Linux Commands Cheat Sheet

A clean and minimal guide to 491 Linux commands

Add to Bookmarks Basic File and Directory Operations Text Processing and Editing System Monitoring and Management User and Permission

Basic File and Directory Operations

1 2 3

ls cd pwd
Explore the Linux ls command and its Explore the Linux cd command, learn how Explore the Linux pwd command, its
practical applications for managing to navigate the file system, and purpose, and practical examples of using
files and directories. Learn how to understand the difference between it with other commands to manage files
utilize various options to retrieve relative and absolute paths. and directories.
detailed file information and navigate
directory structures effectively.

4 5 6

mkdir touch cp
Explore the mkdir command in Linux, Explore the versatile Linux touch Explore the versatile Linux cp command
learn how to create directories, manage command to create new files, modify file through practical examples. Learn how to
permissions, and work with nested timestamps, and manage file operations copy files, directories, and preserve
directories through practical examples. efficiently. Gain practical experience file attributes and timestamps
through hands-on examples. effectively.

7 8 9

mv rm ln
Explore the Linux mv command and learn Explore the Linux rm command with Explore the ln command in Linux, learn
how to rename files, move multiple practical examples. Learn how to remove how to create hard and symbolic links,
files, and perform other file management files and directories, handle and understand their practical
tasks with practical examples. confirmation prompts, and force removal applications through hands-on examples.
for efficient file management.

10 11 12

cat less more

Explore the versatile Linux cat command Explore the less command, a powerful Explore the versatile more command in
through practical examples. Learn to text viewer for Linux. Learn how to Linux, learn how to navigate and search
concatenate and display text files, as navigate through text files, search and through text files, and customize its
well as append content to existing highlight content, and utilize less behavior for efficient file viewing.
files, enhancing your basic file and effectively for your daily tasks.
directory operations skills.

13 14 15

tree du df
Explore the Linux tree command, a Explore the Linux du command to measure Explore the Linux df command, a powerful
powerful tool for visualizing directory disk usage, understand its options, and tool for monitoring disk usage. Learn
structures. Learn its basic options, and learn how to exclude directories from how to customize the output and gain
apply it to specific directories and the measurement process. practical insights into your system's
files for practical use cases. storage capacity.

16 17 18

stat find locate

Explore the Linux stat command, learn Explore the power of the Linux find Explore the Linux locate command, a
how to retrieve file metadata, and command with practical examples. Learn powerful tool for quickly searching and
analyze file permissions and ownership to search for files by name, file type, finding files on your system. Learn how
with practical examples. and combine find with other commands for to install the mlocate package and use
advanced file system operations. locate to search for files and
directories.

19 20 21

updatedb which whereis

Explore the updatedb command in Linux, Explore the Linux which command, learn Explore the Linux whereis command and
which updates the locate database for how to locate the path of executable learn how to locate executable files,
efficient file searches. Learn how to files, and discover advanced usage source code, and manual pages on your
use updatedb and the locate command with scenarios with practical examples. system. Customize the search behavior to
practical examples. suit your needs.

22 23 24

file od mktemp
Explore the versatile file command in Explore the od command in Linux, learn Explore the mktemp command in Linux,
Linux, learn to identify file types, and its options, and perform hexadecimal learn how to create secure temporary
handle compressed files effectively. dumps of files with practical examples. files, and discover practical examples
for efficient file management.

25 26 27

basename dirname dirs

Explore the basename command in Linux, Learn how to use the dirname command in Explore the Linux dirs command, which
learn how to extract filenames from full Linux to retrieve the directory name allows you to manage the directory
paths, and combine it with other from a file path. Explore practical stack, navigate directories efficiently,
commands for efficient file and examples and combine dirname with other and understand the practical
directory operations. Linux commands. applications of this powerful tool.

28 29 30

mc readlink rename
Explore the Midnight Commander (mc) file Explore the readlink command in Linux, Learn how to use the Linux rename
manager, learn how to install it on learn its syntax and options, and command to efficiently rename files and
Ubuntu 22.04, and perform essential file practice resolving symbolic links with directories. Explore practical examples
and directory operations using this practical examples. and batch renaming techniques.
powerful command-line tool.

31 32 33

rmdir shred chattr

Explore the rmdir command in Linux, Explore the Linux shred command, which Explore the Linux chattr command, learn
learn how to create and delete empty securely deletes files by overwriting how to modify file attributes, and
directories, and remove non-empty their contents multiple times, ensuring protect important files with the
directories using practical examples. complete data erasure. Learn practical immutable attribute. Gain a deeper
examples of using shred to delete files understanding of file management in
and wipe disk partitions. Linux.

34 35 36

lsattr cksum cmp

Explore the lsattr command in Linux, Explore the cksum command in Linux, Explore the cmp command in Linux, learn
which allows you to view and manage file learn how to calculate checksums for how to compare text and binary files,
attributes. Learn how to use this files, and verify file integrity using and gain practical experience with
powerful tool to understand and practical examples. hands-on examples.
manipulate file properties, enhancing
your file management skills.

37 38 39

mtools mcopy mdel

Explore the mtools command-line Explore the Linux mcopy command, learn Explore the mdel command in Linux, learn
utilities for managing floppy disk how to copy files and directories, and its syntax, and practice creating and
images on Ubuntu 22.04. Learn how to discover advanced options for efficient managing multiple directories using
install mtools, use various commands, file management. practical examples.
and perform practical operations on
floppy disk images.

40 41 42

mdir mmove mread

Explore the Linux mdir command with Explore the Linux mmove command and Explore the Linux mread command and
practical examples. Learn how to create learn how to effectively move files and learn how to use it for efficient file
and manage directories, and discover directories with practical examples. reading with practical examples.
advanced options for efficient directory Discover advanced options to enhance
operations. your file management skills.

43 44 45

mren mshowfat mtype

Explore the mren command in Linux, a Explore the mshowfat command in Linux, Explore the Linux mtype command, its
powerful tool for renaming multiple which provides detailed information options, and practical examples to
files efficiently. Learn practical about the FAT file system structure. enhance your understanding of basic file
examples and advanced usage with regular Learn how to use mshowfat to analyze and and directory operations.
expressions. troubleshoot FAT-based storage devices.

46 47 48

mattrib mmd mrd

Explore the Linux mattrib command and Explore the mmd command in Linux, learn Explore the mrd command in Linux, a tool
its practical applications for modifying how to create Markdown files, and for managing directories. Learn its
file attributes, managing multiple files convert them to HTML and PDF formats for syntax, options, and practical
and directories, and understanding its various use cases. applications through hands-on exercises.
syntax and purpose.

49 50 51

mzip mtoolstest tee

Explore the mzip command in Linux, learn Explore the mtoolstest command in Linux, Explore the versatile tee command in
how to compress and extract files and learn how to verify its installation, Linux, learn how to redirect output to
directories using this versatile tool, and discover practical examples of its both a file and the terminal, and append
and gain practical experience with real- usage for file and directory operations. output to existing files.
world examples.

52

read
Explore the Linux read command and learn
how to use it to capture user input,
store it in variables, and validate the
input. Gain practical experience through
hands-on examples.

Text Processing and Editing

53 54 55

grep sed awk

Explore the powerful grep command in Explore the power of the sed command in Explore the power of the awk command in
Linux, learn how to search for patterns Linux, learning how to perform text Linux, learn how to perform text
in text files, and combine grep with substitution, edit multiple files, and processing, data manipulation, and
other commands for efficient text more through practical examples. analysis with practical examples.
processing.

56 57 58

cut paste sort

Explore the versatile Linux cut command Learn how to use the Linux paste command Explore the powerful sort command in
and learn how to extract specific to combine multiple files, customize the Linux, learn how to sort files by
columns from text files. Discover output, and perform efficient text different criteria, and combine it with
practical examples to enhance your text processing tasks. other commands for efficient text
processing skills. processing.

59 60 61

uniq tr head
Explore the uniq command in Linux, learn Explore the powerful Linux tr command Explore the Linux head command and learn
its syntax, and discover practical and learn how to translate, delete, how to use it effectively for text
examples to remove duplicate lines and squeeze, and complement characters in processing and editing tasks. Discover
count unique occurrences in text files. text processing with practical examples. practical examples and master the
various options to extract the top lines
from files.

62 63 64

tail wc diff
Explore the Linux tail command and its Explore the Linux wc command and learn Explore the Linux diff command, a
practical applications, including how to count words, lines, and powerful tool for comparing and
monitoring log files and viewing the end characters in files. Discover practical analyzing text files. Learn its syntax,
of text files. examples of using wc with other Linux practical examples, and advanced options
commands for efficient text processing. to effectively manage and process text
data.

