“A study to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching

programme on the knowledge regarding Diarrheal management

among mothers of under five year old children at Bal chikitsalaya,
Udaipur.”

PROJECT
FOR

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN NURSING

RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

JAIPUR (RAJ.)

By

Miss DIVYA SONI

Miss FIZA
Mr. HARSHIT MODI
Miss KALPANA JANGID
Mr KANHAIYA LAL KUMAWAT
Miss KAVITA REGAR
Miss KHUSHBOO ACHARYA

GOVT. COLLEGE OF NURSING M.B.G.H.

UDAIPUR(RAJ.)
2020
 “A study to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching
programme on the knowledge regarding Diarrheal management
among mothers of under five year old children at Bal chikitsalaya,
Udaipur.”
By
Miss DIVYA SONI
Miss FIZA
Mr. HARSHIT MODI
Miss KALPANA JANGID
Mr KANHAIYA LAL KUMAWAT
Miss KAVITA REGAR
Miss. KHUSHBOO ACHARYA

PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED

TO
RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
JAIPUR (RAJ.)

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF B.Sc. NURSING

GOVT. COLLEGE OF NURSING M.B.G.H.
UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

Signature of Principal Signature of Guide

Mrs. Manisha Vyas Mrs. Suman Damor
Principal Nursing Faculty
(G.C.O.N. Udaipur ) (G.C.O.N. Udaipur )
 RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
JAIPUR (RAJ.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certified that the project work is entitled “A study to assess the
effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on the knowledge regarding
Diarrheal management among mothers of under five year old children at Bal
chikitsalaya, Udaipur.” is a bonafide research work done Miss Divya Soni,
Miss Fiza, Mr. Harshit Modi, Miss Kalpana Jangid, Mr. Kanhaiya Lal
Kumawat, Miss Kavita Regar and Miss Khushboo Acharya for the partial
fulfillment of the degree of B.Sc. Nursing from Rajasthan University Of Health
Sciences.

Date: Signature of
Principal

Place: Mrs. Manisha Vyas

Principal

G.C.O.N. Udaipur
 RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

JAIPUR, (RAJ.)

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the project work entitled “A study to assess the
effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on the knowledge
regarding Diarrheal management among mothers of under five year
old children at Bal chikitsalaya, Udaipur.” A bonafide research work
done by Miss Divya Soni, Miss Fiza, Mr. Harshit Modi, Miss Kalpana Jangid,
Mr. Kanhaiya Lal Kumawat, Miss Kavita Regar and Miss Khushboo Acharya,
final year students of B.Sc. Nursing (2020).The project work embodies the
result of the candidates own research and observations and contributes to the
knowledge of subjects.

Date: Signature of Guide

Place: Mrs. Suman Damor

Nursing Faculty
G.C.O.N. Udaipur
 RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

JAIPUR (RAJ.)

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATES

We hereby declare that this research project work entitled “A study to assess
the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on the
knowledge regarding Diarrheal management among mothers of
under five year old children at Bal chikitsalaya, Udaipur. ” is a
bonafide and genuine research work carried out by us under the guidance of
Mrs. Suman Damor, Nursing Faculty, Govt. College Of Nursing, M.B.G.H.,
Udaipur (Raj.).

Date: SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATES

Place: Miss DIVYA SONI
Miss FIZA
Mr. HARSHIT MODI
Miss KALPANA JANGID
Mr KANHAIYA LAL
KUMAWAT
Miss KAVITA REGAR
Miss KHUSBHOO ACHARYA
 RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
JAIPUR, (RAJ.)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “A study to assess the
effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on the knowledge regarding
Diarrheal management among mothers of under five year old children at
Bal chikitsalaya, Udaipur.” is a bonafide research work done by Miss Divya
Soni, Miss Fiza, Mr. Harshit Modi, Miss Kalpana Jangid, Mr. Kanhaiya Lal
Kumawat, Miss Kavita and Mrs. Khusbhoo Acharya final year students of
B.Sc. Nursing (2020).The project work embodies the result of the candidates
own research and observations and contributes to the knowledge of subjects.

Date: Signature of Guide

Place: Mrs. Suman Damor
Nursing Faculty
G.C.O.N. Udaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“IT IS BETTER TO TRUST IN THE LORD THAN TO PUT CONFIDENCE
IN MAN”

We thank LORD KRISHNA for his unconditional love, treasures of the

wisdom and knowledge bestowed upon us, which enlighten us to
complete the study successfully.

With immense joy and gratitude, we acknowledge all those who helped us
to shape this project work.

We express our deep gratitude and immense thanks to Dr. Manisha

Vyas Principal, Govt. College of Nursing M.B.G.H Udaipur. For her gentle
and persistent nudges towards excellence.

We immensely grateful to Mrs. Suman Damor main designer and guide

of our study for her constant encouragement, valuable advice, inspiring
guidance and suggestions right from the conception of this research work
to its completion.

We also want to thank to all the participants of our study who gave us the
opportunity to work with them and gave us untiring help during our study
period, without whom this study could not be completed.

We also express our deep gratitude and immense thanks to Dr. Rohit
Yadav and Mrs. Bhawana Shah(Class Co-ordinators) for their gentle
and persistence efforts towards excellence.

We extend our sincere thanks to all teaching faculty members of

Govt. College of Nursing M.B.G.H. Udaipur, for their support to make
this effort successfully. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the entire
team of experts who spared their valuable time and effort for content
validity and refining of the tool.

Heartfelt thanks to Library Staff of Govt. College of Nursing M. B. G.

H. Udaipur, and our Classmates for their help and co-operation in one
way or the other in the completion of this project work.
We are grateful indebted to my lovable Parents and loving ones for
their patients love, sacrifices, constant inspiration, moral and also for their
valuable prayers.

Date:

Place:
Miss DIVYA SONI

Miss FIZA
Mr HARSHIT MODI
Miss KALPANA JANGID
Mr KANHAIYA LAl KUMAWAT
Miss KAVITA REGAR
Miss KHUSBHOO ACHARYA

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Diarrhoeal disease which is one of the leading reason behind global morbidity or mortality is
more threatening for infants and young children. Childhood diarrhoea is becoming
increasingly prevalent in developing countries like India.Moreover, it is major cause of
malnutrition that contributes towards 3rd major cause of under five mortalities. This has
revised a serious concern in the domain of public health.In 2021: - 9% of all death among
children under as of five Year. This translate to over 1200 young children die each day.
About 444000 children a year despite the availability of a sample and treatment solution.

OBJECTIVES

1. To assess the pre-test knowledge scores regarding the diarrheal management among
mothers of under five year children.
2. To prepare and administer structured teaching program me on knowledge regarding
diarrheal management among mothers of under 5 year children.
3. To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme and knowledge regarding
diarrheal management among mothers of under 5 year children.

HYPOTHESIS

H1: There is a Significant difference between pre-test and the post-test knowledge scores
regarding diarrhoeal management among mother of under 5 year children.

H2: There is a Significant association between the mean pre-test knowledge scores with
selected socio demographic variables.

METHOD:

The method adopted for the present study was evaluative approach as the study aimed at asse
ssing the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrheal
managment of mothers yof under five year children at Bal Chikitsalay, Udaipur. Samples
were selected by using simple random sampling method. In this study comprised of 60
mothers of under five year children by using simple random method. The data was collected
using structured knowledge questionnaire pre-test and post test was conducted using the same
structured knowledge questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential
statistics.

RESULTS-

The findings of the study reveals that in the pre-test the highest knowledge(64.67%) was
found in the Etiology of Diarrheal Management and least knowledge (51.00%) was found in
the Clinical Manifestation of Diarhoea. Whereas post test the highest knowledge (92.40%)
was found in Intro & Definition of Diarrheal Management and least knowledge (87.00%) in
the area of management. The maximum mean difference was in the area of Prevention (3.99)
and minimum mean difference in area of management (0.26) of pre-test and post-test
knowledge score.
In present study the post test knowledge score were significantly higher than pre test score.

CONCLUSION:
The knowledge of the mothers regarding diarrheal management of under five year children
before the administration of the structural teaching programme was average. The structural
teaching programme significantly increased the knowledge of mothers of under five year of
children regarding diarrheal management. The STP was an effective strategy to enhance the
knowledge of mothers of under five year children so these kind of strategies can be used in
the areas and settings of the Bal Chikitsalay to increase knowledge regarding diarrheal
management…

KEYWORDS:
Assess knowledge,effectiveness, structured teaching program among mothers of under five
year children regarding diarrhoeal managment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER SR CONTENT PAGE

NO. NO. NO.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-8

1.1 Background of the study 2

1.2 Need for the study 3
1.3 Statement of the problem 4
1.4 Objectives 4
1.5 Operational definitions 5
1.6 Hypothesis 5
1.7 Assumptions 6
1.8 Variables of the study 6
1.9 Sampling criteria 6
1.10 Delimitation 6
1.11 Conceptual framework 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9-13

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 14-18

3.1 Research approach 14
3.2 Research design 14
3.3 Research variables 16
3.4 Setting of the study 16
3.5 Population 16
3.6 Sample 17
3.7 Sample size 17
3.8 Sampling techniques 17
3.9 Selection criteria 17
3.10 Description of the tool 17
3.11 Ethical considerations 17
3.12 Data collection procedure 18
3.13 Plan for data analysis 18

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND 19-32

INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 33-34

CHAPTER VI SUMMARY CONCLUSION 35-37

IMPLICATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER VII REFERENCES 38-40

CHAPTER VIII ANNEXURES 41-52

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.

