13 IV April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.68414
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

Defence Radar System

Naveen Kumar Sharma1, Ashutosh Sharma2, Mohammad Haris3
Department of Computer Science, VCTM, Aligarh, India

Abstract: In general, This report presents an innovative approach to developing a defence radar system using Arduino
technology. As the demand for cost-effective and adaptable solutions in military applications grows, Arduino platforms offer a
versatile foundation for creating radar systems that can detect and track objects in various environments. This document
outlines the design, implementation, and functionality of an Arduino-based radar system, detailing its components, operational
principles, and potential applications in defence scenarios. By leveraging open-source hardware and software, this project aims
to demonstrate the feasibility of building a reliable radar system that can enhance situational awareness and contribute to
security operations. The report also discusses the challenges encountered during development and the future prospects for
integrating such systems into broader defence strategies.

I. INTRODUCTION
An Arduino-Based Defence Radar System is a radar detection and tracking system that utilizes Arduino microcontroller technology
to monitor and identify objects, typically in a military or security context. This type of system is designed to be cost-effective,
flexible, and easily customizable, making it suitable for various applications, including surveillance, target tracking, and threat
detection.

A. Arduino Microcontroller
The core of the system, responsible for processing data, controlling sensors, and executing algorithms for object detection and
tracking.
1) Radar Sensor: Typically, a microwave or ultrasonic sensor is used to emit signals and detect reflections from objects. Common
choices include the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor or more advanced radar modules like the RCWL-0516.
2) Signal Processing: The system processes the received signals to determine the distance, speed, and direction of detected objects.
This may involve algorithms for filtering noise and interpreting the data.
3) Display Interface: Information about detected objects can be displayed on an LCD screen or sent to a computer for further
analysis. This allows operators to visualize the radar's findings in real-time.

II. PURPOSE
The Defense Radar System is a cost-effective and customizable radar solution that utilizes Arduino microcontroller technology to
detect and track objects, such as vehicles or personnel, in various environments. It consists of radar sensors, signal processing
capabilities, and a user interface for real-time monitoring. This system is designed for applications in surveillance, security, and
obstacle detection, making it suitable for military, border security, and educational purposes. Its modular nature allows for easy
modifications and integration with other systems, providing a practical platform for learning and experimentation in radar
technology..

III. SCOPE
A. Scope of Defense Radar System
The scope of the Defense Radar System is broad and multifaceted, encompassing various applications in security, education,
research, and technology development. Its flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and potential for customization make it a valuable tool for
enhancing surveillance capabilities and fostering innovation in radar technology.
1) Security and Surveillance: Applications in military operations, border security, and protection of critical infrastructure.
2) Research and Development: A platform for exploring radar technology, signal processing, and prototyping advanced systems.
3) Educational Use: Hands-on learning tool for students and hobbyists to understand electronics and radar principles.
4) Customization and Flexibility: Modular design allows for modifications and integration with other technologies, such as
cameras and IoT devices.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

5) Obstacle Detection: Assists in navigation for robotics and autonomous vehicles by detecting obstacles.
6) Cost-Effective Solutions: Provides an affordable alternative to traditional radar systems, making advanced technology
accessible.
7) Future Developments: Opportunities for incorporating new sensors and algorithms, as well as scalability for larger applications.

B. Step-by-Step Process
Step 1: Define Objectives
 Determine the purpose of the radar system (e.g., detecting objects, measuring distance).
Step 2: Gather Components
 Microcontroller: Arduino (e.g., Arduino Uno, Mega).
 Radar Sensor: Ultrasonic sensor (e.g., HC-SR04) or a more advanced radar module (e.g., Doppler radar).
 Display: LCD or OLED display for output.
 Power Supply: Battery or power adapter.
 Additional Components: Breadboard, jumper wires, resistors, etc.
Step 3: Circuit Design
 Create a schematic diagram showing how to connect the radar sensor to the Arduino.
Step 4: Write the Code
 Use the Arduino IDE to write the code for the radar system.
 Include libraries for the radar sensor and display.
 Implement functions to read data from the sensor, process it, and display the results.
Step 5: Assemble the Hardware
 Build the circuit on a breadboard or solder components onto a PCB.
Step 6: Upload the Code
 Connect the Arduino to your computer via USB.
 Upload the written code using the Arduino IDE.
Step 7: Testing and Calibration
 Power on the system and test the radar functionality.
 Calibrate the sensor for accurate distance measurements.
 Adjust the code as necessary based on test results.
Step 8: Final Assembly
 Once testing is complete, finalize the assembly.
Step 11: Deployment
 Deploy the radar system in the intended environment.
 Monitor its performance and make adjustments as needed.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

