GOOD DAY LEARNERS

LESSON 5: LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

WITH MISS M
DEFINITION OF LOGARITHM
A logarithm is an exponent which 𝑏 must have to
produce 𝑦. A logarithm is in the form 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒚 = 𝒙 if
𝑥
and only if 𝑏 = 𝑦 for 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
LOGARITHMIC EQUATION, INEQUALITY, AND FUNCTION

NOTE: Logarithmic Function and Exponential Function are inverses.

 E X A M P L E S

CHANGING EXPONENTIAL TO LOGARITHMIC AND VICE

VERSA

Changing exponential to logarithmic Changing logarithmic to exponential

 50 = 1 (𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦)  log 4 64 = 3 (log 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥)
log 5 1 = 0 (log 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥) 43 = 64 (𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦)
 𝑘𝑛 = 𝑝  log 𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑛
log 𝑘 𝑝 = 𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑚
 25 = 32  log143 20,449 = 2
log 2 32 = 5 1432 = 20,449
−2 1 1
 3 =  log 2 = −3
9 8
1 1
log 3 = −2 2−3 =
9 8
 COMMON AND NATURAL LOGARITHM
Common Logarithm Natural Logarithm
❑ These are logarithms with base 10. ❑ These are logarithms with base 𝑒
❑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 is the short notation for log10 𝑥.
(Euler’s Number approximately
equivalent to 2.718281828).
❑ Examples:
❑ 𝐥𝒏 𝒙 is another way to write log 𝑒 𝑥.
log10 10 = 1 → log 10 = 1 (101 = 10)
❑ Examples:
log10 100 = 2 → log 100 = 2 (102 = 100)
log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1 → l𝑛 𝑒 = 1 (𝑒1 = 𝑒)
log10 1000 = 3 → log 1000 = 3 (103 = 1000)
log 𝑒 1 = 0 → l𝑛 1 = 0 𝑒 0 = 1
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
PROPERTY EXAMPLE
𝐼𝑓 𝑏 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
log 𝑏1 = 0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏 0 = 1 log 4 1 = 0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 40 = 1
log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏1 = 𝑏 log 3 3 = 1 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 31 = 3
log 𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏 log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 5 53 = 3 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 5log5 3 = 3
𝐼𝑓 log 𝑏 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝐼𝑓 log 5 5𝑥 = log 5 10 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 5𝑥 = 10
log 𝑏 𝑐 log 10
log 𝑎 𝑐 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 log 2 10 =
log 𝑏 𝑎 log 2
1 1
log 𝑎 𝑏 = log 2 10 =
log 𝑏 𝑎 log 2 10
LAWS OF LOGARITHM
GENERAL
PROPERTY EXAMPLE
PRESENTATION

Product Rule log 𝑏 𝑀𝑁 = log 𝑏 𝑀 + log 𝑏 𝑁 log 3 3 ∙ 7 = log 3 3 + log 3 7

Quotient 𝑀 3
log 𝑏 = log 𝑏 𝑀 − log 𝑏 𝑁 log 3 = log 3 3 − log 3 7
Rule 𝑁 7

Power Rule log 𝑏 𝑀𝑝 = 𝑝 log 𝑏 𝑀 log 3 7𝑥 = 𝑥 log 3 7

 E X A M P L E S

SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATION

STEPS IN SOLVING:
Solve the logarithmic equation log 𝟑 𝟗 = 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟔.
log 3 9 = 4𝑛 + 6 1st: Apply law of logarithm

34𝑛+6 = 9 2nd: Change the logarithmic equation into

exponential equation.
34𝑛+6 = 32
3rd: Apply the one-to-one proportion of
4𝑛 + 6 = 2 exponential equation.

4th: Since the bases are the same, then their

4𝑛 = 2 − 6 exponents are equal.
4𝑛 = −4
4𝑛 −4 5th: Simplify.
=
4 4
𝑛 = −1
 E X A M P L E S

SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATION

LET’S UNDERSTAND

STEPS IN SOLVING:
Solve the logarithmic equation log 𝟏𝟓𝒙 = log 𝟑𝟎.

log 15𝑥 = log 30 1st: Apply law of logarithm

2nd: Change the logarithmic equation into

exponential equation.
15𝑥 = 30
3rd: Apply the one-to-one proportion of
15𝑥 30 exponential equation.
=
15 15 4th: Since the bases are the same, then their
exponents are equal.

