Unik3

h edin&-tetisM
mrifto
mO mement d ¢ About c tangthk2
eviatiensef temw jom
S8e no.
fi (xi-aj FrvrTndividual Ssi
My=i-Yn

LtNtn tne oiyin is daen at mom tf dita butieny,ut it

Calleol a contn memant Cmd M odlensteol be

i (X(-a) f-A &f:]

-azoA (Sy
4 E s i l - = Z z = o

RelbekCothal nemets ond merl a b

Sx poen by bmemad #hesrm

- y + , 4 * t +eer
Ar
+3u M= 3-34 t24
3'-34p
4=(o)=¢D)2
iswell to rember Emembar 7hat
ond is anen dma Vamenu

A4M-4Ma +(43)-34t
 (26)
nol is fho meajuye ol Centoal evelenty *his '
m e n t , a bent the dnean JEntnni VaN ener
ame
ameaL ofoispeosi0 hi thivel mement a beet
man imdicates the
Symnetrya asymanetory bfdistn hde
Mhan zD7 - asymnefocal Usto beton,hu toth
monent Atbpat Hh Meon JJa mayunl Kutosis

Moeesparge{ gmeta

mettaf
Flat
shorply ake M d i

M
Platy-uathe

urtpss -arL Ppeotsemkasdefmeol fear imparantae

M M,

P l meajeune of sleewnis Curok oDJT&ymetnca ldigpi

uhon
sdn of {latnusPea kealnes PEstnglihmpieh
meai
Aunpte
disto butm, foranrnad Justi buhom 3anol heut
Any isi betion havin > 3 nY>o wil he peakeol nart
arpyhotn tu n omal CunuCnel IKnesn as lepBo-kuyh

ermtel es plahpkoticrol)
Mean- Morla
Senes SD
 2) Mo-3Me-2M|Emthrical

trle Thusnst net mem.ents eta distnbensisnakd

SecA h yalu2 eavanabla axe 1, 16 nel-ho,Shendhv
-86
the Vanenl IS Ma nel
m e am 3,
Shenhet h i 1 s t x0r mëmortAa boutt=o
X Also
2 y nel 76.
qe 3 ,L eht E f i (J-2)=,Efii-2=FI
S
=Efini=3

N uoish hubn
Henu t man of
Also f r( n i - 2 ) = £ f i - 3 t 1 2
N
N
L8filiD+-Efil-)+ Efr]
M=)S CVanent)
M +I=16

N
Efrl-3>3Efr(ne-
+3Eff(ni-)4-Ef
Mg t242+| -4o
+3X IS+) = - o

M=-86

olistibhen
Variable (« -1o i0- |S26|2As® S
fn) 7 1 3 |2/ 168 3
= A + h&fiui =17s+5b

N 75 =(3.97
 (22)
mAn
S 2 18 ab

7S -Jo 20
-S12.S 7 -7 7
S-2 12-S 13
2e-2522:S 2
2
25 3o27S 32
33 32:S 3 24
72
3S46325 12 48
sf-75 ui-6iui2b
SreD nw3 = Mean-Mod
217-23-
Std-D d
18 -ol48
 (22)
Geneatnn hmchmb h u h mema
emet
prmbiltafnshi
abut e oioTa disthbetienuditn
) aenby
cte2
,-n f i ) er
accodins as th listi betier ycliseretu vrairos
h eftemashical expectah&ne (r)
Ego ioft () ( f n
No ue put g O)=EiesA

rdiscreti ano egntinenl iatibnhanespteiá,

1+0H(2)T)*.
3

+
1 +6 +
2
Geuncdie ELC) A KDem as ftu menert h

e b y 4 ) cenuooys eusonTSt of &mel Summana

imtgaion peimissslu_V nth nmemt abet
6ign. hi ceff ohe in E (e mchis
aso wiken as a[E)
amel Seelo im Memet yuoechns -
Chorge bfig1n
D M ovm fetha vnak isken at seme
Val dy weha
 24)
ot aigin-7Emtroto
K
= re
TSm chmge O
Cue

tipying th m abet =
bJE
h cal measwlemert 5 %
Sothat s c henceel to2 i hau

MCe)
Thu h efeet ofa chenseef scalt fenxtorr
y ko
replaueby inu m.g:f
may be neteskthat A=d
namnama m9.f
dus koAa-facthat dns m5
Sentrato inEnents
- Simply by chfankatian
e
urexfsin
- u n a Sm ( noinelptvern bles

