Example Newton Raphson

0.02 + j 0.04

0.01 + j 0.03 0.0125 + j 0.025

V1 = 1.05∠0°

V3 = 1.04

The above figure shows the one-line diagram of a simple three bus power system with
generation at bus 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu.
Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with real power generation of 200 MW. A
load consisting of 400 MW and 250 MVar is taken from bus 2. Line impedance are
marked in per unit on 100 MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected.
Obtain the power flow solution using NR method.

Solution:

We should construct the admittance matrix first, which is:

⎡ 20 − j 50 − 10 + j 20 − 10 + j 30⎤
Ybus = ⎢⎢− 10 + j 20 26 − j 52 − 16 + j 32⎥⎥
⎢⎣ − 10 + j 30 − 16 + j32 26 − j 62 ⎥⎦

G11 + jB11 = 20 − j 50
G22 + jB22 = 26 − j 52
G33 + jB33 = 26 − j 62

G12 + jB12 = G21 + jB21 = −10 + j 20

G13 + jB13 = G31 + jB31 = −10 + j 30
G32 + jB32 = G23 + jB23 = −16 + j 32

1
Initial value at bus 2 (in p.u):
Slack bus – bus 1, PV bus – bus 3 and PQ bus – bus 2

V1 = 1.05∠0°, V2 = 1.0∠0°, V3 = 1.04∠0°

The equation the need to be solved for the network is:

∂ΔP2 ∂ΔP2 ∂ΔP2 ⎛ ΔV2 ⎞

ΔP2 = Δθ 2 + Δθ 3 + V ⎜ ⎟
∂θ 2 ∂θ3 ∂ V2 2 ⎝ V2 ⎠
∂ΔP3 ∂ΔP3 ∂ΔP3 ⎛ ΔV2 ⎞
ΔP3 = Δθ 2 + Δθ 3 + V ⎜ ⎟
∂θ 2 ∂θ3 ∂ V2 2 ⎝ V2 ⎠
∂ΔQ2 ∂ΔQ2 ∂ΔQ2 ⎛ ΔV2 ⎞
ΔQ2 = Δθ 2 + Δθ 3 + V ⎜ ⎟
∂θ 2 ∂θ3 ∂ V2 2 ⎝ V2 ⎠
Or in matrix form

⎡ ∂ΔP2 ∂ΔP2 ∂ΔP2 ⎤

⎢
∂ V2 2 ⎥⎥
V
∂θ ∂θ3
⎡ ΔP2 ⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎡ Δθ 2 ⎤
⎢ ΔP ⎥ = ⎢ ∂ΔP3 ∂ΔP3 ∂ΔP3 ⎥ ⎢
V ⎥ × Δθ3 ⎥⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ∂θ ∂θ3 ∂ V2 2 ⎥ ⎢
⎢⎣ ΔQ2 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 2 ⎢⎣ ΔV2 / V2 ⎥⎦
⎢ ∂ΔQ2 ∂ΔQ2 ∂ΔQ2 ⎥
⎢ V ⎥
⎣ ∂θ 2 ∂θ3 ∂ V2 2 ⎦

Or

⎡ ΔP2 ⎤ ⎡ H 22 H 23 N 22 ⎤ ⎡ Δθ 2 ⎤
⎢ ΔP ⎥ = ⎢ H H 33 N 32 ⎥⎥ × ⎢⎢ Δθ 3 ⎥⎥ (1)
⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ 32
⎢⎣ΔQ2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ J 22 J 23 L22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ΔV2 / V2 ⎥⎦

2
Step 1:

Calculate power mismatch at bus 2 and 3:

Note:

Since bus 1 is the slack bus (reference bus), power mismatch at this bus is not required.

For bus 2, which is PQ-type, both active and reactive powers need to be calculated.

For bus 3, which is PV-type, only active power mismatch needs to be calculated.

Power mismatch at bus 2

ΔP2 = P2sp − V2 ∑(G2k cosθ 2k + B2k sinθ 2k )Vk

k∈i

ΔQ2 = Q − V2 ∑(G2k sin θ 2k − B2k cosθ 2 k )Vk

sp
2
k∈i

where,
400 + j 250
P2sp + jQ2sp = 0 − ( ) = − 4 − j 2.5 p.u
100

⎡(G21 cos(θ 2 − θ1 ) + B21 sin(θ 2 − θ1 ))V1 + ⎤

V2 ∑(G2 k cosθ 2 k + B2 k sinθ 2 k )Vk = V2 × ⎢⎢(G23 cos(θ 2 − θ 3 ) + B23 sin(θ 2 − θ 3 ))V3 + ⎥⎥
k∈i
⎢⎣(G22 cos(θ 2 − θ 2 ) + B22 sin(θ 2 − θ 2 ))V2 + ⎥⎦