IV. HOW IT WORKS

1) Signal Emission: The radar sensor (e.g., ultrasonic or Doppler radar) emits a signal (sound waves or electromagnetic waves).
2) Echo Reception: The sensor listens for the echo of the signal after it bounces off an object.
3) Distance Calculation: The Arduino measures the time it takes for the echo to return and calculates the distance to the object
using the formula
4) Data Processing: The Arduino processes the received data, filtering noise and determining object characteristics (distance,
speed).
5) Output Display: The results are displayed on an LCD or OLED screen for real-time monitoring.
6) Alerts: The system can trigger alerts (visual or auditory) if an object is detected within a specified range.
7) User Interaction: Users can interact with the system to change settings or modes.

V. LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Radar technology - (Bishop et al., 2018; Kumar & Singh, 2020).
2) Ultrasonic sensor can be affected by environmental noise and obstacles - (Patel & Patel, 2019).
3) Doppler Radar which can detect the speed and direction of moving objects (Almeida et al., 2021).
4) Signal Processing: Techniques such as filtering used to improve detection rates and reduce false positives (Zhang et al., 2020).
5) Machine Learning : enhancing the system's intelligence (Lee & Kim, 2022).
6) Intrusion Detection:– they can detect intruders and trigger alarms (Mishra et al., 2021).
7) Traffic Monitoring - providing valuable data for urban planning and law enforcement (Singh & Gupta, 2020).
8) Integration with IoT- enhancing the functionality of radar systems (Almeida et al., 2021).

A. System Review
An defense radar system offers a versatile and cost-effective solution for various detection and monitoring applications. While
challenges exist, ongoing advancements in technology and methodologies promise to enhance the capabilities and effectiveness of
these systems in real-world scenarios. The combination of affordability, flexibility, and ease of use makes Arduino an attractive
platform for developing innovative radar solutions in defense.

B. Technology used
1) Microcontroller Technology
 Arduino Boards: The core of the system is typically an Arduino microcontroller (e.g., Arduino Uno, Mega, or Nano). These
boards are used for processing data, controlling sensors, and managing user interfaces. Their open-source nature allows for easy
programming and customization.

2) Radar Sensor Technologies

 Ultrasonic Sensors: These sensors (e.g., HC-SR04) emit ultrasonic sound waves and measure the time it takes for the echo to
return. They are suitable for short-range object detection and are commonly used in basic radar applications

3) Signal Processing Technologies

 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs): These components convert analog signals from sensors into digital data that the Arduino
can process. Some Arduino boards have built-in ADCs, while external ADCs can be used for higher precision.

4) Communication Technologies
 Wireless Communication: Technologies such as Wi-Fi (using ESP8266 or ESP32 modules) or Bluetooth can be integrated to
enable remote monitoring and control of the radar system. This allows for data transmission to smartphones or computers.
 Serial Communication: The Arduino can communicate with other devices (e.g., displays, additional sensors) using protocols
like I2C or SPI for efficient data exchange.

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1083
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

5) User Interface Technologies

 Display Modules: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) or OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) screens are used to present real-time
data, such as detected distances and alerts, to the user.
 Input Devices: Buttons, switches, or touchscreens can be integrated for user interaction, allowing users to configure settings or
start/stop the radar system.