65 66 67

patch split join

Learn how to use the Linux patch command Explore the Linux split command and its Explore the power of the join command in
to apply and revert changes to files. practical applications. Learn how to Linux, learn its syntax, and apply it to
Explore practical examples and split files into multiple parts, merge files based on common fields. Gain
understand the syntax and purpose of customize the split options, and practical experience through step-by-
this powerful text editing tool. efficiently manage your text data. step examples.

68 69 70

fmt fold expand

Explore the fmt command in Linux, a Explore the Linux fold command and its Explore the Linux expand command and
powerful tool for formatting text files. practical applications for text learn how to convert tabs to spaces in
Learn how to use it effectively with processing and editing. Learn to fold single or multiple files, enhancing text
practical examples and customization text files with different column widths processing and editing workflows.
options. and combine the fold command with other
Linux tools.

71 72 73

col colrm comm

Explore the versatile col command in Learn how to use the Linux colrm command Explore the powerful comm command in
Linux, learn how to manipulate tabular to remove specific columns from a file. Linux, learn how to compare and contrast
data, and combine it with other commands Explore practical examples and combine sorted files, and customize the output
for advanced text formatting. colrm with other commands for efficient with various options. Enhance your text
text processing. processing and editing skills.

74 75 76

csplit ispell spell

Explore the csplit command in Linux, Learn how to use the ispell command in Explore the Linux spell command, learn
learn how to split files into multiple Linux to check the spelling of single how to install and use it for basic
parts, and discover customization words and text files. Explore practical spell checking on text files. Enhance
options for efficient text processing. examples and gain proficiency in text your text processing and editing skills.
processing and editing.

77 78 79

diffstat expr aspell

Explore the diffstat command, a powerful Explore the versatile expr command in Explore the Linux aspell command and
tool for analyzing changes in text Linux, learn its syntax, and discover learn how to correct spelling errors in
files. Learn how to use diffstat to practical examples for performing text files, customize the aspell
process patch files, Git diffs, and arithmetic operations, string dictionary, and adjust preferences for
more, with practical examples. manipulation, and conditional efficient text processing and editing.
expressions.

80 81 82

emacs gawk indent

Explore the powerful emacs text editor Explore the powerful gawk command in Explore the Linux indent command, learn
with this hands-on lab. Learn basic Linux, learn how to extract data from its syntax, and discover practical
commands, shortcuts, and how to text files, perform calculations, and examples to format C/C++ source code
customize emacs for efficient text transform data efficiently. with customizable options for different
processing and editing. coding styles.

83 84 85

sdiff tac unexpand

Explore the sdiff command in Linux, a Explore the tac command in Linux, which Explore the Linux unexpand command,
powerful tool for comparing and merging reverses the order of lines in a text which converts spaces to tabs, with
text files. Learn its syntax, practical file. Learn practical examples and how practical examples. Learn how to
examples, and how to customize the to combine tac with other commands for customize the command and optimize text
output for efficient text processing and advanced text processing. processing workflows.
editing.

86 87 88

unix2dos vi ed
Learn how to use the unix2dos command to Explore the powerful vi text editor in Explore the powerful Linux ed command
convert text files from Unix to DOS Linux, learn its basic navigation and for text processing and editing. Learn
format, handle newline characters, and editing commands, and dive into advanced how to edit text files, perform advanced
perform practical text processing tasks features for efficient text processing. operations, and enhance your command-
on Linux/Unix systems. line skills.

89 90 91

egrep ex fgrep
Explore the powerful egrep command in Explore the ex command, a powerful text Explore the fgrep command in Linux, a
Linux, learn how to use regular editor in Linux. Learn the basics, powerful tool for searching fixed
expressions for efficient text perform editing operations, and automate strings in text files. Learn practical
processing, and discover practical ex commands using scripts for efficient examples and techniques to efficiently
examples to enhance your text text processing. manipulate text data.
manipulation skills.

92 93 94

jed joe look

Explore the jed text editor, a powerful Explore the powerful joe text editor on Learn how to use the Linux look command
and versatile tool for text processing Ubuntu 22.04. Learn how to install, to search for specific words or phrases
and editing on Linux systems. Learn create, edit, and customize files using in text files. Explore practical
basic commands, navigation, and the joe command-line tool. examples and combine the look command
customization to enhance your with other Linux tools for efficient
productivity. text processing.

95 96

pico column
Explore the pico text editor, a user- Explore the Linux column command and
friendly command-line tool for text learn how to format tabular data,
processing and editing on Linux systems. customize output, and apply practical
Learn basic commands, customization examples to enhance your text processing
options, and practical examples to skills.
enhance your productivity.

System Monitoring and Management

97 98 99

top ps free
Explore the powerful top command in Explore the powerful Linux ps command Explore the Linux free command, learn
Linux, learn its options and and learn how to filter processes by its syntax, and analyze memory usage
customizations, and analyze system user, monitor CPU and memory usage, and with practical examples. Customize the
performance using real-world examples. gain practical insights into system free command output to suit your system
monitoring and management. monitoring needs.

100 101 102

uname uptime lsof

Explore the versatile uname command in Explore the Linux uptime command and its Explore the powerful lsof command in
Linux, which provides detailed practical applications for monitoring Linux, learn how to identify open files
information about your system's hardware system uptime and load average. Learn by a process, and locate network
and software configurations. Learn how how to effectively utilize this tool for connections. Gain practical system
to retrieve system details and combine system management and troubleshooting. monitoring and management skills.
options for comprehensive output.

103 104 105

vmstat iostat dmesg

Explore the powerful vmstat command in Explore the powerful iostat command in Explore the Linux kernel ring buffer
Linux, learn how to monitor system Linux, learn to analyze CPU and I/O using the dmesg command. Learn how to
performance, and analyze CPU, memory, statistics, and monitor disk performance filter and analyze the output to monitor
and disk I/O metrics with practical for effective system monitoring and system events and troubleshoot issues.
examples. management.

106 107 108

htop lshw lsusb

Explore the powerful htop command in Explore the lshw command, a powerful Explore the Linux lsusb command and
Linux, a real-time system monitoring tool for gathering detailed hardware learn how to use it to identify USB
tool. Learn how to navigate, interact, information on your Linux system. Learn device information on your system.
and customize htop to efficiently how to use lshw to customize output and Understand the purpose and basic usage
monitor and manage your system save data to a file for analysis. of this powerful system monitoring tool.
resources.

109 110 111

lsblk mpstat pidof

Explore the lsblk command in Linux, Explore the Linux mpstat command, a Explore the Linux pidof command and its
which lists information about block powerful tool for monitoring and practical applications for finding the
devices. Learn how to use various analyzing CPU utilization metrics across process ID (PID) of running processes.
options and filters to effectively multiple CPUs. Learn how to use mpstat Learn how to locate multiple processes
manage and monitor your system's storage to gain insights into system performance with the same name and gain insights
devices. and optimize resource allocation. into system monitoring and management.

112 113 114

sar procinfo pstree

Explore the powerful sar command in Explore the Linux procinfo command and Explore the process hierarchy on your
Linux and learn how to analyze system learn how to monitor system information, Linux system using the pstree command.
performance metrics through practical customize output, and gain practical Learn how to filter and customize the
examples. insights into system performance and output to gain a deeper understanding of
resource utilization. your system's processes.

115 116 117

tload logrotate watch

Explore the Linux tload command, a Explore the logrotate command in Linux, Explore the powerful Linux watch command
powerful tool for monitoring system load learn how to configure it for Apache web and its practical applications,
average. Learn how to interpret tload server logs, and customize the including monitoring system processes
output and identify performance issues configuration for specific log files. and tracking file changes.
on your system.

118 119 120

time date cal

Explore the Linux time command and learn Explore the Linux date command and learn Explore the Linux cal command, learn its
how to measure the execution time of how to display, format, and manipulate syntax, and practice using it to display
commands, analyze their performance, and date and time information on your calendars for the current month,
optimize system efficiency. system. specific years, and months.

121 122 123

arch dmidecode dstat

Explore the arch command in Linux, learn Explore the dmidecode command, a Explore the dstat command, a versatile
how to identify your system's hardware powerful tool for retrieving detailed system monitoring tool, and learn how to
architecture, and discover practical hardware information on Linux systems. use it to monitor CPU utilization,
scenarios for using this powerful tool. Learn how to display system hardware memory usage, and other system metrics
details and extract specific hardware on your Linux machine.
data.

