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Control System Notes Full

The document covers control systems, specifically first-order and second-order systems, detailing their characteristics, equations, and transfer functions. It also describes a closed-loop temperature control system, including its components, advantages, and applications. The system aims to maintain a desired temperature using feedback control for various industrial applications.

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rameshmogulla00
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11 views3 pages

Control System Notes Full

The document covers control systems, specifically first-order and second-order systems, detailing their characteristics, equations, and transfer functions. It also describes a closed-loop temperature control system, including its components, advantages, and applications. The system aims to maintain a desired temperature using feedback control for various industrial applications.

Uploaded by

rameshmogulla00
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Control System Notes

Includes First & Second Order Systems and Temperature Control


First-Order and Second-Order Systems

First-Order System:
• A first-order system has one energy storage element (like a spring or damper).
• Differential equation: τ dy/dt + y = K * u(t)
• Transfer function: Y(s)/U(s) = K / (τs + 1)
• Step response: y(t) = K(1 - e^(-t/τ))
• Characteristics: No oscillation, time constant τ determines speed of response.

Second-Order System:
• A second-order system has two energy storage elements (like mass and spring).
• Differential equation: M d²x/dt² + B dx/dt + Kx = F(t)
• Transfer function: X(s)/F(s) = ωn² / (s² + 2ζωn s + ωn²)
• ζ: Damping ratio; ωn: Natural frequency
• System behavior depends on damping:
- Underdamped (ζ < 1): Oscillates
- Critically damped (ζ = 1): Fastest no-oscillation
- Overdamped (ζ > 1): Sluggish, no oscillation
Closed-Loop Temperature Control System

Objective:
To maintain the temperature of a system at a desired setpoint using feedback control.

Block Diagram (Text Format):


Setpoint (T■)
↓
+------------+
| Comparator | <-------------+
+------------+ ↑
↓ ↑
Error ↑
↓ ↑
+------------+ ↑
| Controller | ↑
+------------+ ↑
↓ ↑
+------------+ ↑
| Actuator | ↑
+------------+ ↑
↓ ↑
+------------+ ↑
| Process | ↑
+------------+ ↑
↓ ↑
+------------+ ↑
Block
| Descriptions:
Sensor | ------------+
+------------+
Setpoint (T■): Desired temperature to maintain (e.g., 100°C).
Comparator: Finds the error between setpoint and measured temperature.
Controller: Processes error (using PID or similar) to generate control signal.
Actuator: Applies control (e.g., adjusts heater power).
Process: The system being heated or cooled (e.g., oven, room).
Sensor: Measures temperature (e.g., Thermocouple, RTD).
Feedback: Sends measured temperature back to comparator.

Advantages:
- Accurate and stable temperature control.
- Automatically adjusts to disturbances.
- Efficient performance in dynamic environments.

Applications:
- Electric furnaces
- Incubators
- Industrial ovens
- HVAC systems
- Chemical reactors

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