6) Power Supply Technologies

Power Management Circuits: Voltage regulators and power management ICs ensure that the system operates within safe voltage
levels, especially when using multiple sensors and components

Section Technology used Description

Sensor system Ultrasonic Sensors (HC-SR04) Measures distance to obstacles
using ultrasonic waves
Sensor System Infrared Sensors (IR) Detects obstacles using infrared
radiation
Control Unit Arduino UNO Processes sensor data and controls
the system's operations.
Communication Wi-Fi Module (ESP8266) Enables wireless communication
for remote monitoring.
| Communication Bluetooth Module (HC-05) Allows for wireless
communication between devices
Display Unit LCD Display (16x2) Displays distance and angle
information
Alert System Buzzer Provides auditory alerts when an
obstacle is detected.
Power Supply Battery (9V), Solar Panel Provides a energy source
Mechanical System Servo Motor (SG90) Adjusts the sensor's position for
wider coverage
Admin Panel React.js, Express.js Manages users, orders, and
restaurants..

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

VI. METHODOLOGY
Defense radar system follows a structured research, development, and testing process for efficiency.
1) Requirements Analysis
 Define objectives and user needs for the radar system.
2) System Design
 Select hardware components (Arduino board, sensors, display).
3) Prototyping
 Assemble components on a breadboard for initial testing.
 Write initial code using the Arduino IDE.
4) Data Acquisition and Processing
 Implement signal emission and echo reception.
 Calculate distances using time-of-flight principles.
5) User Interface Development
 Integrate display units for real-time data visualization.
 Implement user interaction features (buttons, switches).
6) Testing and Calibration
 Conduct functional testing to verify component operation.
 Calibrate sensors for accurate measurements

A. Non-functional Requirement
1) Performance
 Response Time: The system should process and display detected data within a specified time frame (e.g., < 1 second).
2) .Reliability
 Uptime: The system should maintain a high availability rate (e.g., 99% uptime) to ensure continuous monitoring.
3) Scalability
 The system should be able to accommodate additional sensors or features without significant redesign or performance
degradation.
4) Usability
 User Interface: The display and controls should be intuitive and easy to use, allowing users to operate the system with minimal
training.
5) Maintainability
 The system should be designed for easy maintenance and upgrades, allowing for straightforward replacement of components or
updates to software.
6) Security
 Data Protection: Any data transmitted wirelessly should be encrypted to prevent unauthorized access.

B. System Configuration
1) Software requirement
 Arduino IDE: Install the Arduino Integrated Development Environment for coding, compiling, and uploading the program to
the Arduino board.

2) Hardware requirement
a) Arduino Board:(e.g., Arduino Uno, Mega, or Nano) based on the number of I/O pins required
 Ultrasonic Sensor:: Model: HC-SR04 or similar.
 Display Unit : Model: 16x2 LCD or 128x64 OLED.

b) Power Supply: Use a battery pack (e.g., 9V battery or Li-ion) or an external power adapter
 Additional Components :

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

 Breadboard: For prototyping and connecting components.

 Jumper Wires: For making connections between components.
 Sensor Libraries: Include libraries for the sensors being used (e.g., NewPing for ultrasonic sensors, LiquidCrystal for LCDs,
or Adafruit_GFX for OLED displays).
 Communication Libraries : If using wireless communication, include libraries for Wi-Fi (e.g., ESP8266WiFi) or Bluetooth
(e.g., SoftwareSerial).
 For connecting wires : <wire.h>

VII. PRODUCT FUNCTION

The product functions of an Arduino-based defense radar system encompass the key capabilities and features that the system is
designed to provide. Below are the primary functions of such a system:
 Distance Measurement: The system can accurately measure the distance to objects using ultrasonic or radar sensors, providing
real-time feedback on proximity.
 Detection Range: Capable of detecting objects within a specified range (e.g., 0.5 to 5 meters for ultrasonic sensors).

A. Real-Time Monitoring
 Continuous Surveillance: The system continuously monitors the environment for the presence of objects, making it suitable for
security applications.
 Data Display: Real-time data is displayed on an LCD or OLED screen, showing distance measurements and object status.

B. User Interaction
 Control Interface: Users can interact with the system through buttons or switches to configure settings, start/stop monitoring, or
switch modes.
 User Feedback: The system provides feedback to users through the display and alerts, ensuring they are informed of the current
status.

C. Data Logging (Optional)

 Historical Data Storage: The system can log detected distances and timestamps for later analysis, which can be useful for
reviewing past events or trends.
 SD Card Integration: If equipped, the system can save data to an SD card for easy retrieval and analysis.