124 125 126

iotop journalctl pmap

Explore the Linux iotop command, a Explore the powerful journalctl command Explore the pmap command in Linux, a
powerful tool for monitoring disk I/O in Linux, learn how to filter and powerful tool for analyzing memory usage
usage. Learn how to install, configure, analyze system logs, and gain practical and identifying memory leaks in
and utilize iotop to analyze system experience with real-world examples. processes. Learn practical examples to
performance and identify resource- optimize system performance.
intensive processes.

127 128 129

adduser chage chpasswd

Explore the Linux adduser command with Explore the chage command in Linux, Explore the chpasswd command in Linux,
practical examples. Learn how to create learn how to modify user password learn how to change user passwords in
new user accounts, set passwords and expiration dates, and enforce password batch mode, and automate password
expiration, and add users to existing expiration policies for enhanced system changes using shell scripts.
groups for effective system management. security.

130 131 132

grpck vlock logout

Explore the Linux grpck command, which Explore the Linux vlock command, which Explore the Linux logout command, learn
verifies the integrity of the group allows you to lock the current terminal its purpose, and discover practical
file. Learn how to use grpck to identify session, providing a secure way to examples to automate logout sessions
and repair group file issues, ensuring protect your system when stepping away using shell scripts.
the proper management of user groups on from your computer.
your system.

133 134 135

login logname rlogin

Explore the login command in Linux, Explore the Linux logname command, its Explore the rlogin command in Linux,
learn how to log in as a regular user syntax, and practical examples to learn how to establish remote login
and the root user, and gain practical understand the current user's login sessions, execute remote commands, and
experience with hands-on examples. name. Learn how to effectively use this transfer files securely between systems.
command for system monitoring and
management tasks.

136 137 138

rsh sliplogin swatch

Explore the rsh command in Linux, learn Explore the sliplogin command in Linux, Explore the swatch command in Linux, a
how to establish remote shell learn how to configure it, and powerful tool for monitoring log files
connections, and execute remote commands troubleshoot any issues that may arise, and setting up custom alerts. Learn how
effectively. with practical examples to enhance your to configure swatch to monitor specific
system monitoring and management skills. events and receive notifications.

139 140 141

w rwho shutdown
Explore the w command in Linux, learn Explore the rwho command in Linux, which Explore the Linux shutdown command and
how to analyze user login sessions, and allows you to monitor users logged into its practical applications, including
monitor system load and resource remote systems. Learn how to utilize immediate system shutdown and scheduled
utilization for effective system this tool for user monitoring and system shutdowns at specific times.
management. management.

142 143 144

halt reboot exit

Explore the Linux halt command, learn Explore the Linux reboot command and Explore the Linux exit command and its
how to shut down the system, and learn how to reboot your system practical usage in shell scripts. Learn
discover additional options for managing immediately or schedule a reboot at a how to terminate scripts, utilize
system shutdown processes. specific time. Gain practical knowledge different exit codes, and understand the
for system monitoring and management. purpose of this essential command.

145

suspend
Explore the Linux suspend command and
learn how to suspend and resume the
system, as well as manage power states
effectively.

User and Permission Management

146 147 148

useradd userdel usermod

Learn how to create new user accounts, Learn how to use the Linux userdel Explore the Linux usermod command and
assign passwords, and manage user command to delete user accounts, remove learn how to modify user account
account properties using the Linux their home directories, and manage user properties, change a user's primary
useradd command with practical examples. permissions on your system. group, and disable user account
expiration using practical examples.

149 150 151

groupadd groupdel groupmod

Explore the Linux groupadd command with Explore the Linux groupdel command and Explore the Linux groupmod command with
practical examples, including creating learn how to delete groups effectively. practical examples. Learn how to modify
new groups, adding users to groups, and This lab covers the purpose of groupdel, a group's name and GID, enabling
modifying group properties. Enhance your creating test groups, and deleting effective user and permission management
user and permission management skills. groups using practical examples. on your Linux system.

152 153 154

passwd chown chmod

Explore the Linux passwd command and Explore the Linux chown command and Explore the Linux chmod command with
learn how to change user passwords, learn how to change file ownership, hands-on examples. Learn how to manage
reset forgotten passwords, and manage including recursive ownership changes, file permissions, change access rights,
user permissions effectively. with practical examples. and recursively modify permissions for
directories and files.

155 156 157

chgrp umask sudo

Explore the chgrp command in Linux, Explore the Linux umask command and Explore the power of the sudo command in
learn how to change the group ownership learn how to modify file and directory Linux. Learn how to manage user
of files and directories, and discover permissions effectively. Discover permissions, secure your system, and
practical examples to enhance your user practical examples to apply umask in execute commands with elevated
and permission management skills. various scenarios. privileges.

158 159 160

su id who
Explore the Linux su command and learn Explore the Linux id command and learn Explore the Linux who command, learn how
how to switch users, manage privileges, how to use it to identify user and group to use it, and discover practical
and execute commands with elevated information, including user ID, group examples to understand user sessions and
permissions. ID, and supplementary groups. Discover system activity.
practical examples and additional
options to customize the command's
output.

161 162 163

whoami chfn chsh

Explore the Linux whoami command and its Explore the Linux chfn command, which Explore the Linux chsh command, learn
practical applications. Learn how to use allows you to modify user information how to change the default shell, and
it to determine your current user such as the full name, office location, verify the changes with practical
identity, integrate it into shell and phone number. Learn practical examples.
scripts, and manage user permissions examples and advanced options to
effectively. effectively manage user profiles.

164 165 166

newgrp last lastb

Explore the Linux newgrp command and Explore the Linux last command, which Explore the Linux lastb command, which
learn how to create, switch, and manage displays information about the last displays information about failed login
group permissions. Gain practical users who have logged into the system. attempts. Learn how to analyze login
knowledge for effective user and Learn how to use it effectively with failures and enhance system security.
permission management in your Linux practical examples.
environment.

167 168 169

finger groups gpasswd

Explore the Linux finger command, which Learn how to effectively manage user Learn how to use the Linux gpasswd
provides user information, and learn how groups in Linux using the groups command to manage user group
to customize its output for practical command. Explore practical examples of memberships. Add and remove users from
use in user and permission management. creating, assigning, and removing users groups, and explore practical examples
from groups to enhance your system to enhance your user and permission
administration skills. management skills.

170 171 172

pwconv pwunconv grpconv

Explore the Linux pwconv command and Explore the pwunconv command in Linux, Explore the grpconv command in Linux,
learn how to create and manage user which secures user passwords by moving learn how to create and manage user
passwords effectively. Understand the them from the shadow file to the groups, and synchronize group passwords
purpose of pwconv and troubleshoot any password file. Learn practical scenarios with practical examples.
password conversion issues. for using pwunconv to manage user
permissions and enhance system security.

173 174 175

grpunconv newaliases users

Explore the grpunconv command in Linux, Explore the newaliases command in Linux, Explore the Linux users command and
learn its purpose and syntax, and learn how to create and manage email learn how to manage user accounts,
discover practical examples for removing aliases, and troubleshoot alias understand user privileges and
groups from the system. configuration for effective email permissions, and implement password
management. policy and user management.

Networking and Communication

176 177 178

ping netstat ifconfig

Explore the ping command in Linux, learn Explore the netstat command, a powerful Explore the ifconfig command in Linux,
how to use it for local and remote network troubleshooting tool. Learn how learn its syntax and options, and
network troubleshooting, and gain to analyze network connections, discover practical examples to configure
practical experience with various ping statistics, and diagnose network issues network interfaces.
command options. on Linux systems.

179 180 181

ssh scp ftp

Learn how to use the SSH command to Learn how to use the scp command to Explore the Linux ftp command with
securely connect to remote Linux securely copy files and directories practical examples, including connecting
servers, transfer files, and more. between local and remote hosts in Linux. to an FTP server, transferring files and
Explore practical examples and master Explore practical examples and directories, and understanding the
the essential skills for remote system understand the command's key features. basics of File Transfer Protocol.
administration.

182 183 184

 wget curl traceroute
Learn how to use the powerful wget Explore the versatile curl command in Explore the traceroute command in Linux,
command to download files from the Linux, learn how to fetch web page learn how to trace the network path to a
internet. Explore practical examples and content, download files, and more destination, and troubleshoot network
automate file downloads with wget through practical examples. issues using practical examples.
scripting.

185 186 187

telnet nslookup dig

Explore the telnet command in Linux, Explore the nslookup command in Linux, Explore the powerful dig command in
learn its purpose, syntax, and practical learn how to perform basic DNS lookups, Linux, learn its syntax, and practice
examples for troubleshooting network and troubleshoot DNS issues effectively. various use cases for DNS lookups and
connectivity and remote server access. advanced network troubleshooting.

