Lecture 2: Structural Programming

with C Language

1 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
The first C program
/* hello.c */
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello!\n");
return 0;
}

 This program exports the following text to screen:

Hello!

2 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Investigate the example
 The example program includes:
 A function definition: main()
 A commentary line
 A compiler directive (declaration of using library)
 An instruction to export text to screen (standard output)
 A value returned

 This program:
 Asks computer to export a text to screen
 Returns value 0 to the parent program (the program that
calls the example)

3 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
The main() function
 Used to start the execution of a C program, and is
required
 Declared in one of the following two ways:
 int main() { … }
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { … }
 In C++, main() can be declared with “void” return type
 When starting, some parameters are passed to the
program; and when terminating, the program returns
a code. Ex:
 C:\>copy /B [Link] [Link]

4 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Example 2: Calculate circle area
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float R;
printf("Radius = ");
scanf("%f", &R);
printf("The circle area is: %.3f\n", 3.14 * R*R);
return 0;
}

 Result:
Radius = 1
The circle area is: 3.140

5 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Display some text (export to screen)
 Syntax:
 printf("Format string", <values>);
 Typing symbols:
Symbol Type Symbol Type
%f, %e, %g, %lf double, float %x int (hex)
%d int %o int (oct)
%c char %u unsigned int
%s string of characters %p pointer

 Formatting:
 %[flags] [width] [.precision]type
 Ex: %+15.5f
6 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018
Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Read user input (typed from keyboard)
 Syntax:
 scanf("Format string", <variable addresses>);
 Examples:
 int age;
scanf("%d", &age);

 float weight;
scanf("%f", &weight);

 char name[20];
scanf("%s", name);

7 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
 Variables, types and values

8 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Variables and types
 Variables can hold values, which can be changed during
runtime
 Variables need to be declared before using, with a type
 Global scope or limited within a function
 In standard C, internal variables need to be declared at
the beginning of functions, before any instructions
 Variable declaration: <type> <list of variables>;
 int a, b, c;
 unsigned char u;
 Basic types:
 char, int, short, long
 float, double

9 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Assignment
 To change the value of a variable with a new one
 Syntax:
 <variable> = <constant, variable> or <expression>
 Ex:
 count = 100;
 value = cos(x);
 i = i + 2;
 Values of variables can be initialized at declaration (if
not, the value is undefined):
 int count = 100;
 char key = 'K';

10 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Constants
 Like variables but their values can not be changed at
runtime
 Declared by adding const keyword
 Constants in C occupy memory like variables
 Ex:
 const double PI = 3.14159;
 const char* name = "Nguyen Viet Tung";
 PI = 3.14; /* error */
 Another way to make a constant: using macro  not
occupy memory (but un-typed)
 #define PI 3.14159

11 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Basic data (aka primitive) types
Type Size (length in bytes) Values
char 1 Character, integer
int (depending: 2, 4, 8) Integer
short 2 Integer
long 4 Integer
long long 8 Integer
float 4 Real (floating point)
double 8 Real (floating point)
void 0 Unspecified type
 Characters in C are 8-bit integers
 Use sizeof() operator to calculate the sizes of variables or data
types in bytes:
 sizeof(x)
 sizeof(int)
12 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018
Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Type casting
 Conversion of value of an expression from one type
to another
 Implicit casting:
 float a = 30;
 int b = 'a';
 Explicit casting:
 int a = (int)5.6; /* take integer part */
 float f = (float)1/3;
 Not any type can be casted into any other
 char* s = 2.3; /* not compiled */
 int x = "7"; /* compiled but incorrect */

13 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Variable size and value range
 Signed and unsigned:
signed char (8 bits) –128 ~ +127
signed short (16 bits) –32768 ~ +32767
signed int (32 bits) –2147483648 ~ +2147483648
signed long (32 bits) –2147483648 ~ +2147483648
unsigned char (8 bits) 0 ~ +255
unsigned short (16 bits) 0 ~ +65535
unsigned int (32 bits) 0 ~ +4294967295
unsigned long (32 bits) 0 ~ +4294967295
 Attn:
 Implicitly signed
 Size of int variables are dependent on platform

14 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Enumeration (enum)
 Used to define the possible values of a data type
 Syntax: enum <type name> { <values> };
 Ex:
 enum WildAnimal {Tiger, Leopard, Bear,
Deer };
 enum WeekDay { Mon = 2, Tue, Wed, Thu,
Fri, Sat, Sun = 1 };
 Usage:
 enum WildAnimal wa = Tiger;
 wa = Leopard;
 enum WeekDay n = Thu;

15 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Structures (struct)
 Used to define data types composed of sub-variables
(members, fields)
 Syntax: struct <data type> { <member variables> };
 Ex:
 struct Student {
char name[20];
int birth_year;
int school_year;
};
 Usage:
 struct Student st = {"Le Duc Tho", 1984, 56};
 st.birth_day = 1985;
 st.school_year = 54;
16 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018
Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Defining new types from old ones (typedef)
 Used define new names for old types that are
shorter or with different significations
 Syntax: typedef <original type> <new name>;
 Ex:
 typedef double Height;
 typedef unsigned char byte;
 typedef enum WildAnimal WA;
 typedef struct { … } Student;
 Usage
 Height d = 165.5;
 byte b = 30;
 WA wa = Tiger;
17 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018
Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Arrays
 Used to store multiple elements of a same type in
memory at consecutive locations
 Are static pointers by nature
 Syntax: <type name> <variable name> [ <no of elem.> ];
 Ex:
 int age[6] = { 23, 50, 18, 40, 25, 33 };
23 50 18 40 25 33

0 1 2 3 4 5
 Access elements: index starting from 0
 age[3] = 20;
 Two-dimensional arrays (and multi-dimensional):
 float matrix[10][20];
matrix[5][15] = 1.23;
18 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018
Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Some other types
 Boolean:
 Not existing in C
 Use int/char or enum for that goals
 typedef int bool;
const int false = 0, true = 1;
 typedef enum {false, true} bool;
 String:
 char* ho_ten = "Nguyen Viet Tung";
 char dia_chi[50] = "So 1, Dai Co Viet, Ha Noi";
 Union: multiple member variables at the same memory address
 union color {
struct {unsigned char R,G,B,A;} s_color;
unsigned int i_color;
};

19 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018

Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Composed types
 Used to combine multiple sub-variables of same or
different types
 typedef struct {
char name[20];
unsigned int age;
enum {Male, Female} sex;
struct {
char city[20];
char street[20];
int number;
} address;
} Student;
20 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018
Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Problems
Write programs to:
1. Use sizeof() operator to print the sizes of the basic and
some composed data types to screen
2. Calculate trigonometric values of angle α entered by user
3. Enter data for Student structure (including name, year of birth,
school year) and re-print to screen
4. Declare two variables x (char) and y (unsigned char), assign -1
to x, then cast its value and assign to y. Print out the value of y
and explain the result.
5. Declare a data type that describes a car with following
information: model, weight, color, 4 wheels where each one
has: type, radius, weight
6. From above problems, but input and then print out the
information
21 EE3490E: Programming – S1 2017/2018
Dr. Đào Trung Kiên – Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology