Kinetic Theory of Gases 593

Chapter

13
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Gas (4) The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume
of gas. (The volume of molecules is only 0.014% of the volume of the gas).
In gases the intermolecular forces are very weak and its molecule may
fly apart in all directions. So the gas is characterized by the following (5) Molecules of a gas keep on moving randomly in all possible
properties. direction with all possible velocities.
(i) It has no shape and size and can be obtained in a vessel of any (6) The speed of gas molecules lie between zero and infinity
shape or size.
(7) The gas molecules keep on colliding among themselves as well as
(ii) It expands indefinitely and uniformly to fill the available space. with the walls of containing vessel. These collisions are perfectly elastic.
(iii) It exerts pressure on its surroundings.
(8) The time spent in a collision between two molecules is negligible
(iv) Intermolecular forces in a gas are minimum. in comparison to time between two successive collisions.
(v) They can easily compressed and expand.
(9) The number of collisions per unit volume in a gas remains
Assumption of Ideal Gases (or Kinetic Theory of constant.
Gases) (10) No attractive or repulsive force acts between gas molecules.
(11) Gravitational attraction among the molecules is ineffective due to
extremely small masses and very high speed of molecules.
(12) Molecules constantly collide with the walls of container due to
which their momentum changes. The change in momentum is transferred
to the walls of the container. Consequently pressure is exerted by gas
molecules on the walls of container.
(13) The density of gas is constant at all points of the container.
Kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases
(such as pressure, temperature etc.) to the microscopic properties of the Gas Laws
gas molecules (such as speed, momentum, kinetic energy of molecule etc.) (1) Boyle’s law : For a given mass of an ideal gas at constant
Actually it attempts to develop a model of the molecular behaviour temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
which should result in the observed behaviour of an ideal gas. It is based on
following assumptions : P1 P2
(1) Every gas consists of extremely small particles known as molecules. Increase
The molecules of a given gas are all identical but are different than those of pressure
another gas.
(2) The molecules of a gas are identical, spherical, rigid and perfectly Decrease
elastic point masses. V1 pressure V2
(3) Their size is negligible in comparison to intermolecular distance
(10 m) 1 (B)
i.e. V  (A) or PV = constant  P1 V1  P2 V2
–9

P Fig. 13.1
 594 Kinetic Theory of Gases

m  P P1 P2
(i) PV = P    constant   constant or 
  1 2
m
(As volume  and m = constant) V/T V/T
 (Densityof the gas)
N P P P
(ii) PV = P    constant   constant or 1  2
n n n1 n2
T or 1/T V or 1/V
N (D) (E)
(iii) As number of molecules per unit volume n  Fig. 13.5
V
N (3) Gay-Lussac’s law or pressure law : The volume remaining constant,
V  also N = constant the pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
n
temperature.
(iv) Graphical representation : If m and T are constant
P P P
P PV PV P  T or  constant  1  2
T T1 T 2

(i) The volume remaining constant, the pressure of a given mass of a

gas increases or decreases by Pt
1
V P V of its pressure at 0°C for
P V 273.15
(A) (B) (C) each 1°C rise or fall in temperature. P0

 1  t(°C)
Pt  P0 1  t
 273.15  – 273.15 O
Fig. 13.5
1/V 1/P This is pressure law for
(D) (E) centigrade scale.
Fig. 13.2 (ii) Graphical representation : If m and V are constants
(2) Charle's law : If the pressure remaining constant, the volume of the P P/T
given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. P/T

P
P
Increase
volume T T or 1/T P or 1/P
1/P (A) (B)P (C)
T2 > T1
Decrease
V2
T1 V1 volume

T 1/T
(A) V V V (B) (D) (E)
i.e., V  T   constant
Fig.
 1  2
13.3 Fig. 13.6
T T1 T2
V m m (4) Avogadro’s law : Equal volume of all the gases under similar
(i)   constant (As volume V  )
T T  conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules
or T  constant  1 T1   2 T2 i.e. N 1  N 2 .
(ii) If the pressure remains constant, the volume of the given mass of a (5) Grahm’s law of diffusion : When two gases at the same pressure
gas increases or decreases by Vt and temperature are allowed to diffuse into each other, the rate of diffusion
1 of each gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the
of its volume at 0°C for
273.15 1 1
each 1°C rise or fall in temperature. V0 gas i.e. r   (M is the molecular weight of the gas) 
 M
 1 
Vt  V0 1  t .
 273.15  t(°C) r1 2 M2
– 273.15 O  
r2 1 M1
This is Charle’s law for Fig. 13.4
centigrade scale. If V is the volume of gas diffused in t sec then
(v) Graphical representation: If m and P are constant V r V t
r  1  1 2
V 1/V V t r2 V2 t1
(6) Dalton’s law of partial pressure : The total pressure exerted by a
mixture of non-reacting gases occupying a vessel is equal to the sum of the

