Political Development
Development: Development is a broad term that encompasses progress, growth, or
advancement in various aspects of human life, societies, or systems. It can refer to
economic development, social development, technological advancements, or
personal growth, depending on the context. Essentially, it's about positive change
and improvement over time.
Political development:Political development involves the evolution and
enhancement of political systems, institutions, and processes
within a society. It's a dynamic concept that goes beyond just the
structure of governments, encompassing the broader
transformation of political culture, citizen participation, and
governance effectiveness. This field explores how nations progress
in terms of political stability, democratization, the rule of law, and
the empowerment of individuals within the political framework. In
essence, it's the intricate narrative of how political landscapes
evolve to meet the changing needs and aspirations of a society over
time.
Definition will read from note book
Theory of Marx:Marx's conception of society involves a fundamental division into
two interconnected parts: the base (or economic base) and the superstructure. This
framework is central to his theory of historical materialism.
Base (Economic Base): The base represents the economic foundation of society,
including the means of production (factories, land, technology) and the social
relations of production (how people relate to each other in the process of production).
According to Marx, the base determines the shape of the entire social structure.
Superstructure: The superstructure encompasses all other aspects of society that are
not directly involved in economic production. This includes institutions such as
politics, law, religion, education, culture, and ideology. The superstructure, Marx
argued, is ultimately shaped and determined by the economic base.
Marx's framework, the economic base (or basic structure) is influenced by two
primary factors:
Means of Production (Production Factors): This refers to the physical and
technological resources used in the production process, including machinery, tools,
raw materials, and land. The means of production are crucial in determining the
productive capacity of a society.
Relations of Production: This involves the social relationships and interactions that
individuals enter into during the process of production. The relations of production
include the division of labor, property relations, and the social hierarchy within the
production process. The key distinction here is often between the owners of the means
of production (bourgeoisie or capitalist class) and the laborers who sell their labor
power (proletariat or working class).
Stage Theorist: Stage theorists in political development are scholars
who propose models that describe the sequential and often
predictable stages through which societies progress politically.
These theorists suggest that there is a certain order or pattern to
the development of political institutions and systems. They are
known as "stage theorists" because they conceptualize political
development as occurring in distinct and successive stages.
WALT WEDMAN RUSTOW: Walt Rostow, in his influential book "The Stages of
Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto," proposed a linear model of
economic and political development, outlining six stages through which societies are
expected to progress. Here's a brief explanation of each stage:
Traditional Society:
Characteristics: At this stage, societies are characterized by traditional and agrarian economies. The
majority of the population is engaged in agriculture, and economic and social structures are often
stagnant.
Key Features: Limited technological innovation, subsistence farming, and a lack of significant
economic and social change.
Preconditions for Take-Off:
Characteristics: In this stage, certain conditions and factors necessary for economic
growth begin to emerge. These preconditions can include improvements in
transportation, communication, education, and the development of a financial system.
Key Features: The society starts to experience gradual changes that lay the groundwork for more
significant economic and political transformations.
Take-Off Stage:
Characteristics: The take-off stage represents a period of rapid economic growth and
industrialization. There is a noticeable increase in investment, technological innovation, and
urbanization.
Key Features: The economy experiences a sustained and accelerating rate of growth, leading to
significant structural changes.
Drive to Maturity:
Characteristics: The drive to maturity is marked by the consolidation and diversification of economic
and industrial activities. The society becomes more stable and less dependent on a single industry or
sector.
Key Features: Institutions and infrastructure continue to develop, and there is a focus on achieving a
balanced and diversified economy.
Age of High Mass Consumption:
Characteristics: This stage is characterized by widespread affluence and a high standard of living. The
majority of the population has access to a wide range of consumer goods and services.
Key Features: The focus shifts from production to consumption, and there is an emphasis on
improving the quality of life for the population.
The Search for Quality:
Characteristics: The final stage involves a shift in societal goals from purely economic concerns to the
pursuit of a higher quality of life. There is an emphasis on education, culture, and the environment.
Key Features: Societies in this stage seek to enhance the overall well-being of their citizens, paying
attention to factors beyond economic indicators.
Rostow's model is often criticized for its linear and Western-centric perspective, but it
has been influential in shaping discussions on economic and political development. It
provides a framework for understanding the transformative processes that societies
may undergo over time.
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