Digital Logic and Computer Design
Number Codes and Registers
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Overview
° 2’s complement numbers
• Addition and subtraction
° Binary coded decimal
° Gray codes for binary numbers
° ASCII characters
° Moving towards hardware
• Storing data
• Processing data
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
2’s Complement Subtraction
° Let’s compute (13)10 - (5)10.
• (13)10 = +(1101)2 = (01101)2
• (-5)10 = -(0101)2 = (11011)2
° Adding these two 5-bit codes…
0 1 1 0 1
carry + 1 1 0 1 1
--------------
1 0 1 0 0 0
° Discarding the carry bit, the sign bit is seen to be
zero, indicating a correct result.
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
2’s Complement Subtraction
° Let’s compute (5)10 – (12)10.
• (-12)10 = -(1100)2 = (10100)2
• (5)10 = +(0101)2 = (00101)2
° Adding these two 5-bit codes…
0 0 1 0 1
+ 1 0 1 0 0
--------------
° Here, there 1 1 0carry
is no 0 1bit and the sign bit is 1.
This indicates a negative result, which is what we
expect. (11001)2 = -(7)10.
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Binary Coded Decimal
Digit BCD Digit BCD
Code Code
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
° Binary coded 3 decimal
0011
(BCD)8 represents
1000 each decimal
digit with four bits
4 0100 9 1001
• Ex. 0011 0010 1001 = 32910
3 2 9
° This is NOT the same as 0011001010012
° Why do this? Because people think in decimal.
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Putting It All Together
° BCD not very efficient
° Used in early computers
(40s, 50s)
° Used to encode
numbers for
seven-segment
displays.
° Easier to read?
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Gray Code
Digit Binary Gray
Code ° Gray code is not a number
system.
0 0000 0000 • It is an alternate way to represent
four bit data
1 0001 0001 ° Only one bit changes from
one decimal digit to the next
° Useful for reducing errors in
2 0010 0011 communication.
° Can be scaled to larger
3 0011 0010 numbers.
4 0100 0110
5 0101 0111
6 0110 0101
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
ASCII Code
° American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
° ASCII is a 7-bit code, frequently used with an 8th bit
for error detection (more about that in a bit).
Character ASCII (bin) ASCII (hex) Decimal Octal
A 1000001 41 65 101
B 1000010 42 66 102
C 1000011 43 67 103
…
Z
a
…
ENGIN1121L4: Number Codes and Registers
ASCII Codes and Data Transmission
° ASCII Codes
° A – Z (26 codes), a – z (26 codes)
° 0-9 (10 codes), others (@#$%^&*….)
° Complete listing in Mano text
° Transmission susceptible to noise
° Typical transmission rates (1500 Kbps, 56.6 Kbps)
° How to keep data transmission accurate?
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Pari
ty
Cod
°esParity codes are formed by concatenating a parity
bit, P to each code word of C.
° In an odd-parity code, the parity bit is specified so
that the total number of ones is odd.
° In an even-parity code, the parity bit is specified
so that the total number of ones is even.
P Information Bits
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
↑ ↑
Added even parity bit Added odd parity bit
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Pari
ty
Cod
°e Concatenate a parity bit to the ASCII code for the
characters 0, X, and = to produce both odd-parity
Exa
and even-parity codes.
mpl
e
Character ASCII Odd-Parity Even-Parity
ASCII ASCII
0 0110000 10110000 00110000
X 1011000 01011000 11011000
= 0111100 10111100 00111100
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Binary Data Storage
• Binary cells store individual bits of data
• Multiple cells form a register.
• Data in registers can indicate different values
• Hex (decimal)
• BCD
• ASCII
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
Binary Cell
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Register Transfer
° Data can move from register to register.
° Digital logic used to process data
° We will learn to design this logic
Register A Register B
Digital Logic
Circuits
Register C
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Transfer of Information
° Data input at keyboard
° Shifted into place
° Stored in memory
NOTE: Data input in ASCII
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Building a Computer
° We need processing
° We need storage
° We need communication
° You will learn to use and
design these components.
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
Summary
° Although 2’s complement most important, other
number codes exist
° ASCII code used to represent characters (including
those on the keyboard)
° Registers store binary data
ENGIN112 L4: Number Codes and Registers