188 189 190

route ip nmap
Explore the Linux route command and Explore the powerful ip command in Explore the powerful nmap command in
learn how to configure static and Linux, learn to manage network Linux, learn its basic usage, and
dynamic routing using practical interfaces, and troubleshoot network discover advanced techniques for network
examples. Gain a deeper understanding of issues effectively. scanning and security analysis.
network routing and management.

191 192 193

ifup ifdown hostname

Learn how to use the ifup command to Explore the ifdown command in Linux, Explore the Linux hostname command and
configure and troubleshoot network learn how to disable network interfaces, learn how to change the hostname
interfaces on Linux. Understand the and troubleshoot network issues temporarily and permanently, with
purpose, syntax, and practical examples effectively. practical examples to enhance your
of this essential networking tool. system administration skills.

194 195 196

hostnamectl arp netcat

Explore the Linux hostnamectl command Explore the arp command in Linux, learn Explore the versatile Linux netcat (nc)
and learn how to display system hostname its purpose, syntax, and how to manage command and learn how to use it for
information, change the hostname the ARP cache through practical server-client communication, file
temporarily and permanently with examples. transfers, and other practical
practical examples. networking tasks.

197 198 199

nmcli tcpdump ss
Explore the power of the nmcli command Learn how to use the powerful tcpdump Explore the Linux ss command, learn its
in managing network interfaces, command to capture and analyze network syntax, and discover practical examples
troubleshooting connectivity issues, and traffic on Linux systems. Discover to analyze network connections, socket
gaining a deeper understanding of Linux practical examples and techniques for statistics, and states.
networking. filtering and monitoring network data.

200 201 202

iwconfig ethtool smbclient

Explore the Linux iwconfig command, a Explore the ethtool command in Linux, a Explore the smbclient command in Linux,
powerful tool for configuring and powerful tool for retrieving and learn how to connect to Windows shares,
troubleshooting wireless network modifying network interface settings. list files and directories, and perform
interfaces. Learn how to set up wireless Learn how to use ethtool to diagnose and practical operations.
connections, manage network parameters, troubleshoot network issues.
and diagnose connectivity issues.

203 204 205

smbstatus mailq host

Explore the Linux smbstatus command, Explore the Linux mailq command, learn Explore the hostname command, manage
learn its purpose, options, and how to how to interpret its output, and manage hostnames with hostnamectl, and
analyze active SMB connections and the mail queue effectively. Gain customize the hostname on Ubuntu 22.04
shared resources on your system. practical knowledge for efficient email in this practical Linux networking lab.
server administration.

206 207 208

arpwatch iftop iptables

Explore the arpwatch command in Linux, Explore the iftop command in Linux, a Explore the powerful iptables firewall
learn how to install and use it to powerful network monitoring tool that tool in Linux. Learn to manage firewall
monitor network activity, and gain provides real-time analysis of network rules, implement advanced
practical experience with real-world traffic. Learn how to use iftop for configurations, and secure your network
examples. effective bandwidth monitoring and with practical examples.
troubleshooting.

209 210 211

iptables-save tracepath uuname

This lab explores the iptables-save Explore the tracepath command in Linux, Explore the Linux uuname command and
command, which allows you to backup and learn how to trace the path to a remote learn how to retrieve system
restore iptables firewall rules. Learn host, and troubleshoot network issues information, combine it with other
how to use iptables-save for effective using practical examples. commands, and apply practical examples
firewall management and automation. to enhance your Linux administration
skills.

212 213 214

vnstat whois apachectl

Explore the powerful Linux vnstat Explore the whois command in Linux, Learn how to use the apachectl command
command for monitoring network traffic. learn its syntax, and discover practical to manage the Apache web server,
Learn how to install, configure, and examples to retrieve domain information including starting, stopping,
generate reports to visualize your and customize the output. restarting, and checking the server
network data. status.

215 216 217

httpd nc(netcat) lpr

Explore the Linux httpd command with Explore the powerful nc (netcat) command Learn how to use the lpr command in
practical examples, including installing in Linux, learn how to use it for TCP Linux to print text files and PDF
Apache HTTP Server, starting, stopping, and UDP server-client communication, and documents. Explore practical examples
and restarting the server, and discover practical examples to enhance and understand the command's
configuring virtual hosts. your networking skills. functionality.

218 219 220

lpq lprm lpd

Explore the lpq command in Linux, learn Explore the Linux lprm command for Explore the lpd command, a powerful tool
how to check the print queue status, and removing print jobs, including how to for managing print jobs in Linux. Learn
manage print jobs effectively. remove a specific job or all jobs. Learn how to configure the lpd daemon, control
practical examples to manage your print print queues, and troubleshoot printing
queue effectively. issues with practical examples.

221 222 223

tftp ncftp ftpshut

Explore the tftp command in Linux, learn Learn how to use the ncftp command to Explore the ftpshut command in Linux,
how to configure a tftp server, and connect to FTP servers, manage files and learn how to shut down the FTP server,
practice transferring files using the directories on the server, and perform and discover techniques for scheduling
tftp client. Gain practical networking various file transfer operations in a automatic FTP server shutdown.
skills through hands-on examples. Linux environment.

224 225 226

ftpwho ftpcount uuto

Explore the ftpwho command in Linux, Explore the ftpcount command in Linux, Explore the uuto command in Linux, learn
learn its options, and analyze its which allows you to monitor and count how to send and receive files securely,
output to monitor FTP server connections active FTP sessions on your system. and discover practical use cases for
and user activities. Learn how to install, use, and interpret this powerful communication tool.
the output of this useful network
utility.

227 228 229

uupick uucico uulog

Learn how to use the uupick command to Explore the uucico command in Linux, Explore the Linux uulog command, learn
extract files from UUENCODE encoded learn how to configure it for file its syntax, and discover practical
emails and automate the process with transfer, and execute remote connections examples for viewing, filtering, and
shell scripts. Gain practical networking and file transfers using practical searching system log entries.
and communication skills. examples.

230 231 232

dip minicom mesg

Explore the dip command in Linux, learn Explore the Linux minicom command with Explore the Linux mesg command and learn
how to establish dial-up connections, practical examples. Learn how to how to send messages to terminal users,
and troubleshoot connectivity issues install, configure, and use minicom to as well as restrict message receiving
with practical examples. connect to serial devices, customize permissions. Gain practical knowledge
settings, and enhance your user for effective communication in a Linux
experience. environment.

233 234 235

wall write talk

Explore the Linux wall command and its Explore the Linux write command and its Explore the Linux talk command, learn
practical applications, including practical applications, including how to send messages, and manage
sending messages to all logged-in users sending messages to specific users and incoming requests. Gain practical
and scheduling broadcast messages using broadcasting messages to all logged-in networking and communication skills.
cron. users on the same system.

236 237 238

ytalk smbd testparm

Explore the Linux ytalk command, a tool Explore the smbd command, a key Explore the Linux testparm command,
for real-time text-based communication component of the Samba server, and learn which verifies the syntax of Samba
between users on the same system. Learn how to configure, manage, and secure configuration files and analyzes Samba
how to install, initiate, and utilize Samba shares on your Linux system. parameters. Learn practical examples to
advanced features of ytalk for efficient effectively manage and troubleshoot your
collaboration and remote assistance. Samba setup.

239 240 241

pppstats cu getty
Explore the pppstats command in Linux, Explore the Linux cu command, a powerful Explore the getty command, a crucial
learn how to monitor PPP interface tool for establishing remote connections tool for managing virtual terminals in
statistics, and analyze PPP connection and transferring files between systems. Linux. Learn its purpose, various
performance with practical examples. Learn practical examples and techniques options, and how to configure and manage
to enhance your networking and virtual terminals effectively.
communication skills.

242 243

mingetty tty
Explore the Linux mingetty command and Explore the Linux tty command and learn
its practical applications, including how to identify the current terminal
automatic login configuration and device, manage terminal sessions, and
customizing the login prompt. Enhance apply practical examples to enhance your
your Linux system management skills. system administration skills.

Disk and File System Utilities

244 245 246

mount umount fdisk

Explore the Linux mount command with Explore the Linux umount command, learn Learn how to use the fdisk command in
practical examples. Learn how to mount how to unmount mounted file systems, and Linux to create, delete, and resize
local and remote file systems, including discover practical examples to manage partitions. Explore practical examples
NFS, to effectively manage storage and your file system effectively. and understand the command's syntax and
access data on your Linux system. purpose.