𝑥=2
5th: Simplify.
 E X A M P L E S

SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATION

LET’S UNDERSTAND

STEPS IN SOLVING:
Solve the logarithmic equation,
log 𝟑 𝒙 − log 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟐 1st: Apply law of logarithm
𝑥
log 3 =2 2nd: Change the logarithmic equation into
𝑥+3 exponential equation.
𝑥
32 = 3rd: Apply the one-to-one proportion of
𝑥+3
𝑥 exponential equation.
9 =
𝑥+3
4th: Since the bases are the same, then their
9 𝑥+3 =𝑥 exponents are equal.
9𝑥 + 27 = 𝑥
9𝑥 − 𝑥 = −27 5th: Simplify.
8𝑥 = −27
8𝑥 −27
=
8 8
27
𝑥= −
8
 INTERCEPTS, DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
X-INTERCEPT DOMAIN AND RANGE
❑ 1ST: Let 𝑦 be equal to 0
❑ 2nd: Express the logarithmic function to its
❑ The domain of a logarithmic function is
exponential form the set of all positive real numbers
❑ 3rd: Solver for 𝑥 0, ∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ }.
❑ 4th: State the x-intercept ❑ The range of a logarithmic function is
Y-INTERCEPT the set of all real numbers
❑ 1st: Let 𝑥 be equal to 0 −∞, ∞ 𝑜𝑟{𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}.
❑ 2nd: Express the logarithmic function to its
exponential form
❑ 3rd: Solve for 𝑦
❑ 4th: State the y-intercept
 Find the intercepts, domain and range of the logarithmic
function 𝒚 = log 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
X-INTERCEPT Y-INTERCEPT DOMAIN AND RANGE
❑ 1ST: Let 𝑦 be equal to 0 ❑ 1st: Let 𝑥 be equal to 0
0 = log 3 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑦 = log 3 (0 + 1) ❑ The domain is the set of
❑ 2nd: Express the logarithmic 𝑦 = log 3 1 all positive real numbers
function to its exponential
❑ 2nd: Express the logarithmic 0, ∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ }.
form
function to its exponential
0
3 =𝑥+1 form ❑ The range is the set of
❑ 3rd: Solve for 𝑥 3𝑦 = 1 all real numbers
1=𝑥+1 ❑ 3rd: Solve for 𝑦 −∞, ∞ 𝑜𝑟{𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}.
1−1= 𝑥 3𝑦 = 30
0=𝑥 𝑦=0
❑ 4th: State the x-intercept ❑ 4th: State the y-intercept
(0,0) (0,0)
 Find the intercepts, domain and range of the logarithmic
function 𝒚 = log 𝟑 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗)
X-INTERCEPT Y-INTERCEPT DOMAIN AND RANGE
❑ 1ST: Let 𝑦 be equal to 0
❑ 1st: Let 𝑥 be equal to 0
0 = log 3 (3𝑥 + 9)
𝑦 = log 3 (3(0) + 9) ❑ The domain is the set of
❑ 2nd: Express the logarithmic function to
its exponential form 𝑦 = log 3 9 all positive real numbers
30 = 3𝑥 + 9
❑ 2nd: Express the logarithmic 0, ∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ }.
❑ 3rd: Solve for 𝑥 function to its exponential
1 = 3𝑥 + 9 form ❑ The range is the set of
1 − 9 = 3𝑥 3𝑦 = 9 all real numbers
−8 = 3𝑥 ❑ 3rd: Solve for 𝑦 −∞, ∞ 𝑜𝑟{𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}.
8
− =𝑥
3 3𝑦 = 32
❑ 4th: State the x-intercept
𝑦=2
8
(− , 0)
3 ❑ 4th: State the y-intercept
(0,2)
 Find the intercepts, domain and range of the logarithmic
function 𝒚 = log 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟏
X-INTERCEPT Y-INTERCEPT
DOMAIN AND RANGE
❑ 1ST: Let 𝑦 be equal to 0 ❑ 1st: Let 𝑥 be equal to 0
0 = log 3 𝑥 + 1 𝑦 = log 3 0 + 1 ❑ The domain is the set of
−1 = log 3 𝑥 𝑦 − 1 = log 3 0 all positive real numbers
❑ 2nd: Express the logarithmic ❑ 2nd: Express the logarithmic 0, ∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ }.
function to its exponential form function to its exponential form
3−1 = 𝑥 3𝑦−1 = 0 ❑ The range is the set of
❑ 3rd: Solve for 𝑥 ❑ 3rd: Solve for 𝑦 all real numbers
1 The statement 3𝑦−1 = 0 is not true. −∞, ∞ 𝑜𝑟{𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}.
=𝑥 Hence, there is value of 𝑦 to be obtained.
3
❑ 4th: State the x-intercept ❑ 4th: State the y-intercept
1 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒
( , 0)
3