Arduino Beginner to Master � Concept Explanations
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Topic 1: Arduino Basics
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1. Introduction to Arduino Programming:
Arduino is a beginner-friendly open-source platform for building electronics
projects. It consists of a programmable microcontroller board (like Arduino Uno)
and a development environment. The core structure of an Arduino program includes:
- `setup()`: Runs once to initialize settings.
- `loop()`: Runs continuously to keep checking inputs and controlling outputs.
2. Arduino with LED & Multiple LEDs:
LEDs are used to display digital output from Arduino. A single LED is connected to
a digital pin using a resistor. Multiple LEDs can be controlled using loops or
arrays by toggling `digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW)`.
3. Arduino With RGB LED:
An RGB LED combines red, green, and blue lights into one. By changing the voltage
(PWM) on each color pin, different colors are created. `analogWrite()` is used for
this.
4. Arduino With Push Button:
Push buttons act as digital input devices. When pressed, they connect a circuit and
send HIGH or LOW to a pin. Arduino uses `digitalRead()` to detect this input and
take action accordingly.
5. Arduino with Buzzer:
Buzzers generate sound signals. A simple piezo buzzer connected to a digital pin
can be turned on or off using `digitalWrite()`. For tones, `tone()` and `noTone()`
are used.
6. Arduino Libraries:
Libraries in Arduino are blocks of reusable code. They simplify the use of complex
components like sensors or displays. For example, `Servo.h` allows you to control
servo motors easily.
7. Arduino with Conditions:
Conditional logic like `if`, `else`, and `switch` enables Arduino to respond to
sensor inputs or user interaction, making the system behave smartly.
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Topic 2: Sensors and Inputs
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1. Arduino with Ultrasonic Sensor:
Ultrasonic sensors (like HC-SR04) measure distance using sound waves. The `TRIG`
pin sends a pulse, and the `ECHO` pin receives the reflection. Using `pulseIn()`,
the round-trip time is measured to calculate distance.
2. Arduino With MQ Sensors:
MQ sensors detect gas concentrations. MQ-2 (smoke), MQ-7 (CO), and MQ-135 (air
quality) output an analog voltage proportional to gas levels. Arduino reads them
with `analogRead()`.
3. Arduino with DHT11 Sensor:
The DHT11 sensor provides temperature and humidity readings. It sends data
digitally, requiring a specific library like `DHT.h`. Data is received as a set of
values every 1�2 seconds.
4. Arduino With LM35:
LM35 outputs an analog voltage corresponding to the surrounding temperature. The
output is read using `analogRead()` and converted using the formula:
Temp (�C) = (reading � 5.0 / 1023) � 100
5. Arduino with IR Sensor:
Infrared (IR) sensors detect nearby objects based on reflected IR light. Commonly
used in obstacle detection. Arduino reads the digital HIGH or LOW value to detect
the presence of an object.
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Topic 3: Outputs, Motors & Communication
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1. Arduino with Relay:
A relay allows Arduino to control high-voltage devices like AC bulbs and fans
safely. When triggered, it opens or closes a switch connecting an external circuit.
Often requires a relay module with transistor and diode protection.
2. Arduino with DC Motors:
DC motors convert electrical energy into rotation. They are powered via transistors
or motor driver ICs (like L298N). Arduino uses `analogWrite()` (PWM) to control
speed and `digitalWrite()` for direction.
3. Arduino with Multiple Motors and Relays:
Multiple actuators can be controlled by assigning each to a separate pin. This
teaches multi-device management and parallel automation (e.g., robot car).
4. Arduino with Servo Motor:
Servos rotate to a specific angle (0��180�). Controlled by sending a PWM signal
using the `Servo` library. Common in robotic arms and precise movement tasks.
5. Arduino with Sound Sensor:
Sound sensors detect noise levels or sudden spikes like claps. Arduino can trigger
actions based on the analog or digital values received, making audio-based
automation possible.
6. Arduino with HC-05 and Bluetooth LED:
The HC-05 module allows wireless communication via Bluetooth. Mobile apps send
serial data (like '1' or '0'), which Arduino reads using `Serial.read()` to control
devices like LEDs.
7. Arduino with Home Automation:
Combining sensors, relays, and Bluetooth, learners create systems that control
lights, fans, or alarms based on remote commands or environmental data. This is a
practical Internet of Things (IoT) application.