, a e no o fmdlept
vanates
e

EE ESE*3 E
O ) Mat - ES
 (
e e Jtin) ' 1 ith mhac (inoline
X*=
apiox1matis
a
3uensef ndato
a cDAt at
ehical eon, prelicib»
he s i s rhis anathev
Com be made in nonmy sAotital
tnvestiyhit

Seectle)haam Tond a maltmadiralrelsfi

2
hy sel
, mdy, ehot
shp bet SaytaovaAnia le
y
ie
6 b s e y v a t i o n ) vX
ns!y
N peu-eel
e
( n ,yn) 1m Pye
CX) CX,%)
1 3h
cuaqpevm
etneo(lzast squres Cb ed
T dat
renet ber
sbseude valn onelevger t
alus a Knen as e t
residual and hu task
minimize he residuals &inu it
ma be Pesthe Sene CANs an tyediferent
1m ereuti3
negafme in etuers:
vmoye BoaYnen Snfe cen nen
entto
make u sumob Sues o Tree residua lka
mimimum. ThisS KnmMas etngelof LenJt

Curw i n by Le ast Sqtares - fagie

ek obNta
paints CY1 ) X1,/): (Xy, n)
assume hak w stvnigklAina
ota x=}X)
* o tho daka in tus leas sqa4re sense
 (6) N

To deter ntne du tnwp un knetns ap

me aj M
use s leasf squne citena nat S= Sli
ie S=ai (i
E
mnumuum
D (?) Pa aonel a anel equati tote
S N
ao
e-a-
da
Ye-ao-a, Xi)°
=O
2LYi-ao- a xi)-D

ieyt =Naot 4 ()

Simloaly DS 2~ -
(te-as-, Xi)G xe) =o
iyi}ii= aoExi+
C
a =
(4)
Tws ms obanknem paameteya ao, a o) are
dsts mne cl from hdw eqs
Nao + a, Xt onof

Moal ea"> YePresentz

,
Keast sgirsshagk
a

LeatL4uaYAs uadrahceurws Cfuabrtn

umu DhatN ataX+A2x
 7)
Nonlinga Cuanus f erponent)a eugnl

Y A
TaVn lon s , s e f

Rt kry7, Jega
- x
x inl a least sares Aaght inu sr u
afa' x
12 3 4S
Y:64 3 S 4 2

und bmat h Y at X=4 md Xat y-4.

BG

25|20
2sL 20
236
7S
2

X
sy aot A
tsnamal eib 4y2 Ey
==
N4,+a, EX 2
Exy = ao &x +a Ey2

2 4 6a+21a
a &obnuget
GP1-S-3743-77 2 Ao + 11 a STA19 edni
a=-O S]428S7
Y= S.79-0:SI4X
 yamc at
Come

Cho bo, b, aye 0hAaneol as

Sol3 o6 u nomal

xy sy- b, Ey
21 bo t24 b 3
7S=24 bo +1o6 b| Seln bo=2:/,b,=-0 15 Sodhnk
x - 7 -o94
y
esfianat (aty=
4)=7/-o-14)=3:S
hen - astsaigkt Qino tfellsnpArcta

Is17 22 2
Ans D62 +}},&
 2
huclhoncos inne valtsal
Corelat1S
vaaLaYe
acempanmeH bychoengesin
s One yfhor vana ble hen
dhe varabus
valu ot te
becelateel,
ae sard ko a more
Cpmoy"ftMo
Acccluns tdL-R.
im Sei thySofhatmeaements
in.
Gunthtity vy correspendanfmnmed

Cneaclto be cOman|eo by
Ao be coar hte. l.
aye Saidl
mheys ten Ahey
pes e corelatin$
M1nreuesasK i n a s
R t o Worce
olecTencg agX nereau
Neeath ime

inc qy P all pous lie nesrashoikrk.