⎡(−10 cos(0 − 0) + 20 sin(0 − 0))1.05 + ⎤

V2 ∑(G2 k cosθ 2 k + B2 k sinθ 2 k )Vk = 1.0 × ⎢⎢(−16 cos(0 − 0) + 32 sin(0 − 0))1.04 + ⎥⎥
k∈i
⎢⎣(26 cos 0 − 52 sin 0)1.0 ⎥⎦
= −1.14
∴ ΔP2 = −4 − (−1.14) = −2.86

⎡(−10sin(0 − 0) − 20 cos(0 − 0))1.05 +⎤

V2 ∑(G2 k sinθ 2k − B2k cosθ 2k )Vk = 1.0 × ⎢⎢(−16sin(0 − 0) − 32 cos(0 − 0))1.04 + ⎥⎥
k∈i
⎢⎣(29sin 0 + 52 cos 0)1.0 ⎥⎦
= −2.28
∴ ΔQ2 = −2.5 − (−2.28) = −0.22

3
Power mismatch at bus 3

ΔP3 = P3sp − V3 ∑(G3k cosθ 3k + B3k sinθ 3k )Vk

k∈i
where,
200
P3sp = = 2 p.u
100

⎡(−10 cos(0 − 0) + 30sin(0 − 0))1.05 +⎤

V3 ∑(G3k cosθ3k + B3k sinθ 3k )Vk = 1.04 × ⎢⎢(−16 cos(0 − 0) + 32sin(0 − 0))1.0 + ⎥⎥
k∈i
⎢⎣(26 cos0 − 62sin 0)1.04 ⎥⎦
= 0.5616
∴ ΔP3 = 2.0 − (0.5616) = 1.4384

Step 2:

Construct the Jacobian matrix elements:

H 22 = V2 ∑ (G
k∈i ,k ≠ 2
2k sinθ 2k − B2 k cosθ 2k )Vk

⎡(G21 sin(θ 2 − θ1 ) − B21 cos(θ 2 − θ1 )V1 +⎤

= V2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣(G23 sin(θ 2 − θ 3 ) − B23 cos(θ 2 − θ 3 )V3 ⎦
⎡(−10 sin(0 − 0) − 20 cos(0 − 0))1.05 +⎤
= 1.0 × ⎢ ⎥
⎣(−16 sin(0 − 0) − 32 cos(0 − 0))1.04 + ⎦
= −54.28

H 23 = −V2 (G23 sin θ 23 − B23 cosθ 23 )V3 = −1.0 × (−16 sin(0 − 0) − 32 cos(0 − 0)) × 1.04
= 33.28
H 32 = 33.28 (Note: H32 has the same value with H23 since θ 2 = θ 3 . However, if
θ 2 ≠ θ 3 , H32 ≠ H23).

⎡(−10sin(0 − 0) − 30 cos(0 − 0))1.05 +⎤

H 33 = V3 ∑ (G sinθ 3k − B3k cosθ 3k )Vk = 1.04 × ⎢ ⎥
⎣(−16sin(0 − 0) − 32 cos(0 − 0))1.0 + ⎦
3k
k∈i ,k ≠3

= −66.04
N 32 = −V3 (G32 cosθ 32 + B32 sin θ 32 )V2
= −1.0 × (−16 cos(0 − 0) + 32 sin(0 − 0)) × 1.04
= 16.64

4
N 22 = −V2 ∑(G2 k cosθ 2 k + B2 k sin θ 2 k )Vk − V22 G22 = -24.86
k∈i

J 23 = V2 (G23 cosθ 23 + B23 sin θ 23 )V3

= 1.0(−16 cos(0 − 0) + 32 sin(0 − 0))1.04
= − 16.64

J 22 = −V2 ∑
k∈i , k ≠ 2
(G2 k cosθ 2 k + B2 k sin θ 2 k )Vk

⎡(−10 cos(0 − 0) + 20 sin(0 − 0))1.05 + ⎤

= −1.0 × ⎢ ⎥
⎣(−16 cos(0 − 0) + 32 sin(0 − 0))1.04 + ⎦
= 27.14

L22 = −V2 ∑(G2 k sin θ 2 k − B2 k cosθ 2 k )Vk + V22 B22

k∈i

⎡(−10 sin(0 − 0) − 20 cos(0 − 0))1.05 + ⎤

= −1.0 × ⎢⎢(−16 sin(0 − 0) − 32 cos(0 − 0))1.04 + ⎥⎥ + (1.0)(1.0)(−52)
⎢⎣(26 sin(0 − 0) + 52 cos(0 − 0))1.0 ⎥⎦
= −49.72

Step 3:

Substituting the power mismatches and the Jacobian elements into Equation (1), the
equation that need to be solved for 1st iteration is:

⎡ − 2.86 ⎤ ⎡− 54.28 33.28 − 24.86⎤ ⎡ Δθ 2 ⎤

(0)

⎢1.4384⎥ = ⎢ 33.28 − 66.04 16.64 ⎥ × Δθ ( 0 ) ⎥

⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢⎣ − 0.22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 27.14 − 16.64 − 49.72⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ΔV2( 0 ) / 1.0⎥⎦

By solving the above equation, the delta angle and voltage is:

Δθ 2( 0) = 0.045263
Δθ 3( 0) = 0.007718
ΔV2( 0) = 0.026549

(*Note: Angle in radian)

5
Update the new angle and voltage magnitude:

θ 2(1) = 0 − 0.045263 = −0.045263

θ 3(1) = 0 − 0.007718 = −0.007718
V2(1) = 1 − 0.026549 = 0.973451

2nd iteration:

Step 1-3 is repeated to obtain (1) using the updated phase angle and voltage at the 1st
iteration.