T T 1/T
(A) (B) (C)
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 595

individual pressures which each gases exert if it alone occupied the same (1) The gases actually found in nature are called real gases.
volume at a given temperature. (2) They do not obeys gas Laws.
For n gases P  P1  P2  P3  ..... Pn PV
(3) For exactly one mole of an ideal gas  1 . Plotting the
where P = Pressure exerted by mixture and RT
P1 , P2 , P3 , ...... Pn  Partial pressure of component gases. experimentally determined value of
PV
for exactly one mole of various
RT
Equation of State or Ideal Gas Equation real gases as a function of pressure P, shows a deviation from identity.
The equation which relates the pressure (P) volume (V) and PV
temperature (T) of the given state of an ideal gas is known as ideal gas (4) The quantity is called the compressibility factor and should
RT
equation or equation of state. be unit for an ideal gas.
PV
For 1 mole of gas  R (constant)  PV = RT
T 2
N2 CH4
where R = universal gas constant. H2
Table 13.1 : Different forms of gas equation 1.5
Quantity of gas Equation Constant PV CO2
1 mole gas PV = RT R = universal gas constant RT 1
Ideal gas
 mole gas PV = RT
1 molecule of gas k = Boltzmann's constant 0.5
 R 
PV    T  kT

 NA 
0 200 400 600 800 1000
N molecules of gas PV = NkT (5) Deviation from ideal behaviour as a function ofPtemperature
(atm)
1 gm of gas r = Specific gas constant Fig. 13.7
R
PV    T  rT
M 2 200 K 500 K
m gm of gas PV = mrT
1.5
1000 K
(1) Universal gas constant (R) : Universal gas constant signifies the
PV
work done by (or on) a gas per mole per kelvin. RT 1 Ideal gas
PV Pressure  Volume Work done
R  
T   Temperatu re   Temperatu re 0.5
(i) At S.T.P. the value of universal gas constant is same for all gases R
J cal ~ 2 cal 300 P(atm)
= 8.31  1.98 0 600 900 1200
mole  kelvin mole  kelvin mol  kelvin (6) A real gas behaves as ideal gas most closely at low pressure and
Fig. 13.8
high temperature. Also can actual gas can be liquefied most easily which
litre atm deviates most from ideal gas behaviour at low temperature and high
 0.8221 . pressure.
mole  kelvin
(7) Equation of state for real gases : It is given by Vander Waal's with
(ii) Dimension : [ML2T 2 1 ] two correction in ideal gas equation. The it know as Vander Waal's gas
(2) Boltzman's constant (k) : It is represented by per mole gas equation.
R 8 .31 (i) Volume correction : Due to finite size of molecule, a certain portion
constant i.e., k    1.38  10 23 J / K of volume of a gas is covered by the molecules themselves. Therefore the
N 6 .023  10 23
space available for the free motion of molecules of gas will be slightly less
It's dimension : [ML2 T 2 1 ] than the volume V of a gas. Hence the effective volume becomes (V – b).
(ii) Pressure correction : Due to intermolecular force in real gases,
(3) Specific gas constant (r) : It is represented by per gram gas
molecule do not exert that force on the wall which they would have exerted
R Joule in the absence of intermolecular force. Therefore the observed pressure P
constant i.e., r  . It's unit is and dimension
M gm  kelvin of the gas will be less than that present in the absence of intermolecular
[L2 T 2 1 ]  a 
force. Hence the effective pressure becomes  P  2  .
 V 
Since the value of M is different for different gases. Hence the value of
(iii) Vander Waal's gas equations
R
r is different for different gases. e.g. It is maximum for hydrogen rH 2   a 
2 For 1 mole of gas  P  2  (V  b)  RT
 V 
Real Gases
 596 Kinetic Theory of Gases

 Consider an ideal gas (consisting of N molecules each of mass m)

a 2 
For  moles of gas  P  2  (V  b)   RT enclosed in a cubical box of side L.
 V 
Y
Here a and b are constant called Vander Waal’s constant.
Y
Dimension : [a] = [ML5 T 2 ] and [b] = [L ] 3


v vy
Units : a = N  m and b = m .
4 3
x
v
(8) Andrews curves : The pressure (P) versus volume (V) curves for 
v X
x
X vx
actual gases are called Andrews curves. vz
D G Z
P Gas L
380°C Z
(A) (B)
H Liquid vapour region
Fig. 13.10 
374.1°C (1) Instantaneous velocity : Any molecule of gas moves with velocity v
Liquid 370°C in any direction