D. Power Management
 Energy Efficiency: The system is designed to operate efficiently, maximizing battery life for portable applications.
 Low Power Modes: Implementation of low power modes to conserve energy when the system is not actively monitoring.

E. Environmental Adaptability
 Robust Performance: The system is designed to function effectively in various environmental conditions, such as different
lighting and weather conditions.
 Calibration Features: Users can calibrate the system to account for environmental factors that may affect sensor performance.

VIII. E-R DIAGRAM

The system consists of an Arduino UNO integrated with various components for detecting obstacles and providing feedback.
1) Components
 Arduino UNO: The central microcontroller that processes signals and controls the system.
 Ultrasound Detector:
 TRIGGER: Initiates the ultrasonic signal.
 ECHO: Receives the reflected signal to determine distance.
 Servo Motor: Moves to adjust the angle of detection.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

 Output Indicators:
 BUZZER: Provides auditory alerts when an obstacle is detected.
 LED: Serves as a visual indicator for alerts.
 LCD: Displays the distance to an obstacle and the measured angle.

2) User Interface
 Review Windows: A computer interface for analyzing and processing signals from the Arduino.

3) Signal Processing
 The system processes the signals received from the ultrasound detector to determine the distance and angle of obstacles.

4) Feedback Mechanism
 The Arduino controls the buzzer, LED, and LCD to provide real-time feedback based on the distance and angle measured.

IX. FUTURE SCOPE

The future Defense radar systems is promising, with numerous opportunities for enhancement in sensing, processing, connectivity,
and automation. By leveraging advancements in technology and integrating diverse applications, these systems can evolve and
expand their operational capabilities significantly.
1) Enhanced Capabilities
 Integration of Advanced Sensors: Future systems may incorporate more sophisticated sensors such as LIDAR or infrared for
better detection capabilities.
 Real-time Data Processing: Improvements in algorithms will enhance the system’s ability to process data swiftly and
accurately.

2) Cost-Effectiveness
 Affordable Technology: Arduino and similar platforms allow for the creation of low-cost radar systems, making advanced
technology accessible to smaller defense organizations and research institutions.
 Rapid Prototyping: Facilitates quicker iterations and developments, leading to faster deployment of radar systems.

3) Modular Design
 Customizable Systems: Modular designs allow for specific adaptations based on mission requirements (e.g., portability,
functionality).
 Interoperability: Systems can be designed to work with other platforms and sensors used in defense applications.

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1087
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

4) Research and Development

 Experimental Platforms: Arduino-based systems can serve as testing grounds for new radar technologies and concepts.
 Educational Utilization: Encourages learning and innovation in academic settings, nurturing future engineers and researchers.

5) Applications Beyond Defence

 Dual-use Technologies: Capable of being adapted for civilian applications, such as disaster management or environmental
monitoring.
 Smart City Initiatives: Integration with urban infrastructure for security measures and traffic management.

6) Autonomous Systems
 Integration with Drones and Robots: Future applications may include autonomous vehicles equipped with radar for surveillance
and reconnaissance missions.
 AI and Machine Learning: Leveraging advanced analytics for improved decision-making based on radar data.
 The future of Arduino-based defense radar systems looks promising, with potential advancements in technology, cost
efficiency, and adaptability. These systems can play a critical role in both defense and civilian applications, enhancing
capabilities and fostering innovation in radar technologies.
X. FUTURE ASPECTS
1) Enhanced Data Processing and Analysis
 AI Integration: Implementing machine learning algorithms can enhance the ability to detect, classify, and predict obstacles in
the radar's vicinity.
 Real-Time Data Analytics: Utilizing advanced signal processing techniques will allow for faster and more accurate decision-
making based on live data.

2) Improved Sensor Technology

 Higher Frequency Sensors: Incorporating more advanced ultrasonic sensors can increase detection range and accuracy.
 Multi-Sensor Fusion: Using complementary sensors (like infrared or LIDAR) alongside ultrasonic sensors to create a more
robust detection system.

3) Autonomous Operation
 Autonomous Navigation: Developing systems capable of independently navigating and avoiding obstacles using real-time data.
 Remote Operation: Implementing wireless communication for remote monitoring and control of the radar system.