n

Men- Rno e pent Lieen Seremenlac

Cum
e4 ncom and erpnclitur poictinclycngelhtd
Ae ad TR. ngebnbg cooyeloteo!
etey dasaam otabnl cesrebib

X X

Th2erekahon bhova bles i sa o besinple

carelonn. coela bof"mace th-hdyovaynH
Mlbole P tir
Fhefnos milhp2TEbNBa f#|A
 (S)

lircar neCa trn may exIS4&r

vas o D.cenee oG Lince Ceraladbn hedh
Restaa Lincar Correla thbn

|Lowkeq97-ee t u ltneea Cor-elof

No ncay aelatidh
Le deGY E t lAnnaY corelnt
7SNZ-0 S? Ma-ea t lgres E)at nea onelrh
1ere-02S
erfeot Aneor eoyelahn
Std eTror oe2fimak X clens eal hi
SY.X E
CY-Jest) Sne Yes+ estimtel
Smaloslytd eroX on uprealicteol valeroky
m ANA LoasSaár
Sx Ji3 Feqkissien
SCX-Xesth)- Lny= 4stax
nReneyaR &yx sxy
oe l EN)= É(Y-Yest)£(st
Toe
yanahon Unexplai
C of dottYDninahon ntolvaraho
Explaied vemain.
Explainuel Vambion
Mexp lun eelVmahon
Ceeotcope loh bn
Y plainRellmind .est y)2
CmeRpkauneolVem.ahnn 7-Yest 2
 Doteran' ran eorpel for »lonsing dr
h may obAn ol intno utAe
M matht mai

ha
Yin
quaf)
11
2
inks otlrtalbtr.!
nof Rdonafes
let RI
beX andy.re pectisly.

R
3S (22S
75
6-2S
3.0
2 0

M
/25

7S -OS O 2S

AS 2:2

8S

Ran comelah'en

n(n)
=-62130
-O u818181 =o.S1318
 operth
Pinel f e elatien fa ts dollodm dat

SN y-9
Y 3-
2
2 3 8 3-24
-3 O2 O6
bo4
6 O 2

20 28o

=E-)Y9)
9
JElrayJeT. Jo J12Qo
O S624

pecr mcun Kam ComelationMetaocl -

- 6El 9 nn nb
Patr
a
unte lferen htrankA K-R,
otr Correpondme
Valuesoni rena/bl
e n befh - la
fq

(9) ivoloft onminAmiA

ngin (.De o (m e a y a r t ne
) ) 1ndipt
1ethoc} o{ Mtas uni no Cere Ve th )gn
Scal|er Diast am inetni
arl pears9n hetntd
(
eoYelathn Mehrte
(3 Spearmam AKan k

Setteoagmmatno
Certan t h u"hrlpo
tl em fhs folleNrf dafa, as experditurs
ShEfhu income and
atter diagram, a r ie e r e l a f l
ofn o
b u r e r s o b a faefmy
| 148 S T 1 a /
118119n 1 1 9 8 3 | 1
8o
14 236 24S
222 23
23
fivesag
21S | 2 1 S 2 2
1mCo
21 230 |237
2 2 S 23 237 2S

2/224822
23S 26

Aven
Exped
2

22

2
nR>)
 32)
av Peayson'> Methrd CANE
-

Covamene etn,9) (P2,h) (h, 9n) be n r0

VakuA of hayNOnAu arol y wrtsomoharterisk

Ca(xy)

EH)+nj
Pi-ei(E)-()+

Cyor1enu 2
Car
peArsen 's Coeltokeorrelah en
YCy) Co ,y)= &)(H
Var ) E-T)2
=

Vary)= SNS)
Yln)= ( O-5)
Tn-7)G5-
(,2) v(Ex)¬ 9)
nr)- nEyH-{E»)-
2

VUnen } anelM-
 eayson' b Methsd CNe

Covan enelleto, a) (M2,h C n, n) be n r o .