F 360°C E where v  v x ˆi  v y ˆj  v z kˆ  v  v x2  vy2  v z2 . Due to random
Vapour
C 350°C B
A V
motion of molecule v x  vy  vz  v 2  3v x2  3vy2  3vz2
Andrews curve for water (2) Time during collision : Time between two successive collision with
Fig. 13.9 the wall A .
(i) At 350°C, part AB represents vapour phase of water, in this part 1

Distancetravelled by molecule between two successivecollision

 1 t 
Boyle’s law is obeyed  P   . Part BC represents the co-existence of Velocityof molecule
 V
2L
vapour and liquid phases. At point C, vapours completely change to liquid 
vx
phase. Part CD is parallel to pressure axis which shows that compressibility
of the water is negligible. (3) Collision frequency (n) : It means the number of collision per
1 v
(ii) At 360°C portion representing the co-existence of liquid vapour second. Hence n   x
phase is shorter. t 2 L
(iii) At 370°C this portion is further decreased. (4) Change in momentum : This molecule collides with the shaded
wall (A ) with velocity v and rebounds with velocity v x .
(iv) At 374.1°C, it reduces to point (H) called critical point and the 1 x

temperature 374.1°C is called critical temperature (T ) of water. The change in momentum of the molecule
c

(v) The phase of water (at 380°C) above the critical temperature is p  (mv x )  (mv x )  2mv x
called gaseous phase. As the momentum remains conserved in a collision, the change in
(9) Critical temperature, pressure and volume : The point on the P-V momentum of the wall A is p  2mv x 1

curve at which the matter gets converted from gaseous state to liquid state After rebound this molecule travel toward opposite wall A with 2

is known as critical point. At this point the difference between the liquid velocity v x , collide to it and again rebound with velocity v x towards wall
and vapour vanishes i.e. the densities of liquid and vapour become equal. A.
1

(i) Critical temperature (T ) : The maximum temperature below which

c
(5) Force on wall : Force exerted by a single molecule on shaded wall
a gas can be liquefied by pressure alone is called critical temperature and is is equal to rate at which the momentum is transferred to the wall by this
molecule.
characteristic of the gas. A gas cannot be liquefied if its temperature is
more than critical temperature. p 2mv x mv x2
i.e. FSingle molecule   
CO (31.1°C), O (–118°C), N (–147.1°C) and H O (374.1°C)
2 2 2 2
t (2 L / v x ) L
(ii) Critical pressure (P ) : The minimum pressure necessary to liquify
c
The total force on the wall A1 due to all the molecules
a gas at critical temperature is defined as critical pressure CO (73.87 bar)

m m 2 mN 2
Fx  v x2 = (v x  v x22  v x23  ...) 
2

and O (49.7atm) vx
2 L M 1 L
(iii) Critical volume (V ) : The volume of 1 mole of gas at critical
c
v x2  mean square of x component of the velocity.
pressure and critical temperature is defined as critical volume CO (95 10 –6

(6) Pressure : Now pressure is defined as force per unit area, hence
m)
3

F mN 2 mN 2
(iv) Relation between Vander Waal’s constants and T , P , V pressure on shaded wall Px  x  vx  vx
c c c
A AL V
8a a For any molecule, the mean square velocity v 2  v x2  vy2  v z2 ; by
Tc  , Pc  , Vc  3b ,
27 Rb 27b 2
v2
27 R 2 Tc2 RT  PV 3 symmetry v x2  vy2  v z2  v x2  vy2  v z2 
a , b   c  and c c  R

3
64 Pc 8  Pc  Tc 8 Total pressure inside the container
1 mN 2 1 m N 2
Pressure of an Ideal Gas P v  vrms (where vrms  v 2 )
3 V 3 V
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 597

(7) Relation between pressure and kinetic energy : As we know

3 RT 3  8.31  273
1 mN 2 1 M 2 1 (vrms )    1840 m / s .
P v rms  v rms  P   v rms 2
... (i) M 2  10 3
3 V 3 V 3
M 3
[As M = mN = Total mass of the gas and   ] (v) rms speed of gas molecules is times that of speed of sound
V 
1M 2 1
 K.E. per unit volume E    vrms   vrms
2
...(ii) 3 RT RT 3
2V  2 in gas, as v rms  and v s   v rms  vs
M M 
2
From (i) and (ii), we get P  E (vi) rms speed of gas molecules does not depends on the pressure of
3
gas (if temperature remains constant) because P   (Boyle’s law) if
i.e. the pressure exerted by an ideal gas is numerically equal to the two
third of the mean kinetic energy of translation per unit volume of the gas. pressure is increased n times then density will also increases by n times but
(8) Effect of mass, volume and temperature on pressure : v remains constant.
rms