4) Scalability and Modularity

 Modular Design: Future systems can be designed to easily incorporate new sensors and functionalities without major overhauls.
 Scalability: Systems can be scaled up to larger networks of interconnected radar systems for extensive monitoring.

5) User Interface and Interaction

 Enhanced UI/UX: Developing user-friendly interfaces for operators, featuring interactive displays and real-time feedback.
 Voice Recognition: Implementing voice commands for ease of operation in challenging environments.

6) Energy Efficiency
 Low-Power Components: Utilizing energy-efficient components to extend the operational duration of mobile radar systems.
 Solar-Powered Solutions: Exploring alternative power sources such as solar panels for remote operations.

7) Advanced Communication Technologies

 IoT Integration: Connecting the radar systems to the Internet of Things (IoT) for better data sharing and collaboration among
multiple devices.
 4G/5G Communication: Leveraging high-speed communication for enhanced data transfer and remote operation.

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1088
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

8) Applications Expansion
 Military and Defense: Enhancing surveillance capabilities in military applications.
 Commercial Uses: Adapting technology for commercial applications like traffic monitoring, wildlife tracking, and security
systems.

XI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Arduino-based defense radar system represents an innovative and versatile approach to obstacle detection and
monitoring. This system utilizes various components to provide real-time data and alerts, enhancing situational awareness.
1) Integration of Components
 The system effectively combines various components such as ultrasonic detectors, an Arduino UNO, LEDs, buzzers, and LCDs
to create a compact and efficient defense radar.
2) Functionality
 The ultrasonic sensors measure distances to obstacles, while the Arduino processes this data. The information is visually
represented on the LCD, ensuring real-time awareness of the surroundings.
3) Alerts and Indicators
 The incorporation of buzzers and visual indicators enhances user awareness, providing immediate feedback when an obstacle is
detected, which is critical for timely decision-making in defense applications.
4) Versatility and Scalability
 The system's design allows for easy modifications and expansions, making it adaptable for various defense scenarios and
applications.
5) Real-time Processing
 The Arduino serves as an efficient control unit, enabling rapid processing of signals and immediate response to detect obstacles,
enhancing safety and operational efficiency.
6) Potential Applications
 Overall, this Arduino-based radar system has promising applications in robotics, security, and surveillance, offering a low-cost
and effective solution for obstacle detection and avoidance.
This system highlights the potential of integrating simple hardware with effective programming to create practical solutions in
defense-related technologies.

REFERENCES
Books
[1] "Arduino Cookbook" by Michael Margolis
[2] Covers various Arduino projects, including sensors and interfacing with external components.
[3] "Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry" by Jeremy Blum
[4] Offers insights into using Arduino for various applications, including sensor integration.

Research Articles
[1] "Arduino-Based Ultrasonic Detection and Tracking System"
[2] Discusses the use of ultrasonic sensors with Arduino for obstacle detection and tracking.
[3] "A Survey on Arduino-based Security Systems"
[4] Provides an overview of various security technologies and their integration with Arduino.

Online Tutorials and Forums

[1] Arduino Official Website
[2] The official site has a wealth of tutorials on using ultrasonic sensors, LCDs, and buzzers: Arduino Project Hub.
[3] Instructables
[4] Detailed step-by-step tutorials on building Arduino projects: Instructables Arduino Projects.
[5] Stack Overflow / Arduino Stack Exchange
[6] Community-driven forums where you can ask questions and find answers related to specific Arduino implementations.

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1089
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 13 Issue IV Apr 2025- Available at www.ijraset.com

YouTube Channels
[1] Programming Electronics Academy
[2] Offers tutorials on Arduino programming and interfacing with various sensors.
[3] DroneBot Workshop
[4] Covers a wide range of Arduino projects, including sensor applications and robotics.

Components and Libraries

[1] Ultrasonic Sensor Libraries
[2] Libraries such as NewPing can help in interfacing ultrasonic sensors with Arduino.
[3] Servo Control Libraries
[4] Utilize Servo.h for controlling servo motors based on sensor input.
These resources provide foundational knowledge and practical insights for designing and implementing Arduino-based systems, including defense
radar applications.

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