ovalne^ of hhUm Al a dy ) r t s0mobardteviske
ne etc)
Ca (x) So C9i) 1,z 3- -n

-
=Snt -

Eni) =n)- n Era'-v

Cawon.eniX ) - ny-£x *7

ar pe ar son '> Cotoesrrelat em

Ce My)= A T ) ( )
JVat) Jvar) er r)=£ )
Veary)= S )
Yna))= E )I-S)
Jou- 7)y-
(n,2) En-Ex)E9).
mr9-EnnEy(s)
 KCgesSt
aly eamAn{ o eeyccsstn Stepplng bacf ouavds

Kemonbm analySis e n Ceyniol wrththo mo ousunt Dfavenp

yelationship beth vama blas
ur se pes o V@na bles
o f vana blu or YeqrestofVayiaba o Preolict
eplan eolyamasl eofvenmbu
nolept vama bu veyro r ox
FCictuY tr xpainahy

Esta blshing htTelakonskipbt olept vamble

Orcl olopt yamubt
se rml f r preoli cian
)Useol in ec.onemics f tmatin denmand
TCce Cone lan bit o vaia blLsCa
be eur easly by usng du rerosoy h nes
be Vama
vanabUA
TyP ) Siepl Tgrion
c2 Mwlt pii regrson
3/ PavAnd regr1GN-

() Mn neanrers7nUscerovkinear
 rmeS1n
, 1 uodics fru Acnce ola fren shi 11f stuclh.a3 fiu natn ne.
Lx'an bles bofaMahlos
3PnecA not mp ly cau and ellcof
S bet"
vona bles |-1imylies
el 'shr efya
Cad cmd fut
he2e ma blt n blos
2

senst cojyclahvn3 Jn
regresion melysls, h
ATh co) CCtisn cec} nothng ne nensehst regrey
SThe "mlopt4.ereyreitneoobf
6nly chanjeotogin'are
reyres
imdo pt
budnetofei
Cneceetamnet be S
STuKegceng
Thu Keaxceng 1dn
«d ADnes canbi
nas Cam
b?

enes1n eahotyen
- byx * - ) umun by Cev,y)
VeY on
byn enenGneojy

by ( )
XI) J Cev
Var Yeqriessigleeff
peth3o( egpebsion Co f ane
eqregs in Cinas
(1)
bn=Cov(Y,Y)-Cov
Vr (n) (, 9) JVan
py JVATMJVartbry=°n
,Stmlayg
(1) bym bry
On,
 e nol hi Ccore aK9n Col} ' n el xe sion Vvnes
fr daAa:
2

2
X-*3-3-s
x 2
2 3
S
3 2
8
S 2
2 26 3
x-Sy2 S
Cxe Cecf"y)_2KY /3
0 do62
JEEyJJoxJ
=7r°% g- Ex
Slope regressin line 7 Onn
Slope ereqyesi en
lnk e xer= - 12-

y-9 -Cn-) y-S=3(x-3)

Y-S 13 - 3 7
=

3+1:

o E Ly-y) >*-3t%
n-2= (y-s) X= o s40S
e hnd mcee f of eorel "
arel regy.ersn bun lmlsnu
fotl osinf Aat
 37)
1)
la b Y°y xY, On
Gly
Y by bp

(vihuNegnes)en lint ok y en x as y-y- y (n-*)

by + bym )
Sney eptom hy Aoft side,
n h jht sidl nnstt hin hs Cacil o/
n+7 j=o regr1on tee ff oy en

-
emgl}9)
by + Cx-
buy")

Ha b

Momnt b abou m g
642+7"
u L + 7

3 M g i

M3
V3 +
4
M

4
 ) Pstntof intursectionol he leney regreso
1 Yeyeyhn ne * yn

a by re,rina
u eom mn ti b
m . Tn ofywWydsP tns Cerrelaon bef
~hg Yruzbulire
vamabley Jy mot fer ee¥, trOn
inttrsect at (e,I)
n g e be Ant imesnrerion
aerisbn in of nn Y-y= y n - 1 )
9= byn +CG-by i )
sope bn m)
,

Sfope=

b e hacue ang bet uremesin

LomAs, -202
b
+byn bry
,-1
o Y
n
t6
dueytien Ca f ocose" bet "ho vr.

eness ien il ch"(%) .Sheha t 0 =

(2 ) -2)o 2