1 mN 2 (m N )T (vii) Moon has no atmosphere because v of gas molecules is more

P v rms or P  2
[As v rms T] rms

3 V V than escape velocity (v ). e

(i) If volume and temperature of a gas are constant P  mN i.e. A planet or satellite will have atmosphere only if vrms  ve
Pressure  (Mass of gas).
i.e. if mass of gas is increased, number of molecules and hence number (viii) At T = 0; v = 0 i.e. the rms speed of molecules of a gas is zero at
rms

of collision per second increases i.e. pressure will increase. 0 K. This temperature is called absolute zero.

(ii) If mass and temperature of a gas are constant. P  (1/V), i.e., if (2) Most probable speed : The particles of a gas have a range of
volume decreases, number of collisions per second will increase due to speeds. This is defined as the speed which is possessed by maximum
lesser effective distance between the walls resulting in greater pressure. fraction of total number of molecules of the gas. e.g., if speeds of 10
molecules of a gas are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6 km/s, then the most probable
(iii) If mass and volume of gas are constant, P  (v rms )2  T speed is 3 km/s, as maximum fraction of total molecules possess this speed.
i.e., if temperature increases, the mean square speed of gas molecules
2P 2 RT 2kT
will increase and as gas molecules are moving faster, they will collide with Most probable speed vmp   
the walls more often with greater momentum resulting in greater pressure.  M m
(3) Average speed : It is the arithmetic mean of the speeds of
Various Speeds of Gas Molecules molecules in a gas at given temperature.
The motion of molecules in a gas is characterised by any of the v1  v 2  v 3  v 4  .....
v av 
following three speeds. N
(1) Root mean square speed : It is defined as the square root of mean and according to kinetic theory of gases
of squares of the speed of different molecules
8P 8 RT 8 kT
Average speed vav   
v12  v 22  v32  v42  ....   M  m
i.e. vrms   v2
N
Maxwell’s Law (or the Distribution of Molecular
1
(i) From the expression of pressure P   v rms
2 Speeds
3 (1) The v gives us a general idea of molecular speeds in a gas at a
rms

given temperature. This doesn't mean that the speed of each molecule is v .
3P 3 PV 3 RT 3kT rms

 vrms     Many of the molecules have speed less than v and many have speeds

rms

Mass of gas M m greater than v . rms

Mass of gas (2) Maxwell derived as equation given the distribution of molecules in
where    Densityof the gas , M =   (mass of
V different speed as follow
gas), pV  RT , R = kN A , k  Boltzmann’s constant, 3/2 mv 2
 m  
dN  4N   2
v e 2 kT dv

m=
M
= mass of each molecule.  2kT 
NA
where dN = Number of molecules with speeds between v and v + dv.
(ii) With rise in temperature rms speed of gas molecules increases as
dN
v rms  T . At a particular
dv temperature
(iii) With increase in molecular weight rms speed of gas molecule (Number of
1 molecules at a
decreases as v rms  . e.g., rms speed of hydrogen molecules is four particular speed)
M
times that of oxygen molecules at the same temperature.
v(m/s)
(iv) rms speed of gas molecules is of the order of km/s e.g., at NTP vmp vav vrms
for hydrogen gas Fig. 13.11
 598 Kinetic Theory of Gases

dN [As m = Mass each molecule, mn = Mass per unit volume = Density =

(3) Graph between (number of molecules at a particular speed) ]
dv
dN t
and v (speed of these molecules). From the graph it is seen that is (5) If average speed of molecule is v then   v   vT
dv N
maximum at most probable speed.
[As N = Number of collision in time t, T = time interval between two
This graph also represent that vrms  vav  vmp collisions].
(Order remember trick RAM) 1
(i) As  and   m i.e. the mean free path is inversely

3 RT 8 RT 2 RT
    proportional to the density of a gas and directly proportional to the mass of
M M M
each molecule.
RT RT RT
1.77  1 .6  1.41  
M M M
Area bonded by this curve with speed axis represents the number of
molecules corresponds to that velocity range. This curve is asymmetric
curve. m

Effect of temperature on velocity distribution : With temperature rise (A) (B)
dN Fig. 13.14
the vs v . Curve shift towards right and becomes broader. 1 kT
dv (ii) As   . For constant volume and hence constant
2 d P
2

dN T1
P
dv number density n of gas molecules, is constant so that  will not
T2 T
T2 > T1 depend on P and T. But if volume of given mass of a gas is allowed to
1
change with P or T then   T at constant pressure and   at
P
v constant temperature.
Fig. 13.12
(Because with temperature rise average molecular speed increases).
 
