What is language? Means of communication? Culture? Psychology? Society? Social perspective?
- Sound: Phonetics, phonology (mô hình học của âm học trong một ngôn ngữ, trừu tượng,
phoneme là các khối cơ bản để xây dựng, bản thiết kế, syllable? Phonosyntactic?)
- Structure: Morphology, syntax (cú pháp học)
- Meaning: Semantics, pragmatics
Anything that exists must have structure.
Characteristics of a structure:
- Elements (hierarchy)
- Organization of elements
- Function of elements
Structuralism (cấu trúc luận)
English structure:
- Kết cấu ngữ pháp lớn nhất là câu
Phân tích câu
A girl with long hair is discussing the program with enthusiasm at the meeting.
A girl with long hair is discussing the program with enthusiasm at the meeting.
Is discussing the program with enthusiasm
Sequences of words that can function as constituents in the structure of sentences are called phrases.
Constituent testing
- Replacing a sequence of words in a sentence with a single word
- Asking a wh-question
- Moving a sequence of words in forming a construction
Rory put a silencer on the gun.
Rory put a silencer on the gun
Put a silencer on the gun immediate constituents
A silencer on the gun
The gun ultimate constituents
Lexical categories (ultimate constituent): nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, preposition, articles
Phrasal categories (thành tố ngữ đoạn): noun phrases, adjective phrases, AdvP , verb phrases,
prepositional phrases.
Phrase structure rules (các quy tắc ngữ đoạn): S -> NP VP, NP -> DET N, VP -> V NP
FUNCTION OF PHRASES:
1. Subject
2. Predicate
3. Complement
4. Modifier
Determine the relationship between the phrases: Complementation & Modification
-Every constituent must have a HEAD
Example:
1. The young man lives in a quiet neighborhood. (Head of a sentence is TENSE)
- Lives in a quiet neighborhood (“lives”/head, “in a quiet neighborhood”/complement can’t stand
alone two-way dependency = complementation) (complement is obligatory)
- In a quiet neighborhood (“In”/head, “a quiet neighborhood”/complement can’t stand alone
two-way dependency = complementation)
- A quiet neighborhood (“neighborhood”/head, “quiet”/modifier one-way dependency =
modification) (modifier is optional)
Exercise:
1. He left the meeting early, going to the concert.
- Early = modifier of “left the meeting”
- Meeting = complement of “left”
- Going to the concert (answer question why) = modifier of “left the meeting early”
2. I learn English at a center.
- English = complement of “learn”
- At a center = modifier of “learn English”
SOME INFORMATION ABOUT PRHASES: NP, VP, AP, AdvP, PP
1. AP DEG + A (DEG = degree adverb)
very large = AP (very = DEG, large = A)
amazingly large = AP (although amazingly is not degree, we still consider amazingly as DEG)
2. AdvP DEG + AdvP
fairly fast = AdvP (fairly = DEG, fast = Adv)
3. PP P + NP
In the morning = PP (In = P, the morning = NP)
Watch out: here/there = in this/that place, now/then = at this moment/at the later moment
here = PP = P
4. Co-ordinate Phrases
- Very large but boring = AP
very large =AP, but, boring = AP
very = DEG, large = AP = A
- Here and on the street
here = pp = p, on the street = PP
On = P, the street = NP
VERB PRHASES:
The Basic verbs:
Example
He may be talking to the students now.
Aux V Aux V Lexical V
Lexical verbs:
- Criterion: the complements that a verb requires for its complete meaning.
1. Instransitive verbs (intrans): eg sleep, fly, work
- Example:
S
NP VP
Birds V [intrans]
fly
2. Transitive verb (trans) + NP (dO)
S
NP VP
He V [trans] NP
knew The story
3. Ditransitive verbs (ditrans) + NP (iO) + NP (dO)
iO : is always animate
He sent me a letter = He sent a letter to me (Watch out: nếu chuyển giao cái gì cho ai đó thì dùng
“to”)
(give, bring, teach, buy, show)
He bought her a flower = He bought a flower for her (Watch out: khi nào được hưởng lợi từ việc đó
thì “for”)
4. Complex transitive verbs (complex) + NP (dO) + NP/AP/PP (oP = object predicative)
a. Holden wrote ten letters to Africa. (NOT Holden wrote Africa ten letters because “to Africa” is
the property of ten letter Complex transitive verbs , to Africa is oP - complement)
b. Holden wrote ten letters to the White House. (ALSO Holden wrote the White House ten
letters)
c. Max took the hyena to the station. (“to station” is property of hyena complex)
d. Max lent his hyena to the Dramatics Society (Max lent the Dramatics Society his hyena
Ditransitive verbs)
e. William baked a cake for everyone (Ditransitive verbs)
f. William baked a cake for Christmas (Transitive verbs, Christmas is modifier not complex
verbs because the Christmas is just modifier)
g. Laura saved the money for a piano (Complex verbs)
h. Laura saved a place for Martha (Ditransitive verbs)
5. Intensive verbs (intens) + NP/AP/PP (sP)
The president has become a hero.
The president kept silent.
The president remained in the
6. Prepositional verbs ( prep)
S NP V PP
[prep]
S V PC (prepositional complement)
7.
