)/2
SVECP-551 Publication Ethics 10 10 10 40 -- -- 50

Course pre-requisite:
Ø General awareness regarding publication basics
Course objectives:
Ø To know rules, issues, options, and resources for research ethics.
Ø To familiarize with various institutional ethics review boards/academic integrity guidelines.
Ø To understand the purpose and value of ethical decision-making.
Ø To have a positive disposition towards continued learning about research ethics

Course outcomes:
Ø To have a positive disposition towards continued learning about research philosophy &
ethics.
Ø To know Rules, Regulations, Issues, Options, and Scientific Resources of Research Ethics.
Ø To learn the culture of fairness, honesty and integrity in academic communications and to
understand the purpose and value of ethical decision-making.
Ø Avoid wasteful and duplicate publications & encourage original contributions to advance
Academic Research and Scholarship.
Ø Acquiring knowledge & professional competence and expertise about Patents, Copyrights,
and other forms of Intellectual Property Rights.
Ø To promote social good and prevent or mitigate societal hazards through innovative ideas,
creativity and research advocacy

Curriculum Details:

M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 40 of 42
Curriculum Details:
Module Unit
Topic Hrs.
No. No.
1.0 Publication ethics
Publication ethics: definition, introduction and importance, Best
1.1 practices/standards setting initiatives and guidelines: COPE, WAME, etc.
Conflicts of interest
Publication misconduct: definition, concept, problems that lead to 08
1.2
unethical behavior and vice verse, types
1.3 Violation of publication ethics, authorship and contributor ship
Identification of publication misconduct, complaints and appeals.
1.4
Predatory publishers and journals
2.0 Open access publishing
2.1 Open access publications and initiatives.
SHERPA/RoMEO online resource to check publisher copyright and
2.2 self- archiving policies 07

2.3 Software tool to identify predatory publications developed by SPPU

2.4 Journal finder/ journal suggestion tools viz. JANE

3.0 Publication misconduct

3.1 Subject specific ethical issues, FFP, authorship
3.2 Conflicts of interest
07
3.3 Complaints and appeals: examples and fraud from India and abroad
Use of plagiarism software like Turnitin, Urkund and other open source
3.4
software tools.
4.0 Databases and research metrics
4.1 Databases: Indexing databases
4.2 Citation databases: Web of Science, Scopus, etc.
08
Research Metrics: Impact Factor of journal as per journal citation report,
4.3
SNIP, SJR, IPP, Cite Score.
4.4 Metrics: h-index, g index, i10 index, altmetrics
Total 30

References:
1. Donna M. Mertens, Pauline E. Ginsberg The Handbook of Social Research Ethics, SAGE (2009).
2. Rose Wiles, Bloomsbury What are Qualitative Research Ethics? (2013).
3. Robin Levin Penslar, eds, Research Ethics: Cases and Materials, Indiana University Press (1995).
4. Gary Comstock, Research Ethics: A Philosophical Guide to the Responsible Conduct of Research,
Cambridge University Press (2013)
5. Bird, A. Philosophy of Science. Routledge, 2006.
M Sc Biotechnology Second Year Syllabus, School of Life Sciences, w.e.f. June 2024-2025, Page 41 of 42
6. MacIntyre, Alasdair A Short History of Ethics London, 1967
7. P. Chaddah Ethics in Competitive Research: Do not get scooped; do not get plagiarized, 2018
8. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering and Institute of Medicine.
(2009).
9. On being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research. Third Edition. National
Academies Press.
10. Resnik, D. B. What is ethics in research & why is it important. National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences, 2018.
Retrieved from https www.nichs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm
11. Beall, J. Predatory publishers are corrupting open access. Nature, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1038/489179a
12. Indian National Science Academy (INSA), Ethics in Science Education, Research and
Governance(2019), SBN:978-81-939482-1-7.
http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/Ethics Book.pdf

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