Mean Free Path.
(1) The distance travelled by a gas molecule between two successive
collisions is known as free path.
P T
Total distance travelled by a gas molecule between successivecollisions (A) (B)

Total number of collisions Fig. 13.15
During two successive collisions, a molecule of a gas moves in a Degree of Freedom
straight line with constant velocity and
The term degree of freedom of a system refers to the possible
Let 1 , 2 , 3 ..... be the distance travelled by a gas molecule during
independent motions, systems can have. or
n collisions respectively, then the mean
The total number of independent modes (ways) in which a system can
free path of a gas molecule is given by
possess energy is called the degree of freedom (f).
1   2   3  ....  n The independent motions can be translational, rotational or vibrational

n or any combination of these.
So the degree of freedom are of three types :
1
(2)   (i) Translational degree of freedom
2nd 2
(ii) Rotational degree of freedom
where d = Diameter of the
molecule, (iii) Vibrational degree of freedom
General expression for degree of freedom
n = Number of molecules per unit Fig. 13.13
volume f = 3A – B ; where A = Number of independent particles,
N P B = Number of independent restriction
(3) As PV =  RT =  NkT    n  Number of molecule
V kT (1) Monoatomic gas : Molecule of monoatomic gas can move in any
1 kT direction in space so it can have three y
per unit volume so   . independent motions and hence 3 degrees of
2 d P
2
vy
freedom (all translational)
v vx
1 m m
(4) From    
vz
x
2nd 2
2 (mn )d 2
2d 2

z
Fig. 13.16
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 599

(2) Diatomic gas : Molecules of diatomic gas are made up of two 3

atoms joined rigidly to one another 1 mole gas RT ; R = Universal gas constant
y 2
through a bond. This cannot only move
3
bodily, but also rotate about one of the  mole gas RT
three co-ordinate axes. However its 2
moment of inertia about the axis joining x 3
1 molecule k T ; k = Boltzmann’s constant
the two atoms is negligible compared to 2
that about the other two axes. z 3
Fig. 13.17 N molecule NkT
Hence it can have only two 2
rotational motion. Thus a diatomic molecule has 5 degree of freedom : 3 3
translational and 2 rotational. 1 gm gas rT ; r = Specific gas constant
2
(3) Triatomic gas (Non-linear) : A non-linear molecule can rotate
3
about any of three co-ordinate axes. Hence y m gm gas m rT
2
it has 6 degrees of freedom : 3
translational and 3 rotational. (1) Kinetic energy per molecule of gas does not depends upon the
x mass of the molecule but only depends upon the temperature of the gas. As
3
E kT or E  T i.e. molecules of different gases say He, H and O 2 2

z 2
Table 13.2 ; Degree of freedom for Fig. 13.18
etc. at same temperature will have same translational kinetic energy though
different gases
their r.m.s. speed are different.
Atomicity of Example A B f=3 Figure
(2) For two gases at the same temperature m1 (vrms )12  m 2 (vrms )22
gas A–B
A (3) Kinetic energy per mole of gas depends only upon the temperature
Monoatomic He, Ne, Ar 1 0 f=3 of gas.
H2, O2, N2, B (4) Kinetic energy per gram of gas depend upon the temperature as
Diatomic 2 1 f=5 A A
Cl2 etc. well as molecular weight (or mass of one molecule) of the gas.
A 3 k T
Triatomic non E gram  T  E gram 
H2O 3 3 f=6 B B 2m m
linear
A B A (5) From the above expressions it is clear that higher the temperature
of the gas, more will be the average kinetic energy possessed by the gas
Triatomic linear CO2, BeCl2 3 2 f=7 A molecules at T = 0, E = 0 i.e. at absolute zero the molecular motion stops.
A A
B B
Law of Equipartition of Energy
The above degrees of freedom are shown at room temperature. According to this law, for any system in thermal equilibrium, the total
Further at high temperature, in case of diatomic or polyatomic molecules, energy is equally distributed among its various degree of freedom. And each
the atoms with in the molecule may also vibrate with respect to each other.
1
In such cases, the molecule will have an additional degrees of freedom, due degree of freedom is associated with energy kT (where
to vibrational motion. 2
An object which vibrates in one dimension has two additional degree k  1.38  10 23 J / K , T = absolute temperature of the system).
of freedom. One for the potential energy and one for the kinetic energy of (1) At a given temperature T, all ideal gas molecules no matter what
vibration.
their mass have the same average translational kinetic energy; namely,
A diatomic molecule that is free to vibrate (in addition to translation 3
and rotation) will have 7 (2  3  2) degrees of freedom. kT . When measure the temperature of a gas, we are also measuring the
2
average translational kinetic energy of it' s molecules.
Kinetic Energy of Ideal Gas
(2) At same temperature gases with different degrees of freedom (e.g.,
In ideal gases, the molecules are considered as point particles. For
He and H ) will have different average energy or internal energy namely
point particles, there is no internal excitation, no vibration and no rotation. 2