4.1 Distribution of respondents according to age 19

4.2 Distribution of respondents according to gender 20
4.3 Distribution of respondents according to area of 21
 residence
4.4 Distribution of respondents according to educational 22
status
4.5 Distribution of respondents according to occupation 23

4.6 Distribution of respondents according to income of 24

family per month
4.7 Distribution of respondents according to family type 25

4.8 Distribution of respondents according to food habits 26

4.9 Distribution of respondents according to previous 27

knowledge
4.10 Distribution of respondents according to previous 28
knowledge if Yes
4.11 Area wise level of knowledge regarding Diarrhoeal 29
management mean and mean percentage
4.12 Level of knowledge of mother's under five year old 31
children regarding Diarrhoeal management
4.13 Comparison of mean pre-test and post test 32
knowledge score

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
3.1 Schematic representation of research methodology 15
4.1 Distribution of respondents according to age 20

4.2 Distribution of respondents according to gender 21

4.3 Distribution of respondents according to area of 22
residence
4.4 Distribution of respondents according to 23
educational status
4.5 Distribution of respondents according to 24
occupation
4.6 Distribution of respondents according to income of 25
family per month
4.7 Distribution of respondents according to family 26
type
4.8 Distribution of respondents according to food 27
habits
4.9 Distribution of respondents according to previous 28
knowledge
4.10 Distribution of respondents according to previous 29
knowledge if Yes
4.11 Area wise level of knowledge regarding Diarrhoeal 30
management mean and mean percentage
4.12 Area wise level of knowledge regarding Diarrhoeal 31
management mean and mean percentage
4.13 Comparison of mean pre-test and post test
knowledge score

LIST OF ANNEXURES

ANNEXURE TITLE

I Letter seeking permission for conducting research

project
II Tool for data collection

III Information booklet on knowledge regarding

management of Diarrhoea
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Health is both responsibility as well as right protecting the health and development of
children is a long term contribution to growth and development of country as a
whole ,children under five year of age consisted to 1 5 to 20 percent of Indian population
their protection is greater investment for country economic prosperity and political
stability.Every year more than 10 million children less than 5 year of die developing country
most of the death are preventable and are mainly due to infective etiology like
diarrhoea ,respiratory tract infection ,measles and AIDS.ln 2022 more than 4.9 million die
due to seek condition . Diarrhoea disease is the second leading cause of death in children
under five year old.

Diarrhoea is define as passage of loose liquid and watery stool more than three time per day .
Diarrhoea is excessive loss of fluid and electrolyte in stool ,increase in liquidity causes of
diarrhoea . Diarrhoea pathogen host factor and environment factor . Diarrhoea pathogen virus
(rota virus ,adeno virus etc.) Bacteria (ecoli ,shigella etc.) Parasite (E.histolytica) fungus
(candida albicans ).Host factor this disease this disease is more common in children epically
those between 6 month to 5 year . Environment factor bacterial Diarrhoea most common in
summer or rainy season whereas viral diarrhoea in more common in winter.

Types of diarrhoea -According to Pathogen, According to duration, According to

mechanism of Diarrhoea, According to clinical type of Diarrhoea.According to
pathogen( infective and non infective , noninfective- congenital anomalies of GIT,
malabsorption syndrom , food allergy,some drug allergy According to duration( acute
diarrhoea - lasts less than 14 days. Chronic and persistent diarrhoea- episodic lasts more than
14 days )According to mechanism of diarrhoea( secretary diarrhoea ,mortality diarrhoea,
osmotic diarrhoea).According to clinical type of diarrhoea ( acute bloody stool ,acute watery
stool )

Clinical manifestation is dehydration loose watery stool ,low grade fever , anorexia,
vomiting, nausea ,abdominal distension , behavioral change like irritability ,restless etc ,
weakness, lethargy ,weight loss , poor skin turgor ,dry mucus member , dry lip , pallor ,
sunken eye , depressed fontanelles tachycardia , rapid respiratory, cold extremities,
decreased urine output, convulsion, loss of consciousness.

Prevention of diarrhoea-exclusive breast feeding,bottle feeding should be avoided improve

personal hygiene and sanitation ( wash hand , eat clean food , drink clean food) immunization
eg. Measles ,rotavirus, vitamin A prophylactic dose, better nutrition, improved are
management.
Oral rehydration therapy- it is balance mixture of glucose and electrolyte,. Almost all death
from diarrhoea can be prevented by ORS.Mechanism of action sodium promote absorption of
water from intestine, glucose promotion the absorption of sodium and water from intestine.
1
Sodium (mmol/ltr). 75
Potassium (mmol/ltr). 20
Chloride (mmol/ ltr) 65
Citrate ( mmol/ ltr) 10
Glucose(mmol/ ltr) 75
Osmolarity ( mmol/ltr)- 245

After rehydration completion food should be reintroduce continue oral rehydration to replace
ongoing losses start breast feeding as soon as possible. Children above 6 month of age give
food with complex carbohydrate preffered .Avoid fatty food or food with simple sugar.
Energy density should be kcal/ gm.

Energy intake should be 100kcal/ kg / day and protein intake of 2-3 gram/ kg/day.
Milk should be diluted with water during any phase of acute diarrhoea.
Milk can also be given as Milk cereals mixture Dalia, Milk rice mixture.
This technique reduce the lactose load and preserving energy density.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Diarrhoeal disease which is one of the leading reason behind global morbidity or mortality is
more threatening for infants and young children.
Childhood diarrhoea is becoming increasingly prevalent in developing countries like India.
Moreover, it is major cause of malnutrition that contributes towards 3rd major cause of under
five mortalities. This has revised a serious concern in the domain of public health.
In 2021: - 9% of all death among children under as of five Year. This translate to over 1200
young children die each day. About 444000 children a year despite the availability of a
sample and treatment solution

General statistics are ~

● Overall prevalence: - In 2019 – 21, 73.9% of children under five in India had
diarrhoea.
● Regional function: - Varies by state & union territory.
● High prevalence: - Bihar (13.7%), Delhi (10.6%), Meghalaya (10.5%), Odisha (9.7%)
and Maharashtra (8.9%)
● Low prevalence: - Lakshadweep (2.3%) Dadra & Nagar Haveli (2.7%) and Goa
(3.2%)
● Rural and urban area : - Diarrhoea is more prevalent in rural areas (7.7%) than urban
area (6.2%)
● Age: - The prevalence of diarrhea decrease with age
● Gender: - Diarrhoea is more prevalent in male children than female children.
2
● Season: - Diarrhoea is more prevalent in the summer and spring season, and less
prevalent in the winter and autumn season.
● Economic Status: - Children from a rich economic family are likely to have diarrhoea.
● The stop diarrhoea campaign~ It began in 2014 yours on enhancing the prevent,
protect and treat (PPT) strategy and increasing the use of ORS and ZINC

'' DIARRHEA KI ROKTHAM,

SAFAI AUR ORS SE RAKHE APNA DHYAN.”

The stop campaign will implemented in 2 phases: -

1. First Phase (preparatory phase) - From 14th to 30th JUNE 2024.
2. Campaign phase - 1st JULY to 31st August..

Key activities during the period includes the distribution of ORS and ZINC co-packages by
ASHA workers to household with children under-5 setting up ORS and ZINC the health
Facilities and Anganwadi centres, and awareness efforts for effective diarrhoea management.
The campaign will strengthen, services provision for diarrhoea management to ensure
comprehensive care & prevention.

1.2 NEED FOR STUDY

“ Children are the major constituent of the global population. They are the integral
components which are responsible for the development of the nation. Investing in this
resource is significantly beneficial.”
The national family health survey-3 (NFHS-3) reported that 9% of children under 5 in India
has died in the previous two weeks. The average estimated incidence of diarrhoea in children
is 026 years was 1.71 episodes per person per year in rural areas and 1.09 episodes per person
per hearing urban areas. (NFHS-3 data June,2024)
Diarrhoeal disease is the third leading cause of death in children from 1 to 59 months of age it
is both preventable and treatable. Each year diarrhoea kills around 4,43,832 children under 5
and an additional 50851 children aged 5 to 9 years. Significant proportion of diarrheal disease
can be prevented through safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene. Globally
there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood derial disease every year. Diarrhoea is a
leading cause of malnutrition in children under 5 years old. (Data given by who in 2022)

Diarrhoea is a climate sensitive disease disproportionately affects children under five years
and
remains one of their second leading cause of death globally 2019 almost 1.7 billion children
under five years developed diarrhoea with 525,000. The greatest burden of diarrhoea menace
was born by law and middle income countries where improve water sanitation and hygiene
remains a consistent problem.
Despite a decrease in incidence during the past 30 years, diarrhoea continues to be a major
3
global contributor to test among children younger than 5 years. There are various

microorganisms responsible for diarrheal infection such as bacteria, viruses and parasites.
Under nutrition, low weight for height, non exclusive breastfeeding,incomplete rotavirus
vaccine administration,little health care excess and inadequate sanitation and hygiene
practices are all risk factors for fetal diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years.
Understanding the causes of death from diarrhoea in children with regard to specific enteric
pathogens would provide global awareness of the primary causes of mortality as well as the
prevention and control strategies.

Diarrhoea remains a major cause of child morbidity and mortality globally the World health
organisation (WHO) approximately 1.3 billion episodes and 3 million days annually in
children under 5 years of age all those their have been a few reports of decline is incidence
rates in some specific countries for most reasons no decline in the incidence of diarrhoea was
observed over the past 5 years.

It was found that infectious agents associated with diarrhoea are transmitted mainly through
faecal, oral routes which are bacteria,viruses and protozoa excreted in the human faeces
causes diarrhoea, most of the pathogens that cause diarrhoea transmitted through ingestion of
contaminated water and food.The need of this study is to understand and generate
information of people to make their children free from the diarrheal infection by adopting
various measures.