247 248 249

mkfs fsck dd
Explore the mkfs command in Linux, learn Explore the Linux fsck command, learn Explore the powerful dd command in
how to create file systems on partitions how to check filesystem integrity, and Linux, learn how to create backup images
and format USB drives, and gain repair any issues using practical of USB drives, and restore them. Gain
practical experience with hands-on examples. Gain essential skills in disk practical skills in disk and file system
examples. and file system management. utilities.

250 251 252

e2fsck tune2fs hdparm

Explore the e2fsck command in Linux, Explore the tune2fs command, a powerful Explore the hdparm command in Linux,
learn how to check and repair corrupted tool for managing ext2/ext3/ext4 file learn how to measure disk performance,
Ext4 file systems, and perform dry runs systems. Learn how to modify filesystem and optimize disk configurations for
to fix errors automatically. behavior, backup and restore metadata, improved system performance.
and optimize disk performance.

253 254 255

fdformat parted blkid

Explore the fdformat command in Linux, Explore the powerful parted command in Explore the blkid command in Linux, a
learn how to format a floppy disk, and Linux, learn to create, manage, resize, powerful tool for identifying filesystem
troubleshoot any issues that may arise and delete partitions, and gain types and querying disk attributes.
during the process. practical skills for disk and file Learn practical examples to enhance your
system management. system management skills.

256 257 258

mkswap swapon swapoff

Learn how to use the Linux mkswap Learn how to effectively manage swap Learn how to disable swap partitions and
command to create and manage swap files, space in Linux using the swapon command. swap files using the swapoff command in
which provide additional virtual memory Explore practical examples for checking Linux. Understand the purpose of swapoff
for your system. Includes practical swap usage, creating, and enabling swap and explore practical examples to manage
examples and step-by-step instructions. files. swap space effectively.

259 260 261

losetup mkisofs eject

Explore the Linux losetup command with Explore the mkisofs command, a powerful Explore the Linux eject command and
practical examples. Learn how to create, tool for creating ISO images on Linux. learn how to use it to eject removable
attach, and detach loopback devices, a Learn how to create basic ISO images, media devices and CD/DVD drives with
useful tool for working with disk images customize them with directories and practical examples.
and file systems. files, and gain practical experience
through hands-on examples.

262 263 264

lndir mdadm dumpe2fs

Explore the lndir command in Linux, Explore the power of the Linux mdadm Explore the Linux dumpe2fs command,
learn how to create symbolic links, and command with this practical lab. Learn which provides detailed information
manage them effectively. Discover to create, manage, and monitor software about an Ext2/Ext3/Ext4 filesystem.
practical examples to enhance your file RAID arrays, enhancing your system's Learn how to retrieve metadata, analyze
system management skills. storage and reliability. statistics, and gain a deeper
understanding of your file system.

265 266 267

sync badblocks mlabel

Explore the sync command in Linux, learn Explore the badblocks command in Linux, Explore the mlabel command in Linux,
how to synchronize file system data, and learn how to scan disks for bad blocks, learn how to create and manage volume
verify the effectiveness of the sync and discover techniques to repair labels, and discover advanced options
command through practical examples. damaged areas on your storage devices. for disk and file system management.

268 269 270

mformat mpartition mdeltree

Explore the mformat command in Linux, Learn how to use the mpartition command Explore the mdeltree command in Linux, a
learn how to create and format floppy to create, resize, and delete partitions powerful tool for recursively removing
disks, and discover advanced options for on Linux systems. Explore practical directories and handling symbolic links
various use cases. examples and understand the syntax and and permissions. Gain practical
purpose of this essential disk experience through step-by-step
management tool. examples.

271 272 273

mdu mcd mmount

Explore the mdu command in Linux, learn Explore the mcd command in Linux, which Explore the Linux mmount command, its
to measure disk usage, and exclude allows you to create nested directories syntax, and practical examples of
specific files and directories from the efficiently. Learn practical examples mounting file systems. Learn how to
analysis. and how to combine mcd with other Linux effectively manage disk and file system
commands for effective file management. utilities on your Linux system.

274 275 276

mbadblocks fsck.minix mke2fs

Learn how to use the Linux mbadblocks Explore the Linux fsck.minix command, Explore the mke2fs command in Linux,
command to identify, repair, and manage learn how to check and repair Minix file learn how to create Ext4 filesystems,
bad blocks on your file system. Gain systems, and discover practical examples and customize filesystem parameters for
practical experience with real-world of its usage. your storage needs.
examples.

277 278 279

mkfs.ext2 mkfs.minix mkfs.msdos

Explore the mkfs.ext2 command, which is Explore the Linux mkfs.minix command and Explore the Linux mkfs.msdos command,
used to create an ext2 file system on a learn how to create, mount, and interact learn how to create FAT32 file systems,
partition. Learn how to format an ext2 with Minix file systems. This lab and customize file system parameters for
file system with custom parameters for provides practical examples to help you your storage needs.
your specific needs. manage disk and file system utilities.

280 281 282

mkdosfs mkbootdisk mkinitrd

Learn how to use the mkdosfs command to Learn how to use the mkbootdisk command Explore the mkinitrd command in Linux,
create a DOS filesystem on a partition to create a bootable USB drive for Linux learn to create custom initramfs images,
or format a USB drive. This lab covers systems. Explore practical examples and and troubleshoot kernel boot issues
the basics of the mkdosfs command and troubleshoot issues with the bootable using practical examples.
provides practical examples. USB drive.

283 284 285

sfdisk fsck.ext2 symlinks

Explore the sfdisk command in Linux, Explore the fsck.ext2 command in Linux, Explore the power of symbolic links in
learn how to partition disks, and learn how to check and repair ext2 file Linux, learn how they differ from hard
backup/restore partition tables with systems, and perform forced file system links, and discover practical use cases
practical examples. checks with practical examples. to enhance your file management skills.

286

cfdisk
Explore the cfdisk command in Linux, a
powerful tool for partitioning and
managing disk drives. Learn how to
create, delete, and modify disk
partitions effectively.

Compression and Archiving

287 288 289

tar gzip gunzip

Explore the tar command in Linux, learn Explore the gzip command in Linux, learn Explore the gunzip command in Linux,
to create and extract archives, and how to compress and decompress files, learn how to decompress gzipped files,
compress and decompress data with and discover advanced techniques for and recursively decompress directories
practical examples. efficient data compression. with practical examples.

290 291 292

zip unzip bzip2

Explore the versatile zip command in Learn how to use the unzip command in Explore the bzip2 compression utility in
Linux, learn how to create and extract Linux to extract files from compressed Linux, learn how to compress and
zip archives, and discover techniques ZIP archives, including password- decompress files, and discover advanced
for compressing and encrypting files. protected ones. bzip2 options and techniques.

293 294 295

bunzip2 compress uncompress

Learn how to use the Linux bunzip2 Explore the Linux compress command, Learn how to use the uncompress command
command to extract and decompress learn how to compress and decompress in Linux to decompress Gzipped files.
compressed files. Explore practical files, and discover advanced options for Understand the purpose of the command
examples and understand the command's efficient data compression. and troubleshoot compression and
syntax and purpose. decompression issues.

296 297 298

cpio ar rar
Explore the cpio command in Linux, learn Explore the Linux ar command for Explore the rar command in Linux with
its syntax, and practice creating and creating, managing, and manipulating practical examples. Learn how to install
extracting archives with practical static libraries. Learn how to build, the rar package, create and extract rar
examples. extract, and list the contents of static archives, and manage them with advanced
libraries through practical examples. options.

299 300 301

unrar zcat zless

Explore the Linux unrar command and Explore the versatile zcat command in Explore the zless command in Linux, a
learn how to extract single and multi- Linux, which allows you to decompress powerful tool for viewing compressed
part RAR archives on Ubuntu 22.04. Gain and view gzipped files without files. Learn its syntax, options, and
practical experience with this essential extracting them. Learn practical practical examples to enhance your
file compression and archiving tool. examples and how to combine zcat with compression and archiving skills.
other commands.

302 303 304

zdiff zgrep zipinfo

Explore the zdiff command in Linux, a Explore the zgrep command in Linux, Explore the powerful zipinfo command in
powerful tool for comparing compressed learn how to decompress and search Linux, learn its options, and analyze
files. Learn its syntax, practical compressed files, and combine zgrep with the contents of zip files with practical
examples, and troubleshooting techniques other commands for efficient data examples.
to effectively manage compressed data. processing.