The point particles can have only translational motion and thus only f
kT . (f is different for different gases)
translational energy. For an ideal gas the internal energy can only be 2
tranlational kinetic energy. (3) Different energies of a system of degree of freedom f are as follows
Hence kinetic energy (or internal energy) of 1 mole ideal gas f
(i) Total energy associated with each molecule = kT
1 1 3 RT 3 2
E 2
Mvrms  M  RT
2 2 M 2 f
(ii) Total energy associated with N molecules = NkT
Table 13.3 : Various Translational kinetic energies 2
f
Quantity of gas Kinetic energy (iii) Total energy associated with  mole = RT
2
 600 Kinetic Theory of Gases

(iv) Total energy associated with  molen =

f
RT
Specific Heat in Terms of Degree of Freedom
2 (1) C : For a gas at temperature T, the internal energy
V

f f f
(v) Total energy associated with each gram = rT U  RT  Change in energy U  RT ... (i)
2 2 2
f Also, as we know for any gas heat supplied at constant volume
(iv) Total energy associated with m gram = mrT (Q)V  CV T  U ... (ii)
2
1
Specific Heat (CP and CV) of a Gas From equation (i) and (ii) CV  fR
2
The specific heat of gas can have many values, but out of them (2) C : From the Mayer’s formula C p  Cv  R
following two values are very important P

f f 
(1) Specific heat at constant volume (C ) : The specific heat of a gas at  C P  CV  R  R  R    1 R
2 
V

constant volume is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the 2

temperature of unit mass of gas through 1°C or 1 K when its volume is kept f 
  1 R
(Q)V CP  2  1 2
constant, i.e., cV  (3) Ratio of C and C () :   
m T f
p v

CV f
R
If instead of unit mass, 1 mole of gas is considered, the specific heat is 2
called molar specific heat at constant volume and is represented by capital (i) Value of  is different for monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic
C. 5 7 4
v gases.  mono   1.6,  di   1.4 ,  tri   1.33
3 5 3
M (Q)V 1 (Q)V  m (ii) Value of  is always more than 1. So we can say that always C > C
CV  McV 
m T

 T  As   M  P V

  .
(2) Specific heat at constant from (C ) : The specific heat of a gas at
P
Gaseous Mixture
constant pressure is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the If two non-reactive gases are enclosed in a vessel of volume V. In the
temperature of unit mass of gas through 1 K when its pressure is kept
mixture  moles of one gas are mixed with  moles of another gas. If N is
(Q) p
1 2 A

Avogadro’s number then

constant, i.e., c P 
m T
Number of molecules of first gas N 1  1 N A
If instead of unit mass, 1 mole of gas is considered, the specific heat is
and number of molecules of second gas N 2   2 N A
called molar specific heat at constant pressure and is represented by C .
(1) Total mole fraction   (1   2 ) .
p

M (Q) p 1 (Q) p  m
C p  MC p 
m T

 T  As   M  (2) If M 1 is the molecular weight of first gas and M 2 that of second
 
gas.
Mayer's Formula 1 M1   2 M 2
Then molecular weight of mixture M 
(1) Out of two principle specific heats of a gas, C is more than C
P V
1  2
because in case of C , volume of gas is kept constant and heat is required
V
(3) Specific heat of the mixture at constant volume will be
only for raising the temperature of one gram mole of the gas through 1°C or
m1 m2
1 K. Hence no heat, what so ever, is spent in expansion of the gas. C  CV2
1CV1   2 CV2 M
V1
M2
It means that heat supplied to the gas increases its internal energy CVmix   1
1   2 m1 m 2

only i.e. (Q)V  U  CV T …..(i)
M1 M 2
(2) While in case of C the heat is used in two ways
P (4) Specific heat of the mixture at constant pressure will be
(i) In increasing the temperature of the gas by T  1    
1  R  2  2 R
   1 
(ii) In doing work, due to expansion at constant pressure (W) 1CP1  2CP2 
 1  1   2 
C Pmix  
So (Q)P  U  W   CP T …..(ii) 1  2 1   2