“Kayala Venkata Jagadeesh, Ashwini Narasanaavar et all(2024), has conducted a cross

sectional study to assess the knowledge,attitude and practice of the mothers in the
management of diarrhea among under 5 children in rural area of India. In present study they
use the proportionate sampling technique to recruit mothers. A pre-tested, pre- designed
structured questionnaire was used to obtain the data. A total of 382 mothers were participated
in the study. The study conducted that the knowledge of mother regarding management of
diarrhoea among under 5 children was average and most mothers had positive attitude.
However, only half of the mothers had good practice.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on the knowledge
regarding Diarrheal management among mothers of under five year children at Bal
chikitsalaya, Udaipur
1.4 OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the pre-test knowledge scores regarding the diarrheal management among
mothers of under five year children.
2. To prepare and administer structured teaching program me on knowledge regarding
diarrheal management among mothers of under 5 year children.
4
3. To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme and knowledge regarding
diarrheal management among mothers of under 5 year children.

1.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:-

Assess:- In the present study assess refers to the organized systematic and continuous process
gathering information on knowledge of diarrhoea from mothers of under five children.

Effectiveness:- In this study effectiveness means "Improving the knowledge regarding

diarrhoea for mothers of under five by structured teaching programme which may result
differences between pre and post test knowledge score".

Structured teaching programme:-In the present study it refers to systematically planned

teaching programme designed to provide information regarding diarrhoea among moth of
under five children.

Knowledge:- It refers to the ability of the mothers of under five children in giving correct
responses to the questions asked as measured by structured knowledge questionnaire.

Diarrhoea:- Diarrhoea is define as passage of loose liquid and watery stool more than three
time per day..

Mothers of Under five children:- In the present study it refers to the mothers who has children
below 5 years.

Study:- The devotion of time and attention to acquiring information of knowledge.

1.6 HYPOTHESIS:-

H1: There is a Significant difference between pre-test and the post-test knowledge scores
regarding diarrhoeal management among mother of under 5 year children.

H2: There is a Significant association between the mean pre-test knowledge scores with
selected socio demographic variables.

5
1.7 ASSUMPTION
Mother of under five year children we have inadequate knowledge regarding diarrhoea.
Structured teaching program can significantly increase their knowledge level regarding
regarding diarrhoea management among mother of under five year children.

1.8 VARIABLES OF THE STUDY:-

Dependent Variable- Level of knowledge among mother of under five year children.

Independent variable- Structured teaching programme.

1.9 SAMPLING CRITERIA:-

Inclusion Criteria

Mother's of under 5 year children with diarrhoea willingly participate in this teaching
program. Exclusion Criteria:Mother's of under five year children with diarrhoea who were
not available at the time of data collection.

1.10 DELIMITATION:-

1. The sample size is limited to 60 students.

2. The study is limited to a selected Balchikitsalaya, MBGH, Udaipur.

1.11 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:-

Conceptualization refers to the process of refining general or abstract ideas. The

conceptualization of study is based on system theory which has group of elements that
interact with one another to achieve the goals. This theory has three components input,
process and output.

INPUT:- In the present study, input is mother's of under five year children with Diarrhoea
with characteristics such as age, gender, family monthly income, education of father, type of
family, area of residence, previous knowledge regarding diarrhoea infection.

PROCESS:The process is development of structured teaching programme on diarrhoea

management under five year children Development of tool.

OUTPUT: In this study the output is considered in term of change of post-test knowledge
score obtain through structured knowledge questionnaire.
6
This theory has three components input, process and output matter, energy and information
system is known as output

FEEDBACK:- Feeds back is the environment responses to the system. Feedback may

be positive or negative or neutral. In this study input was assessing the knowledge regarding
ding diarrhoeal management among mothers of under five year children. Through the activity
phase the structured teaching was administered on diarrhoeal management, definition of
diarrhoea, types, risk factor, sign and symptoms,its diagnosis, prevention and treatment of
diarrhea management. Output was the change in knowledge regarding diarrhoea management
after the structured teaching which was measured by using a structured questionnaire on
diarrhea management.Feedback emphasizes to strengthen the input and through output

7
8
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Gorfu Geremew(International journal of environmental research June2024) conducted
a study on the impact of rainfall and temperature influence on childhood diarrhoea and the
effect modification about role of water and sanitation conditions.’ this is study aims to
produce comprehensive evidence on the association of temperature and rainfall variability
with the risk of childhood diarrhoea and influence of water and sanitation conditions.
Records published in English from 2006 to 2023. The statistical analysis were conducted
using are 4.3.2 software and review manager 5.3 a total of 2017 records were identified. The
analysis suggest a small positive association between increased temperature and the
occurrence of under five diarrhoea.

Darwin J Operario et al.(2019) Conducted a cross sectional study on etiology of severe

acute water diarrhoea in children in the global rotavirus surveillance network using
quantitative polymerized chain reaction. 878 acute water diarrheals tool sample from 14643
episodes captured by surveillance of children under 5 years of age during 2013 to 2019.
They use previously developed models of the association between pathogen quantity and
diarrhoea to calculate pathogen is specific weighted attributable fractions (AFs). Rotavirus
remainder leading etiological of acute diary are despite a clear impact of rotavirus vaccine
introduction. Norovirus,cryptosporidium and adenovirus were also important. Prospective
surveillance can help identify priorities for further reducing the burden of diarrhoea under
five
year children.

Alicia N. M. Kraay(2020) conducted a descriptive study on understanding the impact of

rainfall on diarrhoea testing the concentration dilution hypothesis using a systematic review
and meta analysis. The concentration dilution hypothesis suggests that these conflicting
results are explained by the background level of rain rainfall following dry periods can flush
pathogen into surface water increasing diarrheal incidence. Conducted a systematic search
for articles assessing the relationship between rain,extreme rain,flood,drought and seasons
and diarrheal illness. A total of 111 articles made the conclusion criteria overall the literature
larger supports the concentration dilution hypothesis. In particular extreme rain was
associated with the increase diarrhea when it followed a dried period (IRR )incidence rate
ratio is equal to 1.26 95% confidence interval (CI)1.05. incidences of bacterial and parasitic
diarrhea were more common during rainy season providing pathogen is specific support for
a concentration mechanism.

D M Berendes(2020) conducted a study titled ‘diarrhoea, enteric pathogen detection and

nutritional indicators among control in the global enteric multicenter study Kenya site and
opportunity to understand referral population in case to control diarrhoea’. Examined
diarrhea incidence sub clinical enteric infection and growth stunting within a referral
9
population study in Kenya. Examined survey at enrollment and 60 days follow up stool at
enrollment and 14 days post enrollment memory for diarrhoea incidence. In enrollment 19%
pathogen associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea msd pathogens in a stool following
many reported diarrhoea 27% in 7 days 39% in 14 days.
Zulfikar A et al. (2019) Conducted a descriptive study on interventions to address death
from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea equitably: what works and at what cost?
Pneumonia and diarrhoea are the two leading causes of death in the age group and have
overlapping risk factors . Several interventions can effectively address these problems but
are not available to those in need. Systematically reviewed evidence showing the
effectiveness of various potential preventive and therapeutic interventions against childhood
Idea and pneumonia and relevant delivery strategies. They used the lived save model to
access the effect on mortality when these interventions are applied they estimated that
implemented at present annual rates of increasing each of the 75 countdown countries these
interventions and packages of their could save 54% of diarrhoea and 51% of pneumonia
death by 2025 at a cost of US dollar 3.8 billion. New delivery platforms could promote
equitable access and community platforms are important catalysts in this respect.

Winfred Mbinya Manetu(2021) conducted a descriptive study on diarrhoea among children

under 5 years of age :A global Systematic Review. Systematic literature review was
conducted using the databases. Journal articles and related reports were filtered and limited
from 2005 to 2020. 61 reports and general articles reporting the prevalence and
determinants of diarrhoea among under 5 children and met inclusion criteria were used to
analyse the situation of global diarrhoea. Diarrheal disease among under 5 children is
significantly high and has been identified as the measure cause of mortality and whatbility
worldwide the review established that childhood idea is a global burden and is significantly
higher in low and middle income countries additionally the review found that the significant
independent variables associated with dilute disease among under 5 year are educational
status of mother,care takers,occupation status of mother and house condition.

KRISHNA PRIYA, ANKUTA KUMARI et all ( June 2022) has conducted a cross
sectional
study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention and home management of
diarrhoeal disease among hundred mothers of under five years of age at paediatrics OPD in
NMCH , Rohtak , Bihar. In the present study, the samples are selected by convenient
sampling techniques. The result revealed that 16% of the mothers had good knowledge,
50% had average knowledge and 34% had poor knowledge. The study concluded that the
age of the mother, educational status and family income influenced the level of knowledge of
the mother.

ANJANI KUMARI HIMANSHU KUMAR et all ( June 2022) has conducted a descriptive
study to assess the knowledge of mothers regarding nutrition for under five years of age
children in selected rural areas of Rohtas. In the present study, 50 mothers were selected by
10

convenient sampling technique and the structured questionnaire was prepared containing a
set of questions. The result revealed that 36% of mothers having matriculation , 16% of
having intermediate, 18% mothers are graduated and 30% of the mothers have formal
education. The study concluded that the majority of mothers suffered from deficit knowledge.