305 306 307

bzcat bzdiff bzgrep

Explore the bzcat command in Linux, a Explore the bzdiff command in Linux, Learn how to use the bzgrep command to
powerful tool for decompressing gzipped which allows you to compare compressed search for patterns in compressed files,
files. Learn how to use bzcat with files. Learn how to use bzdiff for and combine it with other Linux commands
practical examples and combine it with effective file comparison and discover for advanced searches.
other Linux commands. advanced options to enhance your
workflow.

308 309

bzless bzmore
Explore the bzless command, a powerful Explore the bzmore command in Linux, a
tool for navigating compressed text tool for viewing compressed text files.
files. Learn how to utilize bzless Learn its functionality and practical
options to efficiently view and navigate examples to enhance your compression and
bzip2-compressed content. archiving skills.

Process Management
310 311 312

kill pkill killall

Explore the Linux kill command, learn Explore the pkill command in Linux, Explore the Linux killall command, learn
how to terminate processes, and discover learn how to terminate processes by name how to kill processes by name or user,
advanced options for managing processes or ID, and gain practical experience and gain practical experience with real-
effectively. with real-world examples. world examples.

313 314 315

nice renice jobs

Explore the Linux nice command and learn Explore the Linux renice command to Explore the Linux jobs command, learn to
how to adjust process priority for adjust process priority, with practical manage background processes, and
optimal system performance. Discover examples showcasing its usage and discover practical examples to enhance
practical examples to enhance your benefits in process management. your process management skills.
process management skills.

316 317 318

fg bg pgrep
Explore the Linux fg command and learn Explore the Linux bg command, learn how Explore the pgrep command in Linux, a
how to bring background processes to the to suspend and move foreground processes powerful tool for searching and
foreground, manage multiple background to the background, and manage background monitoring processes by name. Learn
processes, and optimize your workflow processes effectively. practical examples to enhance your
with practical examples. process management skills.

319 320 321

nohup disown screen

Learn how to use the nohup command to Explore the disown command in Linux, Explore the powerful screen command in
run long-running processes in the learn how to detach running processes Linux, learn to create and manage
background, even after you log out of from the shell, and manage their output multiple terminal sessions, and discover
your terminal. Explore practical effectively. practical examples to boost your process
examples and understand the purpose of management skills.
this powerful Linux tool.

322 323 324

tmux strace ltrace

Explore the powerful tmux command-line Explore the powerful strace command in Explore the ltrace command in Linux,
tool for managing and controlling Linux, learn how to trace system calls, which allows you to trace system calls
multiple terminal sessions on a Linux and debug processes effectively with and library calls, helping you identify
system. Learn how to navigate, manage, practical examples. potential issues and optimize
and customize tmux for enhanced application performance.
productivity.

325 326 327

skill psnice at
Explore the Linux skill command and its Explore the psnice command in Linux, Explore the Linux file system, manage
practical applications in process learn how to adjust process priority, files and directories, and understand
management. Learn to manage files, use and discover practical use cases for permissions through practical examples.
redirection and pipes, and automate managing system processes efficiently.
tasks with shell scripting.

328 329 330

batch atd atq

Explore the power of the Linux batch Explore the Linux atd command for Explore the atq command in Linux, which
command through practical examples. scheduling one-time tasks, learn how to allows you to list and manage scheduled
Automate repetitive tasks, utilize monitor and control scheduled tasks, and jobs. Learn how to view, remove, and
conditional statements, and leverage gain practical experience with real- work with cron jobs effectively.
loops to streamline your workflow. world examples.

331 332 333

atrm chrt setsid

Explore the atrm command in Linux, which Explore the Linux chrt command, which Explore the setsid command in Linux,
allows you to remove scheduled tasks. allows you to adjust the real-time learn how to detach processes from the
Learn how to troubleshoot and manage priority and scheduling policies of current session, and run background
your system's scheduled tasks processes, with practical examples to processes effectively.
effectively. enhance your process management skills.

System Configuration and Settings

334 335 336

crontab systemctl service

Explore the Linux crontab command and Explore the systemctl command, a Explore the Linux service command, learn
learn how to schedule recurring tasks. powerful tool for managing system how to manage system services, and
Discover practical examples to enhance services in Linux. Learn how to start, troubleshoot service issues with
your system management skills. stop, enable, and disable services, as practical examples.
well as configure automatic service
startup.

337 338 339

chkconfig update-rc.d timedatectl

Explore the chkconfig command in Linux, Learn how to use the update-rc.d command Explore the timedatectl command in
learn how to configure service startup to configure services to start Linux, learn how to manage system date
behavior, and manage service startup automatically at boot, manage service and time, configure time zone and NTP
levels with practical examples. startup priorities, and gain practical settings, and gain practical experience
experience with real-world examples. through hands-on examples.

340 341 342

locale localectl ulimit

Explore the Linux locale command and its Explore the localectl command in Linux, Explore the ulimit command in Linux,
practical applications. Learn how to which allows you to manage system locale learn to adjust resource limits for
understand locales, examine available settings, customize keyboard layouts, processes, and discover practical
locales, and change the system locale to and configure keymaps effectively. examples to optimize system performance.
observe its impact.

343 344 345

alias unalias export

Explore the power of the Linux alias Learn how to use the unalias command in Explore the power of the Linux export
command and learn how to create, manage, Linux to temporarily disable aliases and command with practical examples. Learn
and persist custom command shortcuts for manage them effectively in the terminal. how to set environment variables,
improved productivity and efficiency. understand its purpose, and apply it
effectively in your system configuration
and settings.

346 347 348

set unset env

Explore the Linux set command, learn how Explore the unset command in Linux, Explore the env command in Linux, learn
to modify shell variables, manage learn how to unset environment variables how to modify environment variables, and
environment variables, and apply and shell functions, and apply practical execute commands with custom
practical examples to enhance your examples to enhance your system environments for improved system
system configuration and settings. configuration and settings. configuration and settings.

349 350 351

sysctl modprobe lsmod

Explore the sysctl command in Linux, Learn how to use the modprobe command to Explore the Linux lsmod command, which
learn how to modify kernel parameters, load and remove kernel modules in Linux, displays information about loaded kernel
and persist configuration changes across with practical examples to enhance your modules. Learn how to load and unload
reboots. Gain practical knowledge for system configuration and settings. kernel modules, and understand the
system administration and optimization. purpose and output of the lsmod command.

352 353 354

insmod rmmod depmod

Explore the insmod command in Linux, Explore the Linux rmmod command and Explore the purpose of the depmod
learn how to compile and insert kernel learn how to remove kernel modules command, understand the dependency tree
modules, and gain practical experience effectively. Discover practical of kernel modules, and troubleshoot
with real-world examples. scenarios and examples to enhance your module dependencies using practical
system configuration and settings. examples.

355 356 357

lspci hwclock setserial

Explore the lspci command in Linux, Explore the Linux hwclock command, learn Explore the Linux setserial command and
learn its purpose, understand its how to synchronize system time with learn how to configure serial port
options and flags, and identify PCI hardware clock, and adjust the hardware settings, identify port information, and
devices on your system with practical clock manually for effective system time troubleshoot serial communication
examples. management. issues.

358 359 360

edquota quota quotaon

Explore the Linux edquota command and Explore the Linux quota command and Explore the Linux quotaon command for
learn how to manage user disk quotas, learn how to set, monitor, and manage managing disk quotas. Learn how to
enable disk quota on a filesystem, and disk quota usage for users on your enable, monitor, and manage user disk
understand the concept of disk quota. system. Gain practical knowledge for quotas on your file system.
effective storage management.

361 362 363

quotaoff quotacheck repquota

Learn how to disable disk quotas on a Explore the Linux quotacheck command Explore the repquota command in Linux,
Linux file system using the quotaoff with practical examples. Learn how to learn how to retrieve disk quota
command. Understand the basics of disk install the quota package, enable quota information for users, and manage disk
quotas and their practical applications. on a filesystem, and use the quotacheck quota limits for multiple users.
command to check quota information.

364 365 366

chroot dircolors loadkeys

Explore the chroot command in Linux, Explore the Linux dircolors command and Explore the Linux loadkeys command and
learn how to create a chroot learn how to customize directory and learn how to change and customize your
environment, and manage processes and file colors, manage configuration files, keyboard layout. Discover practical
file systems within the isolated and enhance your command-line examples to enhance your system
environment. experience. configuration and settings.

367 368 369

modinfo setleds showkey

Explore the Linux modinfo command, which Learn how to use the setleds command to Explore the Linux showkey command, learn
provides detailed information about modify keyboard LED states, and automate how to capture keyboard input, and
kernel modules. Learn how to use modinfo LED state changes with shell scripts for analyze the output for system
to troubleshoot module issues and efficient system configuration. configuration and settings.
optimize system configuration.