From equation (i) and (ii)  CP T   CV T  W R   1    

  1     2  2 
  
1  2    1  1    2  1 
PV
  T (CP  CV )  PV  C P  CV  =R
 T R  m1   1  m 2   2  
     
m1 m 2  M1   1  1  M 2   2  1 
[For constant pressure, W = PV also from PV = RT,   
M1 M 2
PV = RT]
(1C P1   2 C P2 )
This relation is called Mayer’s formula and shows that C P  CV i.e. C Pmix 1   2
(5)  mixture  
molar specific heat at constant pressure is greater than that at constant CVmix (1CV1   2 CV2 )
volume.
1   2
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 601

   1     
1   R   2  2  R   v :v :v = 3:
8
: 2  3 : 2.5 : 2
1C P1   2 C P2   1 1     1  
 2   

rms av mp


1CV1   2 CV2   R   R 
1    2 


   1 
 For oxygen gas molecules v = 461 m/s, v = 424.7 m/s and v =
   1  1 
rms av rms

 2  376.4 m/s
1 1   An atom in a solid though has no degree of freedom for
 2 2
  1  2  1 1 1 ( 2  1)   2 2 ( 1  1) translational and rotational motion, due to vibration along 3 axes has 3 
  mixture  1 
1 2 1 ( 2  1)   2 ( 1  1)
 2 = 6 degrees of freedom (and not like an ideal gas molecule). When a
1  1  2  1 diatomic or polyatomic gas dissociates into atoms it behaves as
monoatomic gas whose degree of freedom are changed accordingly
 In General a polyatmic molecule has 3 translational, 3 rotational
degree of freedom and a certain number of vibration mode fvib . Hence
4  fvib
 poly  .
3  fvib
 The cooking gas cylinder contains L.P.G. (Liquid Petroleum gas)
which is saturated. And as pressure  Only average translational kinetic energy of a gas contributes to its
temperature. Two gases with the same average translational kinetic
of saturated vapours is independent of volume
energy have the same temperature even if one has grater rotational
(at constant temperature). the pressure of gas energy and thus greater internal energy.
coming out of the cylinder remains constant
 Unsaturated vapours obey gas laws while saturated vapours don’t.
till the cylinder becomes empty.
 For real gases effective volume is considered as (V – b) where
 If the number of molecules in a gas increases, then the 4 
temperature, kinetic energy and pressure of the gas increases because P b  4 N A  r 3  ; r = radius of each molecule and N = avogrado
 
A

3
 n, T  n and kinetic energy  T  n.
number.
 At constant volume if T increases then v , v , P and collision
rms
 Variation of degree of freedom of a diatomic gas (H ) with 2

frequency increases. temperature. At very low temperature only translation is possible. as the
temperature increases rotational motion can begin. At still higher
 If two gases are filled in vessel then nothing can be predicted about temperatures vibratory motion can begin.
the pressure of gases. However their mean molecular energies will be CV
same but their rms velocities will be different. 4R
 The average distance between two gas molecules at NTP is 10 m. –9
7R/2
Vibration
 The space available for a single gas molecule at NTP is 37.2  10 –2 5R/2
m.
2
Rotation
3R/2
 The molecules of gases will escape out from a planet if the Translation
Mve2
temperature of planet T  ; where v = escape velocity from the 1000 Temperature(K)
3R
e
100 10000
planet, R = universal, gas constant and M = Molecular mass of the gas.
 As f (degree of freedom) increases then C , C  and  .
P V