PRADHYA SAKLA, HIMANSHU DGANDE et all ( March 2021) has conducted a

descriptive
study to assess the pre test knowledge and post test knowledge of mothers regarding home
management of selected common illnesses of children age between 2 months to five years
of age in selected rural area of Pune . In the present study, 50 mothers are selected by
convenient sampling technique. The result revealed that the post test knowledge is 6.7
higher than pre test knowledge. The study concluded that it was statically interpreted to
share an information booklet for the knowledge of the mothers for home management of
chronic illness.

VISHESH R. LOHAKPURE, VINOD L. VEDPATHAK (2019), has conducted a

telephone
based follow up study to assess Diarrhoea disease among under five year children in rural
community. In the present study, they collected the data by house to house survey method.
A total of 622 children at urban health training centre Maharastra participated in this survey.
The study concluded that the lower incidence rate has been found in those Children who
were better Nourished, had received immunization and had been breast fed. The overall
diarrhoel incidence rate was found to be 2.11 episode child/year.

KUNAL KANTI MAJUMDER, SHYAMASREE MUKHERJEE et all (2020) has

conducted a
cross-sectional study to assess epidemiology of Diarrhoea among under-five Children in a
Village in Sunderbans, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. In the present study, they
use the survey method to collect the data. A total of 5264 samples have been collected from
the Hogolduri village . The results revealed that the majority of the people were Muslims
(79%). The majority (80.7%) of the families belong to the below-poverty-line (BPL).
Diarrhoea occurred during the last three months in 45.68% of children. The study concluded
that multiple factors are responsible for the high incidence of diarrhoeal disease in children in
a prototype village in the Sunderbans area.

MABROOK AIDAH BIN MOHANNA and NALIJA AL-SONBOLI January (2019) has
conducted a cross sectional study to assess the prevalance of diarrhoea and related risk
factor among Children aged under 5 year in Yemen at Department of pediatrics, Yemen. In
the present study, they use the interview technique to collect the data. The caregiving
mothers were interviewed on the grounds of their children. A total of 1570 samples have
been collected. The study concluded that diarrhoea prevelance is 29.07%.

11
MF BAVLEATH HK MITONGA , LP PINECHAS (2022) has conducted a cross-
sectional non
interventional study to assess the knowledge of caregiving mothers on etiology, prevention
and management of acute diarrhoea among children under 5 years in Engela District
,Namibia. In the present study, they use the questionnaire method to collect the data. A total
of 530 mothers/ caregivers of children under 5 year responded to study. The study
concluded that there is need to develop the intense strategies that may improve mothers /
caregivers knowledge such as health education improved litracy and improved women
empowerment for them to prevent and manage among children under 5 year old.

SHOEB BIN ISLAM, TAHMEED AHMED et all (2019), has conducted a simple random
experimental study to assess the management of persistent diarrhoea at Dhaka Hospital. In
present study, they use the randomised control method sampling technique to take samples
of 8638 children under 5 years of age admitted with diarrhoea. Data was retrieved from the
hospital’s electronic database. The study concluded that persistent diarrhoea remains an
important public health problem in children under-5 in Bangladesh. Algorithm-based dietary
management with simple clinical guidelines was effective in most cases.

P KALPANA and AR BHARATHI (2021), has conducted a descriptive study to assess the
knowledge regarding Diarrhoea among the mothers of underfives in a selected rural area at
Trichy. In present study, a convenient sampling method and semi-structured interview
schedule was used. A total of 30 mothers participated in this interview. The study revealed
that 7% mothers had adequate knowledge, 73% had moderate knowledge and 20% had
inadequate knowledge regarding Diarrhoea.

GOPI KRISHNA RANJAN and RAHUL RANJAN (2020), has conducted a descriptive
cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of diarrhoea among
mothers of under five children at selected hospital at Bhubaneswar. In the present study, the
structure knowledge questionnaire was prepared regarding prevention of diarrhoea. A total
of 30 participants were included in this study. The result revealed that 40% of the
participants had moderately adequate knowledge, 36.7% participants had inadequate
knowledge and only 23.3% had adequate knowledge regarding prevention of Diarrhoea.

SANTOSH D PATIL and RAVINDRANATH A BHOVI (2019) has conducted a

cross-sectional study to assess knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Diarrhoea and its
management among mothers of underfive children at UHTC Vijayapura. In present study, a
structured and pre-tested questionnaire was administered to all the mothers of underfive
children. A total of 160 mothers participated in this research design. The result revealed that
the diarrhoea prevalence is 38% and 94.7% of the total mothers had heard of ORS.
VISHWANATH BIRADAR, SUJATA G. GAIKWAD et all (2021) has conducted a
descriptive
study to assess the knowledge regarding Diarrhoea among the mothers of underfive children
in the selected area of Aurangabad city. In the present study, the non-probability purposive
12
sampling technique was used. A total of 30 mothers participated in this research design. The
result revealed that 76.66% of the total mothers had moderately adequate knowledge,
13.33% had adequate knowledge and 10% had inadequate knowledge regarding Diarrhoea.
NITIKA KAUSHAL ( May 2024 ) has conducted a pre experimental study to assess the
effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhoeal
management among mother of under five year of children in selected rural community in
Nanda ki chowki , Premnagar, Dehradun. In the present study, 40 samples are selected by
convenient sampling technique and questionnaire was prepared. The result revealed that the
post test knowledge is higher than the pre test knowledge, pre test knowledge is 15.47% and
post test knowledge 25.60 %. The study concluded that the structured teaching programme
was found helpful in increasing the knowledge of the mother of under 5 year children.

LUARA M LAMBERTI , CHRISTA L FISCHER WALKER et all ( April 2019 ) has

conducted
a cross-sectional study on the topic of diarrhoea duration and severity in children 5 years of
age in low and middle economic countries 100 children are selected in American African
countries by using self structured questionnaire tool. The result revealed that among children
under five 64.8% episodes of diarrhoea are mild , 34.7% moderate and 0.5% are severe .
The study concluded that the moderate and severe episode constitute a substantial portion
of the total envelope of diarrheal among children under five year.

ZEWUDAJEM GETACHEW, NEGA ASEFA et. al (2022), has conducted a cross

sectional
study to find out Diarrhoeal disease and associated factors among Children aged 6 to 59
months in Oda Bultum district, Eastern Ethiopia. In the present study, a multistage sampling
method was used to collect data. A total of 602 samples has been collected among the
children aged of 6 to 59 month at Oda Bultan district The result revealed that the prevalence
rate of diarrhoea is 7.4%, 95% among the children. The study concluded that children who
were vaccinated for their age developed diarrhoea less likely compared to those who did not
receive that children any form of vaccine for their age.

13
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is concerned with problem solving problem statement, historical
research and evaluation of research. It includes the collection, assembling and examination of
available data, making assumption about the data, testing the assumption, and developing
practical application from the laws or principles that have been derived from the verification
of assumption (Kothari, 1998).
Methodology is the most important part of research study, which enables the researcher to
from a blue print of the research undertaken. Research methodology involves the systemic
procedure by which the researcher starts from the time of initial identification of the problem
to its final conclusion.
This chapter deals with the brief description of the different steps undertaken by the
investigator for the study. It includes the research approach, research design and variables,
setting of the study, population, sample and sampling technique, development of tool,
description of tool, data collection procedure and plan for data analysis.
3.1RESEARCH APPROCH
Research approach is a systematic objective method of discovery with empirical evidence and
rigorous control. The research approach spells out the basic strategic that the researcher
adopts to develop the information that is accurate and interpretable.
An evaluative approach was use for this study.
3.2RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design can be defined as a blue print to conduct a research study which involves the
description of research approach, study setting, sampling size, sampling collection and
analysis to answer specific research question or for testing research hypothesis. (S. K.
Sharma, 2014)
In this study the research design is pre-experimental one group pretest- intervention
research design.

GROUP PRE -TEST INTERVENTION

Mothers of under 5 year Assessment of Administering an
children with diarrhoea in knowledge regarding information +booklet on
Bal Chikitsalaya, M.B.G.H diarrhoea and its knowledge regarding
Udaipur (Raj.) management diarrhoea and its
management among the
mothers of under 5 year
children with diarrhoea.

14
Pretest was conducted using the structured knowledge questionnaire on day 1 and an
information booklet on knowledge regarding diarrhoea and its management among the
mothers of under 5 years children was administrad on same day.

3.1 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Obtained data is analyzed using descriptive statistics

RESEARCH APPROACH
Evaluative Approach
 RESEARCH DESIGN
Pre Experimental Research Design: Descriptive Research Design

RESEARCH SETTING
Bal Chikitsalaya ,M.B.G.H Udaipur(RAJ.)

TARGET POPULATION
Mothers of under 5 year children with diarrhoea

SAMPLE SIZE
60

SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
Non Probable Purposive Sampling

15
METHOD & TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION
Structured knowledge questionnaire Method

INTERVENTION
Information booklet

3.3RESEARCH VARIABLES
A variable is any characteristic or attributes that change.
 1. Dependent variable :-
In this study knowledge regarding diarrhoea and its management among the mothers of
under 5 years children in Bal chikitsalay, M.B.G.H. Udaipur

2. Independent variable :-
In this study an information booklet regarding diarrhoea and its management among
the mothers of under 5 years children with diarrhoea.

3.Socio demographic variable :-

In the present study the socio demographic variables were – age, area of Residence,
education, occupation and family income.

3.4SETTING OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted in Bal Chikitsalaya, M.B.G.H Udaipur (Raj.)

3.5POPULATION
Population is the aggregation of all the units in which a researcher is interested.

● Universal population :- The population of present study consists of the

mothers of under 5 years children with diarrhoea..

