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Unit-I Detailed Notes 20pages

This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, covering memory units, CPU structure, input/output devices, operating systems, and programming languages. It details types of memory, components of the CPU, various input and output devices, functions and types of operating systems, and different programming languages along with their translators. The content serves as a foundational guide for understanding computer systems.

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46 views7 pages

Unit-I Detailed Notes 20pages

This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, covering memory units, CPU structure, input/output devices, operating systems, and programming languages. It details types of memory, components of the CPU, various input and output devices, functions and types of operating systems, and different programming languages along with their translators. The content serves as a foundational guide for understanding computer systems.

Uploaded by

iswarnav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit-I: Introduction to Computers

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

This document covers detailed notes on the fundamentals of computer systems, including memory

units, CPU structure, input/output devices, operating systems, and programming languages.
Unit-I: Introduction to Computers

1. MEMORY UNIT

Memory is essential in computing systems as it stores data and instructions.

Types of Memory:

1. Primary Memory:

- RAM: Temporary storage, volatile

- ROM: Permanent storage, non-volatile

2. Secondary Memory:

- HDD, SSD, CD/DVD, USB

3. Cache Memory:

- Faster than RAM, stores frequently accessed data

4. Registers:

- Small memory units within the CPU, used during instruction execution.
Unit-I: Introduction to Computers

2. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

CPU is the brain of the computer. It processes all instructions.

Components of CPU:

- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations

- Control Unit (CU): Directs operations of CPU and memory

- Registers: Store intermediate data

Working:

1. Fetch instruction from memory

2. Decode instruction

3. Execute instruction

4. Store result back


Unit-I: Introduction to Computers

3. INPUT DEVICES

Input devices allow users to interact with the computer.

Examples:

- Keyboard: Typing input

- Mouse: Pointing and selecting

- Scanner: Digitizes physical documents

- Joystick, Microphone, Webcam

These devices convert physical actions to digital signals.


Unit-I: Introduction to Computers

4. OUTPUT DEVICES

Output devices present results to the user.

Examples:

- Monitor: Visual display

- Printer: Produces hard copy

- Speaker: Audio output

- Projector: Enlarged visual display

Monitors vary (CRT, LCD, LED); printers can be inkjet, laser, or dot matrix.
Unit-I: Introduction to Computers

5. OPERATING SYSTEMS

An Operating System (OS) is system software managing hardware and software.

Functions:

- Process management

- Memory management

- File system management

- Device control

- User Interface

Types:

- DOS: Command-line interface, limited multitasking

- UNIX: Multi-user, multitasking, secure, used in servers

- Windows: GUI-based, user-friendly, supports many applications


Unit-I: Introduction to Computers

6. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Programming languages enable humans to write instructions for computers.

Types:

- Low-Level:

* Machine language (binary)

* Assembly language (symbolic)

- High-Level:

* C, C++, Java, Python (easy to write and understand)

- Scripting:

* JavaScript, PHP, Python (used in automation, web apps)

- OOP Languages:

* C++, Java (based on objects and classes)

Translators:

- Compiler: Converts whole code to machine code

- Interpreter: Converts and runs line-by-line

- Assembler: Converts assembly to machine code

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