Module 1:
Introduction to
Object Oriented Programming
Prof. Tran Minh Triet
1
Acknowledgement
vThis presentation reuses materials from:
§ Course CS202: Programming Systems
Instructor: MSc. Karla Fant,
Portland State University
§ Course CS202: Programming Systems
Instructor: Dr. Dinh Ba Tien,
University of Science, VNU-HCMC
§ Course DEV275: Essentials of Visual Modeling with
UML 2.0
IBM Software Group
Outline
vIntroduction
vProcedural vs. OO Programming
vFour principles of OO
vOther issues
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Introduction…
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The History of Object Technology
vMajor object technology milestones
Simula C ++ The UML
1967 Late 1980s 1996
1972 1991 2004
Smalltalk Java UML 2
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Object-oriented concepts
vLearning OO concepts is not accomplished by
learning a specific development method or a
set of tools.
vBut, it is a way of thinking.
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Object-oriented concepts (cont)
For examples:
v Many people are introduced to OO concepts via
one of these development methods or tools.
èMany C programmers were first introduced to object
orientation by migrating directly to C++, before they
were even remotely exposed to OO concepts.
èSome software professionals were first introduced to
object orientation by presentations that included
object models using UML
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Problems!!!
vLearning a programming language is an
important step, but it is much more important
to learn OO concepts first.
§ Developers who claim to be C++ programmers are
simply C programmers using C++ compilers.
§ Learning UML before OO concepts is similar to
learning how to read an electrical diagram without
first knowing anything about electricity.
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Even worse!!!
vA programmer can use just enough OO
features to make a program incomprehensible
to OO and non-OO programmers alike.
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Practice
vUsing the data structure struct, implement
the following structures and functions:
§ struct Point: data structure for a 2-D point.
§ struct Triangle: contains the information of the 3
vertices
§ A function to calculate a distance between 2 points
§ Functions to calculate the perimeter and area of a
triangle.
We already know everything about OOP???
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OO concepts
It is very important that
while you're on the road to OO
development, you first learn the
fundamental OO concepts.
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Procedural vs. OO Programming
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Procedural vs. OO Programming
An object is an entity
that contains both data and behaviours
vIn procedural programming:
§ Code is placed into totally distinct functions or
procedures.
§ Data is placed into separate structures, and is
manipulated by these functions or procedures.
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Procedural vs. OO Programming (cont)
vIn OO programming: the attributes and
behaviours are contained within a single
object
vIn procedural programming: the attributes
and behaviours are normally separated.
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Why do we change from
procedural to OO programming?
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Why do we change from
procedural to OO programming?
vIn procedural programming:
§ Data is separated from the procedures.
§ Sometimes it is global à easy to modify data that
is outside your scope
èThis means that access to data is uncontrolled and
unpredictable.
§ Having no control over the data à testing and
debugging are much more difficult.
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Why do we change from
procedural to OO programming?
vObjects solve these problems by combining
data and behaviours into a complete package.
vIn a proper OO design: there is no global data
(we expect ;-)
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Objects (again!)
vObjects do contain:
§ Integers, and strings… à attributes.
§ Methods (i.e. functions) à behaviours.
vIn an object, methods are used to operate on
the data.
You can control access to
members of an object (both attributes and methods).
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Four principles of OO
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Basic Principles of Object Orientation
Object Orientation
Encapsulation
Modularity
Hierarchy
Abstract
ion
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What Is Abstraction?
vThe essential characteristics of an entity
that distinguishes it from all other kinds of
entities.
vDefines a boundary relative to the
perspective of the viewer.
vIs not a concrete manifestation, denotes the
ideal essence of something.
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Example: Abstraction
Student Professor
Course Offering (9:00 a.m.,
Monday-Wednesday-Friday)
Course (e.g. Algebra) 22
What Is Encapsulation?
w Hides implementation from clients.
§ Clients depend on interface.
Improves Resiliency 23
Encapsulation Illustrated
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What Is Modularity?
vBreaks up something complex into
manageable pieces.
vHelps people understand complex
systems.
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Example: Modularity
vFor example, break
Billing
complex systems into System
smaller modules.
Course
Catalog
System
Course Registration
System Student
Management
System
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What Is Hierarchy?
Increasing Asset
abstraction
BankAccount Security RealEstate
Decreasing Savings Checking Stock Bond
abstraction
Elements at the same level of the hierarchy
should be at the same level of abstraction. 27
Other issues…
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Software Design
v Reusability
§ Portable and independent components can be reused in
many systems
v Extensibility
§ Support external plug-ins
v Flexibility
§ Change will be easy when new data/features added
§ Modifications are less likely to break the system
§ Localize effect of changes
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Create a system: designing process
v Divide a system in terms of components
v Divide components in terms of sub-components
v Abstraction
§ Hides details of components that are irrelevant to
the current design phase
v Component identification is top-down
§ Decompose system into smaller, simple components
v Integration is bottom-up
§ Combining small components
v Design is applied using a paradigm: procedural,
modular, objectoriented
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Abstraction
v Procedural design
§ Define set of functions to accomplish task
§ Pass information from function to function
v Modules (modular design)
§ Define modules, where each has data and procedures
§ Each module has a public and a private section
§ Works as a scoping mechanism
v Classes/Objects (object-oriented design)
§ Abstract Data Types
§ Divide project in set of cooperating classes
§ Each class has a very specific functionality
§ Classes can be used to create multiple instances of
objects
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