370 371 372

stty zdump cron

Explore the stty command in Linux, learn Explore the Linux zdump command, which Explore the powerful cron service in
how to modify terminal settings, and displays time zone information. Learn Linux, learn how to schedule and manage
discover practical examples to enhance its syntax, understand timezone data, cron jobs, and configure notifications
your system configuration skills. and see practical examples of its usage. and logging for effective system
maintenance.

373 374 375

aumix clock lilo

Learn how to use the aumix command to Explore the Linux clock command and Explore the lilo command, a powerful
adjust audio settings on your Ubuntu learn how to display the current date Linux boot loader, through practical
22.04 system, including controlling and time, as well as set the system examples. Learn how to configure lilo,
 master volume, muting and unmuting audio clock using practical examples. troubleshoot issues, and enhance your
channels. system's boot process.

376 377 378

ntsysv rdate resize

Explore the ntsysv command in Linux, a Explore the Linux rdate command and Learn how to resize partitions and LVM
powerful tool for configuring and learn how to synchronize your system volumes using the Linux resize command.
managing system services. Learn how to time with remote NTP servers. Automate Explore practical examples and step-by-
use ntsysv to control runlevels and time synchronization using cron for step instructions to effectively manage
enable/disable services for efficient reliable and consistent timekeeping. storage space on your Linux system.
system administration.

379 380 381

sndconfig setconsole apmd

Explore the sndconfig command in Linux, This lab explores the setconsole command Explore the Linux apmd command and learn
learn how to configure sound card in Linux, which allows you to modify the how to monitor battery status, configure
settings, and troubleshoot sound issues system console device and redirect automated power management, and optimize
effectively. console output to a file. Learn how to your system's power efficiency.
effectively manage your Linux system's
console settings.

382

fbset
Explore the fbset command in Linux,
learn how to adjust screen resolution
and depth, and customize display
settings for optimal performance.

Package Management
383 384 385

rpm apt-get dpkg

Explore the powerful rpm command in Learn how to effectively use the apt-get Explore the dpkg command in Linux, learn
Linux, learn how to install, manage, command in Linux for package management, to install and manage packages, and
query, and verify RPM packages, and gain including installing, updating, troubleshoot package installation
practical experience through hands-on removing, and cleaning up packages. issues. Gain practical experience in
examples. package management using this essential
Linux tool.

386 387 388

yum apt aptitude

Explore the powerful yum package manager Explore the apt command in Linux, learn Explore the aptitude package manager in
in Linux. Learn how to install, update, how to install, update, search, and Linux, learn how to search, install,
and remove packages using practical remove packages using practical upgrade, and remove packages, and gain
examples. Enhance your system management examples. practical experience with real-world
skills with this comprehensive lab. examples.

389 390 391

pacman zypper emerge

Explore the pacman package manager in Explore the zypper command, a powerful Explore the powerful emerge command in
Linux, learn how to install, update, package management tool for SUSE-based Linux, learn how to install packages,
search, and remove packages using Linux distributions. Learn how to update and upgrade your system with
practical examples. install, update, search, and remove practical examples.
packages using zypper with practical
examples.

392 393 394

dnf snap flatpak

Explore the powerful dnf command in Explore the power of the Snap package Explore the Flatpak package management
Linux, learn how to install, update, manager in Linux. Learn how to install, tool for Linux, learn how to install and
manage packages and dependencies, and update, and manage Snap packages through manage Flatpak applications, and
leverage package groups for efficient practical examples, enhancing your Linux customize Flatpak environments for your
package management. package management skills. specific needs.

Scripting and Programming

395 396 397

bash sh perl
Explore the power of Linux bash commands Explore the power of the Linux sh Learn how to use Perl programming
with practical examples. Learn essential command through practical examples. language in Linux, including executing
file system navigation, file and Learn shell scripting basics, utilize Perl scripts and practical examples for
directory manipulation, and data variables and parameters, and implement file manipulation.
searching and filtering techniques. conditional statements and loops to
automate tasks efficiently.

398 399 400

python gcc g++

Explore Python's built-in functions, Explore the GCC compiler, learn to Learn the basics of the g++ command,
string manipulation, and file/directory compile C programs, and discover compile a simple C++ program, and
management in Linux through practical optimization flags for efficient code. explore compiler flags and optimization
examples. techniques in this practical Linux
programming lab.

401 402 403

make cmake automake

Explore the power of the make command in Learn how to use the CMake tool to build Explore the automake command in Linux, a
Linux, learn its syntax, and apply it to and manage C++ projects on Linux. This tool for generating Makefiles. Learn how
compile C programs with practical lab covers installing CMake, creating a to create a basic automake project,
examples. simple C++ project, and understanding customize configuration, and apply
different build configurations. practical examples.

404 405 406

autoconf gdb ldd

Learn how to use the autoconf command to Explore the power of the gdb debugger in Explore the ldd command in Linux, learn
configure and build C programs, from Linux. Learn how to debug simple and how to identify dynamic dependencies of
simple to complex projects, with multithreaded C programs, uncover bugs, binaries, and troubleshoot missing
practical examples. and enhance your programming skills. dependencies for effective software
management.

407 408 409

objdump nm readelf
Explore the powerful objdump command in Explore the Linux nm command, which Explore the readelf command in Linux,
Linux, learn its syntax, options, and displays symbol information for object learn how to analyze ELF file headers
analyze the output on a simple C files. Learn how to use nm to view and sections, and gain practical
program. executable symbols, filter results, and experience with real-world examples.
gain practical insights.

410 411 412

strings ctags cscope

Explore the Linux strings command and Explore the power of the ctags command Explore the cscope command in Linux, a
learn how to extract strings from in Linux, learn how to generate tags for powerful tool for source code navigation
binary, compressed, and encrypted files. C/C++ projects, and navigate source code and analysis. Learn how to install,
Gain practical experience with real- efficiently. understand the basics, and perform
world examples. efficient code searches and navigation.

413 414 415

diff3 svn git

Explore the diff3 command in Linux, Explore the power of the SVN command- Explore the essential git commands for
learn how to merge conflicting files, line tool on Ubuntu 22.04. Learn how to version control, including initializing
and resolve conflicts in a three-way install Subversion, initialize a local a repository, adding and committing
merge with practical examples. repository, and manage changes through files, and managing branches. Gain
commit, update, and revert operations. practical experience with hands-on
examples.

416 417 418

cvs aclocal autoheader

Explore the Concurrent Versions System Explore the aclocal command in Linux, Explore the autoheader command in Linux,
(CVS) command in Linux, learn how to learn how to generate the aclocal.m4 learn its purpose, and discover
create a repository, check out projects, file, and integrate it with Autoconf for practical examples to generate
and commit changes, with practical effective build automation. configuration header files.
examples.

419 420 421

autoreconf bison expect

Explore the autoreconf command in Linux, Explore the bison command, a powerful Explore the power of the expect command
learn its purpose, and apply it to a tool for generating parsers in Linux. in Linux. Learn to automate SSH login,
sample project. Gain hands-on experience Learn how to create custom parsers, handle prompts, and write responsive
in automating the build process for your handle syntax errors, and apply bison in scripts for various tasks.
software projects. practical scenarios.

Backup and Compression

422 423 424

bzip2recover uuencode uudecode

Explore the bzip2recover command, a Explore the uuencode command in Linux, Learn how to use the uudecode command in
powerful tool for recovering corrupted learn how to encode and decode files, Linux to decode uuencoded files. Explore
bzip2 files. Learn how to use it and discover practical use cases for practical examples and understand the
effectively with practical examples and this versatile tool in backup and purpose of this useful tool for backup
advanced options. compression workflows. and compression tasks.

425 426 427

gzexe sum md5sum

Explore the gzexe command in Linux, Explore the Linux sum command with Explore the md5sum command in Linux,
learn how to compress and decompress practical examples, including basic learn how to generate and verify MD5
executable files, and discover practical summation operations and handling checksums for files, and ensure data
examples of its usage. floating-point numbers. Gain proficiency integrity with practical examples.
in file checksum calculations and data
verification.

428 429 430

dump restore rmt

Explore the Linux dump command for full Learn how to use the Linux restore Explore the rmt command in Linux, learn
system backups. Learn how to perform a command to recover specific files or how to backup and restore files, and
complete system backup and restore data entire directory structures from backup automate backups using cron jobs.
from the dump file, with practical archives. Explore practical examples and Enhance your system administration
examples. understand the purpose and usage of this skills with practical examples.
essential backup and restoration tool.