Power mismatch for bus 2:

ΔP2 = P2sp − V2 ∑(G2k cosθ 2k + B2k sinθ 2k )Vk

k∈i

V2 ∑(G2 k cosθ 2 k + B2 k sinθ 2 k )Vk

k∈i

⎡(−10 cos(−0.045263 − 0) + 20 sin(−0.045263 − 0))1.05 + ⎤

= 0.973451× ⎢(−16 cos(−0.045263 + 0.007718) + 32 sin(−0.045263 + 0.007718))1.04⎥⎥
⎢
⎢⎣+ (26 cos(0) − 52 sin(0))1.0 ⎥⎦

∴ ΔP2 = −4 − (−3.90078) = −0.099218

Try to calculate other elements.

The final equation (1) is:

⎡ − 0.099218⎤ ⎡− 51.724675 31.765618 - 20.737013⎤ ⎡ Δθ 2(1) ⎤

⎢ 0.021715 ⎥ = ⎢ 32.981642 - 65.656383 14.970792 ⎥ × ⎢ Δθ (1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢⎣− 0.050914⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 28.538577 - 17.402838 - 46.826503⎥⎦ ⎣ΔV2 / 0.973451⎥⎦
⎢ (1)

The solution of the above equation is:

Δθ 2(1) = 0.001795
Δθ 3(1) = 0.000985
ΔV2(1) = 0.001815

6
Update the new angle and voltage magnitude:

θ 2( 2 ) = −0.045263 − 0.001795 = -0.047058

θ 3( 2 ) = −0.007718 − 0.000985 = -0.008703
V2( 2 ) = 0.973451 − (0.001815 × 0.973451) = 0.971684

3rd iteration::

Step 1 – 3 is repeated using the new updated values. Equation (1) becomes:

⎡− 0.000216⎤ ⎡- 51.596701 31.693866 - 20.548639⎤ ⎡ Δθ 2( 3) ⎤

⎢ 0.000038 ⎥ = ⎢ 32.933865 - 65.597585 14.916933 ⎥ × ⎢ Δθ 3( 3) ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ − 0.000143⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 28.548206 - 17.396932 - 46.596987⎥⎦ ⎣ΔV2 / 0.971684⎥⎦
⎢ ( 3)

By solving the above equation, the delta angle and voltage is:
Δθ 2(1) = 0.000004
Δθ 3(1) = 0.000002
ΔV2(1) = 0.000005

Update the angle and voltage:

θ 2( 2 ) = −0.047058 - 0.000004 = -0.047062
θ 3( 2 ) = −0.008703 - 0.000002 = -0.008706
V2( 2 ) = 0.971684 − (0.000005 × 0.971684) = 0.97168

When the power mismatch is calculated using the above values, it was found that all the
power mismatch is less than 10-4, which shows that the solution is satisfied at iteration 3.

7
Final step

The final step is to calculate reactive power that should be supplied by generator at bus 3
and also both active and reactive power at bus 1.

Reactive power at bus 3:

⎡(G31 sinθ 31 − B31 cosθ 31 )V1 + (G32 sinθ 32 − B32 cosθ 32 )V2 ⎤
Q3 = V3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣+ (G33 sinθ 33 − B33 cosθ 33 )V3 ⎦
⎡(−10sin(−0.008706 − 0) − 30 cos(−0.008706 − 0))1.05 + ⎤
⎢
= 1.04⎢(−16sin(−0.008706 + 0.047062) − 32 cos(−0.008706+ 0.047062))0.97168 +⎥⎥
⎢⎣(26sin 0 + 62 cos 0)1.04 ⎥⎦
= 1.4617 p.u (atau 146.17 MVar)

Active and reactive power at 1:

P1 = V1 [(G12 cosθ12 + B12 sinθ12 )V2 + (G13 cosθ13 + B13 sinθ13 )V3 + (G11 cosθ11 + B11 sinθ11 )V1 ]
= 2.1842 p.u (atau 218.42 MW )

Q1 = V1 [(G12 sinθ12 − B12 cosθ12 )V2 + (G13 sinθ13 − B13 cosθ13 )V3 + (G11 sinθ11 − B11 cosθ11 )V1 ]
= 1.4085 p.u (atau 140.85 MVar)

Try by yourself to calculate the power flow at each line of the system. You will find that
the total amount of power entering a bus and leaving the bus is near to zero.