● The target population :- Mothers of under 5 years children with diarrhoea in Bal
Chikitsalaya, M.B.G.H Udaipur (Raj.)
● Accessible population :- Mothers of under 5 year children with diarrhoea in Bal
Chikitsalaya, M.B.G.H Udaipur (Raj.) who fulfil the inclusion criteria and were
available at the setting of the study during data collection.
16
3.6SAMPLE
Sample may be defined as a representative unit of a target population which is to be
worked upon by researchers during their study.

In the present study sample includes the mothers of under 5 years children with diarrhoea in
Bal Chikitsalaya, M.B.G.H Udaipur (Raj.) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria.
3.7SAMPLE SIZE
In the present study sample size comprises 60 mothers of under 5 years children with
diarrhoea present in Bal Chikitsalaya, M.B.G.H Udaipur (Raj.)

3.8SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Sampling refers to the process of selecting a portion of population to represent entire
population.
In this study, non probable purposive sampling is used.

3.9SELECTION CRITERIA
1. Inclusion criteria – include all the mothers of under 5 years children with
diarrhoea in Bal Chikitsalaya who are willing to participate in the study and
available at the time of data collection.

2. Exclusion criteria – exclude the mothers of under 5 years children with

diarrhea in Bal chikitsalay who were not willing to participate.

3.10DESCRIPTION OF TOOL

Data collection tool is an instruments used by researcher or major key variable in the
research problem. A structured knowledge questionnaire is used to collect data.

The tool is consisted of following sections -

● Section A- consist of socio demographic variables such as age, residence area,
education, occupation family income gender etc.

● Section B – consisting of structured knowledge questionnaire .

3.11ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
➢ Necessary permission was obtained from concerned
➢ Subjects are informed about the purpose of the study

17
➢ There was no risk or harm to the participants
➢ The researcher introduced himself to the participants before study.
➢ Confidentiality was maintained
➢ Answers of all the questions were given to the subjects by the researcher.
➢ Documentation of informed consent was done.

3.12DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Permission will be taken from medical superintendent of M.B.G.H Udaipur (Raj.)
• Inform the consent will be taken from each individual sample.
• Pretest was conducted using the structured knowledge questionnaire on day
and an information booklet on knowledge regarding diarrhoea and its
management among others of under 5 years children with diarrhoea was
administered on the same day.
3.13PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Obtained data is analyzed using descriptive statistics
Mean and standard calculation is calculated of pre-test and post test knowledge score.
Difference between pre-test and post test knowledge score were calculated.
 18

CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Analysis is the process of organizing and synthesizing the data so as to answer research
question test and hypothesis (Sharma S.K.)
The collected data are called as raw data, the raw data meaningless unless certain statistical
treatment is given to them. The analysis of data means to make the new data meaning fall or
to draw soma results from date after proper statistical or analytical treatment. The analysis
and interpretation of data represent the application of deductive and inductive logic to the
collected raw data. The data collected were tabulated, edited interpreted and finding obtained
were presented in the form of table and diagrams represented under the following headings.
ORGANIZATION & PRESENTATION OF DATA
The collected data were edited, classified and then presented in the form of table and
figures under the following headings:
Section I - Distribution of respondents according to their socio demographic
characteristics.

Section II – Distribution of Existing knowledge Scores on levels of knowledge regarding

Diarrheal Management among Mothers of under-five year old children.

Section I Distribution of respondents according to socio- demographic

variables
Table 4.1 Distribution of respondents according to Age
N=60
Age (in years) Frequency Percentage (%)

20-30 31 51.67

31-40 23 38.33

41-50 4 6.67

>50 2 3.33

Total 60 100

19

Figure 4.1 Distribution of Respondents According to Age

Table 4.1 and figure 4.1 depicts that 51.66% Respondents were from the age group of 20-30
years, 38.33 % were from the age group of 31-40 years, 6.67% were from the age group of
41-50 years and 3.33 % participants were from the age group of >50 years.
Table 4.2 Distribution of Respondents According to Gender
N=60
Gender Frequency Percentage (%)

Female 48 80

Male 12 20

Total 60 100

20

Figure 4.2 Distribution of Respondents According to Gender

Table 4.2 and figure 4.2 depicts that 80 % of the Participants are Female, 20 % of Participants
are Male.
Table 4.3 Distribution of Respondents According to Area of Residence
N=60
Area of residence Frequency Percentage (%)

Rural 44 73.33

Urban 16 26.67

21

Figure 4.3 Distribution of Respondents According to Area of Residence

Table 4.3 and figure 4.3 depicts that 73.33 % of the respondents live in rural area, 26.66 %
live in urban area.
Table 4.4 Distribution of Respondents According to Educational status
N=60
Educational status Frequency Percentage (%)

Illiterate 15 25

Primary Education 21 35

Secondary Education 18 30

Senior Secondary and Above 6 10

Total 60 100

22

Figure 4.4 Distribution of Respondents According to Education

Table 4.4 and figure 4.4 depicts that 25 % of the Respondents are with Illiterate 35 % are
Primary Education 30 % are Secondary Education and 10 % are Senior Secondary Education.

Table 4.5 Distribution of Respondents According to Occupation

 N=60
Occupation of Parents Frequency Percentage (%)

Housewife 36 60

Private employee 10 18.33

Govt employee 3 5

Self-employee 11 16.67

Total 60 100

23

Figure 4.5 Distribution of Respondents According to Occupation

Table 4.5 and figure 4.5 depicts that 60 % of Respondent’s occupation were Housewife,
18.33 % of Respondent’s occupation are Private Employed, 5 % of Respondent’s occupation
were Govt Employed and 16.67 % of Respondent’s occupation were Self employee.
Table 4.6 Distribution of Respondents According Income of Family per Month
N=60
Family Income (Per Frequency Percentage (%)
month)

Rs. < 10000 /- 20 15

Rs. 10,000 -15,000 /- 19 50

Rs. 15,000 - 20000/- 8 21.67

More than Rs. 20,000/- 13 13.33

Total 60 100

24

Figure 4.6 Ditribution of Respondents According to Income of Family per Month

Table 4.6 and figure 4.6 Depicts that 15 % Respondents family income was Rs.<10000 /- 50
% had Rs.10,000 -15,000 /- , 21.67 % had Rs 15,000 -20,000 /- and 13.33 % had More than
Rs. 20,000/-.

Table 4.7 Distribution of Respondents According to Family Types

N=60
Family Types Frequency Percentage (%)

Nuclear 27 45

Joint 33 55

25

Figure 4.7 Distribution of Respondents According to Family Types

Table 4.7 and figure 4.7 depicts that 45 % respondents were from Nuclear Family, 55 %
respondents were from Joint Family.
Table 4.8 Distribution of Respondents According to Food Habits
N=60
Food Habits Frequency Percentage (%)

Vegetarian 35 58.33

Non-vegetarian 25 41.67

26

Figure 4.8 Distribution of Respondents According to Food Habits

Table 4.8 and figure 4.8 depicts that 58.33 % respondents were Vegetarian, 41.67 %
respondents Non vegetarian.
Table 4.9 Distribution of Respondents According to Previous Knowledge
N=60
Previous Knowledge Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 36 60

No 24 40

27

Figure 4.9 Distribution of Respondents According to Previous knowledge

Table 4.9 and figure 4.9 depicts that 60 % respondents answered yes, 40 % respondents
answered no.

Table 4.10 Distribution of Respondents According to Previous Knowledge if Yes

 N=27
Previous Knowledge Frequency Percentage (%)

Anganwadi 14 37.84

Health Personnel 11 29.73

Mass media 8 21.62

Literature 4 10.81

Total 27 100

28

Figure 4.10- Distribution of Respondents According to Previous Knowledge if Yes

Table 4.10 and figure 4.10 depicts 37.84 % respondents answered Anganwadi, 29.73 %
respondents answered Health Personnel, 21.62 % respondents answered Mass media and
10.81 % respondents answered Literature.
Section II –Distribution of Existing knowledge Scores on levels of knowledge regarding
Diarrheal Management among Mothers of under-five year old children.
Table 4.11: - Area wise Level of Knowledge regarding Diarrheal Management Mean
and Mean Percentage.
N = 27
Level of Max Mean Mean

Knowledge score Percentage

Intro & Definition 5 2.85 57%

Etiology 6 3.65 60.83%

Clinical Manifestation 5 2.67 53.33%

Prevention 4 2.47 61.67%

Management 7 4.05 67.50%

29

Figure 4.11: - Area wise Mean and Mean Percentage of Pre – test
Table 4.11 and figure 4.11 depicts show in relation the knowledge regarding Diarrheal
Management among Mothers of under-five year old children.
In relation to the knowledge area of Intro & Definition, the max score 5, mean is 2.85 and
mean percentage is 57%.
In relation to the knowledge area of Etiology, the max score is 6, mean is 3.65 and mean
percentage is 60.83%.
In relation to the knowledge area of clinical manifestation the max score is 5, mean is 2.67
and mean percentage is 53.33%.
In relation to the knowledge area of Prevention the max score is 4, mean is 2.47 and mean
percentage is 61.67%.
In relation to the knowledge area of Management the max score is 7, mean is 4.05 and mean
percentage is 67.50%.

30

Table 4.12: - Level of Knowledge of Mothers of under-five year old children regarding
Diarrheal Management.
N=60
Level of Knowledge Frequency Percentage

Good 1 1.67%

(Above 75%)

Average 48 80%

(50-75%)

Poor 11 18.33%

(Below 50%)
Figure 4.12: - Level of Knowledge of Mothers of under-five year old children regarding
Diarrheal Management

Table 4.12 and figure 4.12 interpret frequency and distribution of Mothers of under-five year
old children according to their level of knowledge regarding Diarrheal Management, majority
(80%) of Mothers were having average level of knowledge and 18.33% of Mothers were
having poor level of knowledge and 1.67% Mothers having good level of knowledge
regarding Diarrheal Management.