Miscellaneous Utilities
431 432 433

man info whatis

Explore the powerful Linux man command, Explore the Linux info command, its Explore the Linux whatis command, its
learn how to navigate man pages, and purpose, options, and practical examples purpose, syntax, and practical use
perform targeted searches to effectively to retrieve information about Linux cases. Learn how to effectively utilize
utilize system documentation. commands and utilities. this utility to quickly retrieve
information about commands and system
components.

434 435 436

apropos yes sleep

Explore the Linux apropos command, a Explore the versatile Linux yes command Explore the Linux sleep command and its
powerful tool for searching man pages and learn how to use it to generate practical applications. Learn how to use
and finding relevant system commands. repeated output, combine it with other sleep with time intervals and combine it
Learn how to perform basic searches, commands, and automate various tasks. with other commands for efficient task
customize with regular expressions, and automation.
discover practical use cases.

437 438 439

bc clear reset
Explore the versatile Linux bc command Explore the clear command in Linux, Explore the Linux reset command and
and learn how to perform basic learn how to clear the terminal screen, learn how to restore the terminal to a
arithmetic operations, advanced and automate the process with a Bash known state, troubleshoot terminal
calculations, and functions using script. Enhance your command-line skills issues, and more with practical
practical examples. and improve your workflow. examples.

440 441 442

echo printf seq

Explore the versatile echo command in Explore the power of the printf command Explore the versatile seq command in
Linux, learn its basic syntax, and in Linux. Learn how to format output, Linux, learn how to generate numeric
discover practical examples for printing print variables, and evaluate sequences, and customize them with step
text, using variable substitution, and expressions using practical examples. size and formatting.
formatting output.

443 444 445

history xargs factor

Explore the powerful Linux history Explore the power of the xargs command Explore the Linux factor command, its
command and learn how to effectively in Linux, learn how to execute commands purpose, syntax, and practical examples
manage and analyze command history for with arguments, and combine it with to gain a deeper understanding of this
improved productivity and other utilities for efficient workflows. useful miscellaneous utility.
troubleshooting.

446 447 448

units script scriptreplay

Explore the versatile Linux units Explore the power of shell scripting Explore the scriptreplay command in
command and learn how to convert between with this hands-on lab. Learn to write Linux, which allows you to record and
different time units and perform and execute simple scripts, use replay terminal sessions, with practical
arithmetic operations with practical variables and command substitution, and examples to enhance your system
examples. implement conditional statements and administration skills.
loops for more complex tasks.

449 450 451

xdg-open poweroff access

Explore the versatile xdg-open command Learn how to safely shut down your Linux Explore the Linux access command and
in Linux, which allows you to open files system using the poweroff command, learn how to manage file permissions and
and directories with their default including practical examples and ownership. Discover practical examples
applications, and customize the default automating system shutdown with cron. to enhance your Linux skills.
associations.

452 453 454

accton acpi acpid

Explore the Linux accton command and Explore the Linux acpi command and its Explore the Linux acpid command, learn
learn how to manage network interface practical applications, including how to configure it to monitor power
configuration, troubleshoot network monitoring battery status and events, and create custom event handlers
issues, and more with practical customizing acpi behavior. Gain a for practical applications.
examples. comprehensive understanding of this
versatile utility.

455 456 457

addr2line agetty amixer

Explore the addr2line command in Linux, Explore the agetty command in Linux, Explore the amixer command, a powerful
a powerful tool for resolving addresses learn how to configure it for serial Linux utility for adjusting sound card
to function names and source file console access, and manage user login mixer settings. Learn how to control
locations. Learn its basic syntax, processes effectively. master volume, manage specific sound
options, and practical use cases. channels, and apply practical examples
to enhance your audio experience.

458 459 460

aplay aplaymidi autoupdate

Explore the aplay command in Linux, Explore the aplaymidi command, a Explore the power of automatic updates
learn how to install required packages, powerful Linux utility for playing MIDI on Linux systems. Learn how to configure
play audio files, and discover various files. Learn how to use it for basic and manage automatic updates using the
command options and flags for audio playback, as well as advanced options command line, ensuring your system stays
manipulation. for controlling MIDI devices. secure and up-to-date.

461 462 463

banner biff bzcmp

Explore the versatile banner command in Explore the biff command in Linux, learn Explore the bzcmp command in Linux,
Linux, learn how to display custom how to configure it to receive which allows you to compare compressed
messages, and customize the appearance notifications, and customize the files. Learn how to use this utility
of your banners for various use cases. notification settings for enhanced effectively with practical examples.
productivity.

464 465 466

case cc chvt
Explore the case command in Linux, learn Explore the versatile Linux cc command, Explore the chvt command in Linux, which
its syntax and usage, and apply it to learn its syntax, and compile C programs allows you to switch between virtual
automate file management and backup with practical examples. Discover terminals. Learn practical examples and
operations. compiler flags and optimization options automate virtual terminal switching for
to enhance your programming workflow. enhanced productivity.

467 468 469

cpp cupsd dc
Explore the power of C++ programming in Explore the CUPS printing system and Explore the powerful dc command in
Linux, from compiling and running code learn how to manage printers using the Linux, a versatile calculator tool.
to managing files and directories. Dive cupsd command. Configure printer Learn to perform basic arithmetic
into practical examples and master settings and gain practical experience operations, handle advanced
essential Linux utilities for efficient with this essential Linux utility. calculations, and leverage dc's
C++ development. capabilities for various computing
tasks.

470 471 472

dir disable domainname

Explore the Linux dir command and its Explore the Linux disable command and Explore the Linux domainname command and
practical applications for managing learn how to disable services using learn how to set, display, and manage
directories and files. Learn various practical examples. Understand the domain names across network interfaces
options to customize directory listings purpose and verify the disabled status with practical examples.
and effectively navigate the file of services.
system.

473 474 475

dos2unix dosfsck exec

Learn how to use the dos2unix command to Explore the Linux dosfsck command with Explore the Linux exec command and its
convert text files from DOS to Unix practical examples. Learn how to check practical applications, including
format. Explore practical examples and and repair errors on a FAT32 file understanding the exec system call,
automate the conversion process with system, and perform a thorough executing external commands, and
shell scripts. filesystem check and repair on a USB redirecting input/output.
drive.

476 477 478

fc fc-cache fc-list
Explore the fc command in Linux, which Explore the Linux fc-cache command and Explore the fc-list command in Linux,
allows you to edit and reexecute learn how to manage font caches which allows you to list all available
previous commands. Learn how to effectively. Discover practical examples fonts on your system, filter by family,
customize its behavior for improved to update and troubleshoot font cache style, and other attributes. Gain
productivity. issues on your system. practical knowledge for font management
and customization.

479 480 481

getent gs hash
Explore the versatile getent command in Explore the versatile gs command in Explore the Linux hash command and learn
Linux, learn how to retrieve user and Linux, learn to convert PDF files to how to calculate hashes of files and
group information, and discover various image formats, and optimize PDF directories, as well as verify file
practical examples to enhance your files by reducing file size. integrity using hash checksums.
system administration skills.

482 483 484

hexdump hostid iconv

Explore the Linux hexdump command, a Explore the Linux hostid command, learn Explore the powerful iconv command in
powerful tool for viewing and how to retrieve the unique host Linux, which enables seamless encoding
manipulating binary data. Learn how to identifier, and discover practical conversion and handling of multilingual
use hexdump to analyze file contents, applications for this versatile utility. text. Learn practical examples to
customize output, and gain insights into enhance your text processing
data structures. capabilities.

485 486 487

import install ipcrm

Explore the import command in Linux, Learn how to install Linux packages Explore the Linux ipcrm command, which
learn how to import data from CSV files using various commands like apt-get, allows you to remove shared memory
and Excel spreadsheets into database apt, and Snap. Explore practical segments, message queues, and
tables, and gain practical experience examples and gain proficiency in package semaphores. Learn the command syntax,
with this versatile utility. management on your Linux system. options, and practical examples to
effectively manage IPC objects on your
system.

488 489 490

ipcs pinky ranlib

Explore the Linux ipcs command, its Explore the pinky command in Linux, Explore the Linux ranlib command, learn
purpose, and practical examples to learn its options and flags, and how to create and manage static
analyze IPC resources and identify discover practical use cases to enhance libraries, and discover practical
potential issues on your system. your system management skills. examples to enhance your system
administration skills.

491

rev
Explore the Linux rev command and learn
how to reverse text in files, reverse
lines, and apply practical examples to
enhance your command-line skills.

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