Load Flow Analysis Using Fast Decoupled
0.02 + j 0.04
0.01 + j 0.03 0.0125 + j 0.025
V1 = 1.05∠0°
V3 = 1.04
Construct the admittance matrix as in the Newton Raphson method:
⎡ 20 − j 50 − 10 + j 20 − 10 + j 30⎤
Ybus = ⎢⎢− 10 + j 20 26 − j 52 − 16 + j 32⎥⎥
⎢⎣ − 10 + j 30 − 16 + j32 26 − j 62 ⎥⎦
G11 + jB11 = 20 − j 50
G22 + jB22 = 26 − j 52
G33 + jB33 = 26 − j 62
G12 + jB12 = G21 + jB21 = −10 + j 20
G13 + jB13 = G31 + jB31 = −10 + j 30
G32 + jB32 = G23 + jB23 = −16 + j 32
For initial values: (in p.u):
V1 = 1.05∠0°, V2 = 1.0∠0°, V3 = 1.04∠0°
Obtain the FD general equation for the test network. The equations are as follows::
⎡ΔP2 / V2 ⎤ ⎡ B22
' '
B23 ⎤ ⎡ Δθ 2 ⎤
⎢ ΔP / V ⎥ = ⎢ ' ×
' ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ (1)
⎣ 3 3 ⎦ ⎣ B32 B33 ⎦ ⎣ Δθ 3 ⎦
[ΔQ 2 / V2 ] = [B22" ]× [ΔV2 ] (2)
Calculate B’ and B” as follows:
1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
'
B22 = −⎢ + ⎥ = −⎢ + ⎥⎦ = −65 ;
⎣ x 21 x 23 ⎦ ⎣ 0 . 04 0 . 025
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
'
B23 = B32' = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ = 40
⎣ x 23 ⎦ ⎣ 0.025 ⎦
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
B33' = − ⎢ + ⎥ = −⎢ + ⎥⎦ = −73.33
⎣ x 31 x 32 ⎦ ⎣ 0 . 03 0 . 025
⎡ X X ⎤
"'
B22 = − ⎢ 2 21 2 + 2 23 2 ⎥ = −52
⎣ R21 + X 21 R23 + X 23 ⎦
Iteration 0:
Step 1:
Calculate active power mismatch for bus 2 and 3, the values are similar as in the Newton
Raphson Method:
ΔP2 = −2.86 , dan ΔP3 = 1.4384
Step 2:
Substitute the power mismatch in step 1 and B’ into (1). The equation becomes:
⎡ − 2.86 / 1.0 ⎤ ⎡− 65 40 ⎤ ⎡Δθ 2 ⎤
⎢1.4384 / 1.04⎥ ⎢ 40 − 73.33⎥ × ⎢ Δθ ⎥
=
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3⎦
By solving the above equation, the angles are:
Δθ 2( 0) = 0.048761 ; Δθ 3( 0) = 0.007737
Step 3:
Update angle:
θ 2(1) = 0 − 0.049 = −0.049
θ 3(1) = 0 − 0.007737 = −0.007737 (*Angle is radian)
Step 4:
Use the obtained new angle values to construct equation (2). Also calculate the reactive power
mismatch for bus 3, that is ΔQ2 = −1.467205 :
[− 1.467205 / 1.0] = [− 52]× [ΔV2 ]
2
By solving the above equation, ΔV2(1) = 0.0282
Step 5:
Update voltage magnitude for bus 2:
V2(1) = 1 − 0.0282 = 0.9718
Iteration 1:
The same steps is repeated as in iteration 0 but using the updated voltage magnitude and phase
angle.
Equation (1) becomes:
⎡0.116096 / 0.9718⎤ ⎡− 65 40 ⎤ ⎡Δθ 2 ⎤
⎢ − 0.117975 / 1.04 ⎥ = ⎢ 40 − 73.33⎥ × ⎢ Δθ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3⎦
By solving the above equation, the updated angles are:
Δθ 2(1) = −0.001334 θ 2( 2 ) = −0.048761 − (−0.001334) = −0.047427
Δθ 3(1) = 0.000819 θ 3( 2 ) = −0.007737 − (0.000819) = −0.008556
Use the above angles to construct equation (2). By solving equation (2):
[− 0.01807 / 0.9718] = [− 52]× [ΔV2 ]
ΔV2(1) = 0.000358 V2( 2) = 0.9718 − 0.000358 = 0.9714
Iteration 2:
The same steps is repeated as in iteration 1 but using the updated voltage magnitude and phase
angle. Equation (1) becomes:
⎡0.028928 / 0.9714⎤ ⎡− 65 40 ⎤ ⎡Δθ 2 ⎤
⎢ − 0.025720 / 1.04 ⎥ = ⎢ 40 − 73.33⎥ × ⎢ Δθ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3⎦
By solving the above equation, the updated angles are:
3
Δθ 2( 2) = −0.000377 θ 2(3) = −0.047666 − (−0.000377) = −0.04705
Δθ 3( 2) = 0.000131 θ 3(3) = −0.008556 − 0.000131 = −0.008687
Use the above angles to construct equation (2). By solving equation (2):
[0.012138 / 0.9714] = [− 52]× [ΔV2 ]
ΔV2( 2 ) = −0.000240 V2(3) = 0.9714 − (−0.000240) = 0.97164
Iteration 3:
The same steps is repeated as in iteration 2 but using the updated voltage magnitude and phase
angle. Equation (1) becomes:
⎡0.000225 / 0.97164⎤ ⎡− 65 40 ⎤ ⎡Δθ 2 ⎤
⎢ − 0.000985 / 1.04 ⎥ = ⎢ 40 − 73.33⎥ × ⎢ Δθ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3⎦
By solving the above equation, the updated angles are:
Δθ 2( 3) = −0.000007 θ 2( 4 ) = −0.04705 − (−0.000007) = −0.047043
Δθ 3( 3) = 0.000017 θ 3( 4 ) = −0.008687 − 0.000017 = −0.008704
Use the updated phase angle to calculate reactive power mismatch of bus 3. We will get
ΔQ3 = 0.000717 .
At this iteration, all the absolute power mismatch value (active and reactive) is becoming
almost zero. Therefore, convergence is obtained and the iteration is end.
Finally, we need to calculate the reactive power at bus 3 and both active and reactive power for
slack bus (bus 1) as in Newton Raphson example.