31
Table 4.13 Mean and Mean Percentage of knowledge score.

Knowledge of Mean
No. of items Max. score Mean
aspect percentage

General
27 21 15.68 74.68%
Information

The above table shows No. of Items, Maximum score, Mean and Mean percentage of pre-test
knowledge of the Mothers of under-five year old children.
In relation to knowledge aspect of general information regarding Diarrheal Management. The
max score was 21, Mean was 15.68 and Mean percentage was 74.68 %.
Hence the level of knowledge was found average among Mothers of under-five year old
children. The researchers distributed an information booklet covering all aspects of Diarrheal
Management.
 32

CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
 CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the major findings and discusses them in in relation to similar studies
conducted by other researchers. This study was conducted to assess knowledge the
effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on the knowledge regarding Diarrheal
Management among Mothers of under-five year old children at Bal Chikitsalaya, Udaipur.
In order to achieve the objectives of the study descriptive research design was used to
evaluate the effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge regarding Diarrheal
Management among 60 Mothers of under-five year old children. In the present study
purposive sampling technique was used to the selected sample. The study was conducted in
Pediatric ICU Ward, Bal Chikitsalaya, M.B.G.H. at Udaipur city, Rajasthan and Data was
collected from Mothers of under-five year old children before administration of information
booklet by using structured interview schedule.

Objectives of the study were:

● To assess the existing knowledge regarding Diarrheal Management among Mothers of
under-five year old children.
● To develop & administer an information booklet regarding Diarrheal Management
among Mothers of under-five year old children.
The mean pre- test knowledge score was 15.69.
The study concluded that the administration of an information booklet was effective in
enhancing the knowledge of Diarrheal Management among Mothers of under-five year old
children.

Major findings of the study were

SECTION I: Distribution of respondents according to Socio demographic variables

● 51.66% Respondents were from the age group of 20-30 years, 38.33 % were from the
age group of 31-40 years, 6.67% were from the age group of 41-50 years and 3.33 %
participants were from the age group of >50 years.
● 80 % of the Participants are Female, 20 % of Participants are Male.
● 73.33 % of the respondents live in rural area, 26.66 % live in urban area.
 ● 25 % of the Respondents are with Illiterate 35 % are Primary Education 30 % are
Secondary Education and 10 % are Senior Secondary Education.
● 60 % of Respondent’s occupation were Housewife, 18.33 % of Respondent’s
occupation are Private Employed, 5 % of Respondent’s occupation were Govt
Employed and 16.67 % of Respondent’s occupation were Self employee.
● 15 % Respondents family income was Rs.<10000 /- 50 % had Rs.10,000 -15,000 /- ,
33
● 21.67 % had Rs 15,000 -20,000 /- and 13.33 % had More than Rs. 20,000/-.
● 45 % respondents were from Nuclear Family, 55 % respondents were from Joint
Family.
● 58.33 % respondents were Vegetarian, 41.67 % respondents Non vegetarian.
● 60 % respondents answered yes, 40 % respondents answered no.
● 37.84 % respondents answered Anganwadi, 29.73 % respondents answered Health
Personnel, 21.62 % respondents answered Mass media and 10.81 % respondents
answered Literature.

SECTION II: Comparison of mean pre-test and post test knowledge scores:

The Maximum Mean percentage was (67.50%) in the area of Management on Diarrheal
Management and least percentage (53.33%) in the area of Clinical Manifestation of pre-test
knowledge score.
The Maximum Mean percentage was (92 40%) in the area of Intro & Definition on Diarrheal
Management and least percentage (87.00%) in the area of Management of post-test
knowledge score.
The maximum mean difference was in the area of Prevention (3.99) and minimum mean
difference in area of Management (0.26) of pre-test and post-test knowledge score
Distribution of Pre-test Score on levels of knowledge regarding Diarrheal Management
among Mothers of under-five year old children.
The mean pre-test knowledge scores were 14.03 and mean post-test knowledge scores were
23.40. The mean difference between pre and post-test knowledge score was 9.37 the mean
post-test knowledge score was greater than the pretest knowledge score, hence the
information booklet was effective in enhancing the knowledge regarding Diarrheal
Management among Mothers of under five year old children. Mean score of pre-test is 14.03
while the median is 14 and standard deviation is 1.49. The mean score of Post-test is 23.40
while, the mindian is 24 and standard deviation is 3.07
 34

CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
IMPLICATION &
RECOMMENDATION

CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of the study. The study is conducted with the title
intention to Udaipur (Raj.). The data was collected from 60 mothers of Under five year old
children with Diarrhoea by using a knowledge questionnaire and information booklet.

A study to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on the knowledge

regarding Diarrheal management among mothers of under five year old children at Bal
chikitsalaya Udaipur.

The study is based on the assumption that:

● The group of mothers had adequate knowledge regarding management of Diarrhoea.

● The group of mothers had adequate practice regarding the management of Diarrhoea.

An extensive review of literature was done which enabled, the investigator to study in depth
the
selected problem,to construct the tool,analyse the data and interpret the findings.
Descriptive design with comparative design was adopted to " A descriptive study to assess
the
effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on the knowledge regarding diarrheal
management among mothers of under five year old children at Bal chikitsalaya Udaipur. The
data was collected from 60 mothers and they were selected using non probable convenience
sampling.

The investigator obtained authority from the principal of the government college of nursing
Udaipur and the superintendent of MBGH Udaipur (Raj.) for the study. Knowledge
questionnaire
and the information booklet was used for assessing the knowledge and practice of mothers of
under five years old children with Diarrhoea.
The data obtained was analysed as per objectives and interpreted by using a knowledge
questionnaire and information booklet.

The mean pre-test knowledge scores were 14.03 and mean post-test knowledge scores were
23.40. The mean difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores was 9.37. The
mean post-test knowledge score was greater than the pre-test knowledge scores, hence the
information booklet was effective in enhancing the knowledge regarding Diarrheal
management
among mothers of under five year old children. The mean score of the pre-test is 14.03 while
35
the median is 14 and the standard deviation is 1.49. The mean score of the post-test is 23.40
while the median is 24 and the standard deviation is 3.07.
Findings regarding mean and mean percentage of pre-test scores of mothers of under five
children with Diarrhoea
The findings show in relation to the knowledge among the mothers that in relation to the
knowledge area of introduction and definition of Diarrhoea, the maximum score is 5, mean is
2.7
and mean percentage is 54.04%. In relation to the knowledge area of etiology, the maximum
score is 6, mean is 3.23 and the mean percentage is 64.67%. In relation to the knowledge of
clinical manifestation, the maximum score is 5, mean is 2.55 and mean percentage is 51%. In
relation to the knowledge area of prevention, the maximum score is 4, mean is 2.33 and mean
percentage is 58.33%. In relation to the knowledge area of management, the maximum score
is
7, mean is 3.22 and mean percentage is 64.33%.

CONCLUSION

The chapter enlightens the importance of this research study, entitled as " A study to assess
the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on the knowledge regarding
Diarrheal
management among mothers of under five year old children at Bal chikitsalaya,
Udaipur.”

During the study, it was observed that all the samples were very conscious and interesting to
learn. The result of the test reveals that there was a low level of knowledge about
management
among the mothers of under five children with Diarrhoea but an information booklet will help
to
increase their knowledge.

IMPLICATION

The findings of the study have implication for nursing practice, nursing research, nursing
education and nursing administration.

1 Nursing Practice
Nurses have a major role in management of diarrhea under 5 years of children to improve
mother education & reduce mortality rate of under 5 year children due to Diarrhoea. Proper
knowledge and practice about diarrheal management in under 5 year children is essential for
nurses and to provide quality care. The present study helps to get the knowledge and practice
of nursing students regarding the management of diarrhea.

36
2 Nursing Research
Nursing research on this study will be valuable reference for further research.
The findings of the study would help to expand the scientific body of professional practice &
knowledge upon which further research can be conducted.
3. Nursing administration
As an administration , nurses may conduct teaching programmes in Pediatric ward of Bal
chikitsalaya.

4 Nursing education
Nurse educator must develop adequate knowledge regarding diarrhoeal management in under
5 year of children and provide opportunity to students for getting knowledge regarding
diarrhoeal management.

5. Nursing education
Nurse educator must develop adequate knowledge regarding Diarrhoea and the prevention of
Diarrhoea to enhance knowledge about prevention of Diarrhoea.
Limitations
The limitations of the study are :
● The size of the sample was small to draw generalization.
● Knowledge regarding Diarrhoea among mother's of under five year children with
Diarrhoea through structured knowledge questionnaire.

Recommendation
On the basis of findings of the study, it is recommended that :
1. A similar study should be conducted for large groups.
2. A comparative study should be conducted on the same topic.
3. A Similar study can be carried out by PG students.

37

CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

CHAPTER VII
REFERENCES

1. Gupta, Ambrish, Prashant Maheshwari, and Y. K. Rao. "Role of single and mixed
probiotics in
acute diarrheal diseases in the pediatric population." International Journal of Basic & Clinical
Pharmacology 6, no. 11 (2024): 2596.

2. Hodges, M. "Diarrhoeal disease in early childhood: experiences from Sierra Leone."

Parasitology 107, S1 (2023): S37—S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075491

3. Aydın K et al. The significance of MUAC z-scores in diagnosing pediatric malnutrition: a

scoping review with special emphasis on neurologically disabled children. 2023. 11. - PMC -
PubMed

4. Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, D-33501

Bielefeld,
Germany Tel: 449 0172 5688013 ; E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract(2023)

5. Khaled Yassin ;Morbidity and risk factors of diarrheal diseases among under-five children
in
rural upper Egypt; Department(2022)

6. Azrimaidaliza A. Women’s Contribution to Improving Children’s Nutritional Status. in

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Gender, Culture and Society, ICGCS
2021,
30–31 August 2021, Padang, Indonesia. 2022.

7. Seidu A-A, et al. Women empowerment indicators and uptake of child health services in
sub-saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis using cross-sectional data from 26 countries. J
Public
Health. 2022;44(4):740–52. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab177. - DOI - PubMed

8. Shifera N, et al. Acute malnutrition and its contributing factors among children under-five
years in rural kebeles of Shashemene Oromia. Ethiopia Front Nutr. 2022;9:1053928. doi:
10.3389/fnut.2022.1053928. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

9. Demissie GD, et al. Diarrhea and associated factors among under five children in
sub-saharan Africa: evidence from demographic and health surveys of 34 sub-saharan
countries. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(9):e0257522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257522. - DOI -
PMC -PubMed
38
10. Ruuska T, Vesikari T. Rotavirus disease in Finnish children: use of numerical scores for
clinical severity of diarrhoeal episodes. Scand J Infect Dis. 2021;22(3):259–267.

11. de Deus N, et al. Early impact of rotavirus vaccination in children less than five years of
age in Mozambique. Vaccine. 2018;36(47):7205–9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.060. -
DOI - PMC- PubMed

12. Mosisa D, et al. Determinants of diarrheal diseases among under five children in Jimma
Geneti District, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2020: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr.
2021;21(1):1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-03022-2. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

13. WHO. Diarrhea 2023 [cited 2023 August 12]; Available from:
https://www.who.int/health-topics/diarrhoea#tab=tab_1.

14. Organization WH. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age,

weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and
development.
World Health Organization; 2020

15. Paul P. Socio-demographic and environmental factors associated with diarrhoeal disease
among children under five in India. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1886.
doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09981-y. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

16. UNICEF. Monitoring the situation of children and women. 2019; Available from:
https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/diarrhoeal-disease/.

17. Neuman MJ, Okeng’o L. Early childhood policies in low- and middle-income countries.
Early
Years. 2019;39(3):223–8. doi: 10.1080/09575146.2019.1636571. - DOI

18. WHO. Children: improving survival and well-being. 2020 [cited 2023; Available from:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-morta...:

19. Paul P. Socio-demographic and environmental factors associated with diarrhoeal disease
among children under five in India. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1886. doi:
10.1186/s12889-020-09981-y. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

20. Hjelt K, Grauballe PC, Andersen L, Schiotz PO, Howitz P, Krasilnikoff PA. Antibody
response in serum and intestine in children up to six months after a naturally acquired
rotavirus
gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;5(1):74–80. doi:
10.1097/00005176-198601000-00014. - DOI - PubMed

39
21. Dewan, Pooja, Dhano Mardi, Sunil Gomber, and Rumpa Saha. "IDDF2018-ABS-0044
Enteric pathogens and predictors for acute diarrhoea in children living with human
immunodeficiency virus infection." In International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF) 2018,
Hong
Kong, 9–10 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology,
2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-iddfabstracts.80

22. Ferreira HdS. Anthropometric assessment of children’s nutritional status: a new approach
based on an adaptation of Waterlow’s classification. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20(1):65. doi:
10.1186/s12887-020-1940-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

23. Troeger C, et al. Rotavirus vaccination and the global burden of rotavirus diarrhea among
children younger than 5 years. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(10):958–65. doi:
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1960. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

24. de Deus N, et al. Early impact of rotavirus vaccination in children less than five years of
age
in Mozambique. Vaccine. 2018;36(47):7205–9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.060. - DOI -
PMC
- PubMed

25. UNICEF. Monitoring the situation of children and women. 2019; Available from:
https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/diarrhoeal-disease/

26. Elmanssury, Ahmed ., Elnadif ., Dafalla ., Safa ., and Abdalla . "Prevalence of Diarrhea
and
Association with Socio-Demographic Factors among Children Under Five in Mayo
Camp-Khartoum State Sudan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 3
(2022): 1100–1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221631100

27. Ikeda, Takayoshi, Thandi Kapwata, Swadhin K. Behera, et al. "Climatic Factors in
Relation
to Diarrhoea Hospital Admissions in Rural Limpopo, South Africa." Atmosphere 10, no. 9
(2019):
522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090522
 40

CHAPTER 8
ANNEXURE

ANNEXURE I

Letter seeking permission for conducting research project.

 41

ANNEXURE II

SECTION A
खण्ड अ
 SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
सामाजिक जनसांख्यिकीय चर

NOTE- Dear participant, kindly read the statement given below and select the
appropriate answer by placing a tick mark ( ) against the option.
The information furnished by you will be kept confidential.

नोट- प्रिय प्रतिभागी, कृपया नीचे दिए गए कथन को पढ़ें और विकल्प

के सामने सही का निशान () लगाकर उचित उत्तर चुनें।
आपके द्वारा दी गई जानकारी गोपनीय रखी जाएगी।

1. Age in years
a. 20-30 years
b. 31-40 years
c. 41- 50 years
d. 50 years and above. ()

1. आयु वर्षों में

1. 20-30 वर्ष
2.31-40 वर्ष
3.लगभग 41-50 वर्ष
4. 50 वर्ष और उससे अधिक। ()

2. Gender
a. Male
b. Female. ()

2. लिंग
1. पुरुष
2. महिला। ()

3. Educational status
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Senior secondary and above others
d. Illiterate. ()

3. शैक्षिक स्थिति
1. प्राथमिक
2. माध्यमिक
42
3.सीनियर सेकेंडरी और उससे ऊपर अन्य
4.अनपढ़. ()

4. Occupation
a. Housewife
b. Private job
c. Government job
d. Self employee. ()

4. व्यवसाय
1.गृहिणी
2.प्राइवेट नौकरी
3.सरकारी नौकरी
4.स्वयं कर्मचारी। ()

5. Income per month

a. < 10,000 Rs
b. 10,000-15,000 Rs
c. 15,000-20,000 Rs
d. More than 20,000Rs. ()

5.आय प्रति माह

1.< 10,000 रु.
2. 10,000-15,000 रु.
3.लगभग 15,000-20,000 रु.
4. 20,000 रु. से अधिक ()

6. Type of family
a. Nuclear
b. Joint. ()

6. परिवार का प्रकार
1.एकल
2.संयुक्त। ()

7. Food habits
a. Vegetarian
b. Non vegetarian. ()

7. खान-पान की आदतें
1. शाकाहारी
2. मांसाहारी. ()

8. Do you have any information regarding Diarrhoeal management under 5 year children?
a. Yes
b. No. ()

43
8. क्या आपके पास 5 वर्ष से कम उम्र के बच्चों के दस्त प्रबंधन के
बारे में कोई जानकारी है?
1. हाँ
2.नहीं। ()

9. If yes, source of information

a. Anganwadi
b. literature
c. mass media
d. Health personnel. ()

9. यदि हां, तो सूचना का स्रोत

1.आंगनवाडी
2.साहित्य
3.संचार मीडिया
4.स्वास्थ्य कर्मी. ()

Section B
खण्ड ब

KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE
ज्ञान प्रश्नावली

NOTE- Kindly read the statement given below and select the appropriate answer by placing
a tick mark (). Each correct answer carries 1 mark and incorrect answer carries 0 mark.
The information furnished by you will be kept confidential.

नोट- कृपया नीचे दिए गए कथन को पढ़ें और सही उत्तर के आगे सही का
निशान () लगाकर सही उत्तर चुनें। प्रत्येक सही उत्तर के लिए 1 अंक
और गलत उत्तर के लिए 0 अंक दिए जाएंगे।
आपके द्वारा दी गई जानकारी गोपनीय रखी जाएगी।

1.Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of

a. 2 or more loose or liquid stool.
b. 1 or more loose or liquid stool.
c. Both
d. None of them. ()

1.दस्त को निम्न के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है

1.2 या अधिक बार ढीला या पतला मल।
2. 1 या अधिक बार ढीला या पतला मल।
3.दोनों
4. इनमें से कोई नहीं. ()

2. In low economic countries, children under five years old experience and average episodes
of diarrhoea every year.
a. 3.
b. 4
44
c. 5
d. 2. ()

2. कम आर्थिक स्थिति वाले देशों में पांच वर्ष से कम उम्र के

बच्चों को हर वर्ष औसतन कितनी दस्त की समस्या होती है?
1. 3
2. 4
3. 5
4. 2. ()

3. Which state has the highest prevalence rate in India.

a. Rajasthan
b. M.P.
c. Bihar
d. U.P. ()

3. भारत में किस राज्य की व्यापकता दर सबसे अधिक है?

1.राजस्थान
2. मध्य प्रदेश
3. बिहार
4. उत्तर प्रदेश. ()

4. National prevalence rate of diarrhoea in India is

a. 7.2%
b. 7.3%
c. 9.4%
d. 5.4% ()

4. भारत में डायरिया की राष्ट्रीय व्यापकता दर है

1.7.2%
2. 7.3%
3. 9.4%
4. 5.4%. ()

5. Diarrhoea is the leading cause of children's death.

a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourth. ()

5. दस्त बच्चों की मृत्यु का कौन सा कारक है?

1.पहला
2. दूसरा
3.तीसरा
4. चौथा. ()

45
6. Causative organism for diarrhoea
a. Bacteria
b. Parasite
c. Virus
d. All the above. ()
6. दस्त का कारण बनने वाला जीव हैं?
1.जीवाणु
2.परजीवी
3. वायरस
4.उपरोक्त सभी. ()

7. Which of the following is a common cause of diarrhoea?

a. Contaminated food or water
c. Intolerance of milk
b. Viral infection
d. All of the above. ()

7. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा दस्त का एक सामान्य कारण है?

1.दूषित भोजन या पानी
2.दूध के प्रति असहिष्णुता
3. विषाणुजनित संक्रमण
4. उपरोक्त सभी। ()

8. Rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhoea in children, nearly all children have been
infected by the virus by what age?
a. 1 year old
b. 2 year old
c. 5 year old
d. 10 year old ()

8. रोटावायरस बच्चों में दस्त का एक आम कारण हैl किस उम्र तक लगभग

सभी बच्चे इस वायरस से संक्रमित हो जाते हैं?
1.1 साल का
2. 2 साल का
3. 5 साल का
4.10 वर्ष ()

9. Traveller's diarrhoea is caused when people visiting developing countries eat food or drink
water i.e, contaminated. Which of these is a good tip to follow when travelling to places
where food and water may be a problem?
a. Don't brush your teeth with tap water
b. Don't drink any milk that hasn't been pasteurised
c. Don't have any raw fruits and vegetables unless they can be peeled
d. All of the above. ()

46
9. ट्रैवलर्स डायरिया तब होता है जब विकासशील देशों में जाने
वाले लोग दूषित भोजन या पानी खाते हैं। इनमें से कौन सी सलाह उन
जगहों पर जाने के लिए अच्छी है जहाँ भोजन और पानी की समस्या हो
सकती है?
1. नल के पानी से अपने दाँत न साफ करें
2. ऐसा कोई भी दूध न पिएं जिसे पाश्चुरीकृत न किया गया हो
3. कोई भी कच्चा फल या सब्जी न खाएं, जब तक कि उन्हें छीला न जा सके
4. उपरोक्त सभी। ()

10. Duration of acute diarrhoea is?

a. <2 week
b. 2-3 week
c.> 3 week
d. 2 week with infectious cause ()

10. तीव्र दस्त की अवधि कितनी है?

1.<2 सप्ताह
2. 2-3 सप्ताह
3.> 3 सप्ताह
4. संक्रामक कारण से 2 सप्ताह ()

11. Regarding acute diarrhoea which is correct

a. Duration is 2-4 weeks
b. Most common cause is psychogenic
c. Infection represents 30% of the causes
d. Most of the episodes is self limiting. ( )

11. तीव्र दस्त के संबंध में क्या सही है?

1. अवधि 2-4 सप्ताह है
2. सबसे आम कारण मनोवैज्ञानिक है
3. संक्रमण 30% कारणों का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है
4. अधिकांश प्रकरण स्व-सीमित होते हैं. ()

12. Which mineral is often lost in significant amount during diarrhoea?

a. Calcium
b. Sodium.
c. Potassium
d. Magnesium ()

12. दस्त के दौरान कौन सा खनिज अक्सर महत्वपूर्ण मात्रा में नष्ट
हो जाता है?
1.कैल्शियम
2. सोडियम.
3.पोटेशियम
4. मैगनीशियम ()

13. Which symptom if present requires immediate medical attention during diarrhoea?
a. Mild abdominal cramps
b. Blood in stool.
c. Mild fever
47
d. Slight fatigue ()
13. दस्त के दौरान कौन सा लक्षण होने पर तत्काल चिकित्सा की
आवश्यकता होती है?
1. पेट में हल्की ऐंठन
2. मल में खून.
3. हल्का बुखार
4.थोड़ी थकान ()

14. Besides watery stools, which of these symptoms may also occur during diarrhoea
a. Abdominal pain
b. Bloating
c. Nausea
d. All of the above ()

14. दस्त के दौरान पानी जैसे मल के अलावा इनमें से कौन से लक्षण भी

हो सकते हैं?
1. पेट में दर्द
2. सूजन
3. जी मिचलाना
4. उपरोक्त सभी ()

15. If a child has diarrhoea, when should you call the health care providers?
a. If the child has a temperature between 102°F (39°C)
b. If the child can't sleep
c. If the child doesn't have an appetite
d. Option both 1 and 4. ()

15. यदि किसी बच्चे को दस्त हो तो आपको स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रदाता

को कब बुलाना चाहिए?
1.यदि बच्चे का तापमान 102°F (39°C) के बीच है
2. यदि बच्चा सो नहीं पाता है
3. यदि बच्चे को भूख न लगे
4.विकल्प 1 और 4 दोनों. ()

16. The most severe threat caused by diarrhoea is?

a Abdominal cramps
b. Nausea and vomiting
c. Dehydration
d. Fever ()

16. दस्त से होने वाला सबसे गंभीर खतरा क्या है?

1.पेट में ऐंठन
2. उल्टी
3.निर्जलीकरण
4.बुखार ()

17. What is the active management of diarrhoea?

a. ORS therapy with zinc
b. IV fluid
 48
c. Increase protein diet
d. Increase fat diet. ()

17. दस्त का सक्रिय प्रबंधन क्या है?

1.जिंक के साथ ओआरएस थेरेपी
2. IV द्रव
3. प्रोटीन आहार बढ़ाएं
4. वसायुक्त आहार बढ़ाएँ. ()

18. The total content present in ORS

a. 20 gram
b. 21 gram
c. 22 gram
d. 23 gram. ()

18. ओआरएस में मौजूद कुल सामग्री?

1. 20 ग्राम
2. 21 ग्राम
3. 22 ग्राम
4. 23 ग्राम. ()

19. What is the osmolarity of ORS

a. 235 mmol/L
b. 245 mmol/L
c. 255 mmol/L
d. 265 mmol/L ()

19. ओ.आर.एस. की ऑस्मोलेरिटी क्या है?

1. 235 एमएमओएल/एल
2. 245 एमएमओएल/एल
3.255 एमएमओएल/एल
4.265 एमएमओएल/एल ()

20. What is adjunct therapy used with ORS

a. Water
b. IV fluids
c. Zinc syrup
d. Iron tablet ()

20. ओआरएस के साथ प्रयोग की जाने वाली सहायक चिकित्सा क्या है?
1. पानी
2. IV तरल पदार्थ
3. ज़ीक सिरप
4.आयरन की गोली ()

21. In ORS therapy, highest concentration component is

a. Sodium
 49
b. Dextrose
c. Chloride
d. Both a and b ()

21. ओ.आर.एस. थेरेपी में उच्चतम सांद्रता वाला घटक है

1. सोडियम
2.डेक्सट्रोज
3. क्लोराइड
1. a और b दोनों ()

22. How much protein intake given to diarrhoea patient

a. 1-2 gram per kg per day
b. 2-3 g per kg per day
c. 3-4 g per kg per day
d. 4-5 g per kg per day ()

22. डायरिया के मरीज को कितना प्रोटीन दिया जाना चाहिए

1. 1-2 ग्राम प्रति किलोग्राम प्रति दिन
2. 2-3 ग्राम प्रति किलोग्राम प्रति दिन
3. 3-4 ग्राम प्रति किलोग्राम प्रति दिन
4. 4-5 ग्राम प्रति किलोग्राम प्रति दिन. ()

23. What is the recommended feeding during a diarrheal episode?

a. Fasting until the diarrhoea stops
b. Feeding spicy food
c. Drinking soda
d. Returning to normal diet as soon as possible ()

23. दस्त के दौरान क्या खाने की सलाह दी जाती है?

1.दस्त बंद होने तक उपवास रखें
2. मसालेदार खाना खिलाना
3.पीने का सोडा
4. यथाशीघ्र सामान्य आहार पर लौटना. ()

24. Which of the following fluids are best to drink to prevent dehydration when you have
diarrhoea?
a.Water
b. Broth
c. Fruit juice
d. Both I and 2 ()

24. दस्त होने पर निर्जलीकरण को रोकने के लिए निम्नलिखित में से

कौन सा तरल पदार्थ पीना सबसे अच्छा है?
1. पानी
2. शोरबा
3. फलों का रस
4. I और 2 दोनों ()
 50
25. Which of these foods is a good choice when a person has diarrhoea?
a. Banana
b. Rice
c. Plain toast
d. All ()

25. दस्त होने पर इनमें से कौन सा खाद्य पदार्थ अच्छा विकल्प है?
1. केला
2. चावल
3.सादा टोस्ट
4. उपरोक्त सभी ()

26. What is the primary prevention of diarrhoea?

a.Rotavirus and measles vaccine
b. Hand washing with soap
c. Environmental sanitation.
d. All of the above. ()

26. दस्त की प्राथमिक रोकथाम क्या है?

1.रोटावायरस और खसरा का टीका
2. साबुन से हाथ धोना
3. पर्यावरण स्वच्छता।
4.उपरोक्त सभी। ()

27. How can breastfeeding help to prevent diarrhoea in infants?

a. By providing antibodies,
b. By dehydrating the infant.
c.By causing an allergic reaction.
d. By providing less nutrition. ()

27. शिशुओं में दस्त को रोकने में स्तनपान कैसे मदद कर सकता है?
1.एंटीबॉडी प्रदान करके,
2.शिशु को निर्जलीकरण से बचाकर।
3.एलर्जी प्रतिक्रिया उत्पन्न करके।
4. कम पोषण प्रदान करके ()
 51

Answer key/ उत्तर तालिका

1 A 2 A 3 B

4 A 5 B 6 D

7 D 8 C 9 D

10 A 11 D 12 B

13 B 14 D 15 A

16 C 17 B 18 B

19 B 20 C 21 D

22 A 23 D 24 D

25 D 26 D 27 A

52