 The number of molecules present in 1 gm mole of a gas is defined

as Avogadro number (N ). A

N A  6.023  10 23
per gm mole  6.023  10 26 per kg mole. Gas Laws
1. The temperature of a gas at pressure P and volume V is 27°C.
At S.T.P. or N.T.P. (T = 273 K and P = 1 atm) 22.4 litre of each gas has
Keeping its volume constant if its temperature is raised to 927° C,
6.023  10 23 molecule then its pressure will be [MP PMT 1985]
(a) 2 P (b) 3 P
 One mole of any gas at S.T.P. occupy 22.4 litre of volume
(c) 4 P (d) 6 P
e.g. 32 gm oxygen, 28 gm nitrogen and 2gm hydrogen occupy the same 2. 4 moles of an ideal gas is at 0°C. At constant pressure it is heated to
volume at S.T.P. double its volume, then its final temperature will be
 For any gas 1 mole = M gram = 22.4 litre = 6.023  10 molecule. 23
(a) 0°C (b) 273°C
(c) 546°C (d) 136.5°C
3. Every gas (real gas) behaves as an ideal gas
[CPMT 1997; RPMT 2000; MP PET 2001]
 602 Kinetic Theory of Gases
(a) At high temperature and low pressure
(b) At low temperature and high pressure
(c) At normal temperature and pressure
(d) None of the above
4. Boyle's law holds for an ideal gas during
[AFMC 1994; KCET 1999]
(a) Isobaric changes (b) Isothermal changes
(c) Isochoric changes (d) Isotonic changes
5. S.I. unit of universal gas constant is
[MNR 1988; MP PMT 1994; UPSEAT 1999]
(a) cal/°C (b) J/mol
(c) J mol 1 K 1 (d) J/kg
6. Molecules of a gas behave like [J & K CET 2000]
(a) Inelastic rigid sphere
(b) Perfectly elastic non-rigid sphere
(c) Perfectly elastic rigid sphere
(d) Inelastic non-rigid sphere
 1626 Communication
11. If  and  are the refractive indices of the materials of core and
1 2

cladding of an optical fibre, then the loss of light due to its leakage
can be minimised by having [BVP 2003]
(a)  >  1 2
(b)  < 
1 2

(c)  =  1 2
(d) None of these
12. Through which mode of propagation, the radio waves can be sent
Communication from one place to another [JIPMER 2003]
(a) Ground wave propagation
1. In short wave communication waves of which of the following
frequencies will be reflected back by the ionospheric layer, having (b) Sky wave propagation
electron density 10 per m
11 3
(c) Space wave propagation
[AIIMS 2003] (d) All of them
(a) 2 MHz (b) 10 MHz 13. A laser beam of pulse power 10 watt is focussed on an object are 10
12 –4

(c) 12 MHz (d) 18 MHz cm . The energy flux in watt/ cm at the point of focus is
2 2

2. In an amplitude modulated wave for audio frequency of 500 (a) 10 20

(b) 10 16

cycle/second, the appropriate carrier frequency will be (c) 10 8

(d) 10 4

[AMU 1996] 14. The carrier frequency generated by a tank circuit containing 1 nF
(a) 50 cycles/sec (b) 100 cycles/sec capacitor and 10 H inductor is [AFMC 2003]
(c) 500 cycles/sec (d) 50,000 cycles/sec (a) 1592 Hz (b) 1592 MHz
3. AM is used for broadcasting because (c) 1592 kHz (d) 159.2 Hz
15. Broadcasting antennas are generally [AFMC 2003]
(a) It is more noise immune than other modulation systems
(a) Omnidirectional type (b) Vertical type
(b) It requires less transmitting power compared with other
(c) Horizontal type (d) None of these
systems
16. For television broadcasting, the frequency employed is normally
(c) Its use avoids receiver complexity (a) 30-300 MHz (b) 30-300 GHz
(d) No other modulation system can provide the necessary (c) 30-300 KHz (d) 30-300 Hz
bandwidth faithful transmission 17. The radio waves of frequency 300 MHz to 3000 MHz belong to
4. Range of frequencies allotted for commercial FM radio broadcast is (a) High[MNR 1997] band
frequency
(a) 88 to 108 MHz (b) 88 to 108 kHz (b) Very high frequency band
(c) 8 to 88 MHz (d) 88 to 108 GHz (c) Ultra high frequency band
5. The velocity factor of a transmission line x. If dielectric constant of (d) Super high frequency band
the medium is 2.6, the value of x is 18. An antenna behaves as resonant circuit only when its length is
[AFMC 1995] 
(a)
(a) 0.26 (b) 0.62 2
(c) 2.6 (d) 6.2 
(b)
6. The process of superimposing signal frequency (i.e. audio wave) on 4
the carrier wave is known as [AIIMS 1987] (c) 
(a) Transmission (b) Reception  
(d) or integral multiple of
(c) Modulation (d) Detection 2 2
7. Long distance short-wave radio broadcasting uses 19. Maximum useable frequency (MUF) in F-region layer is x, when the
[AFMC 1996] critical frequency is 60 MHz and the angle of incidence is 70°. Then
x is [Himachal PMT 2003]
(a) Ground wave (b) Ionospheric wave
(a) 150 MHz (b) 170 MHz
(c) Direct wave (d) Sky wave
8. A step index fibre has a relative refractive index of 0.88%. What is (c) 175 MHz (d) 190 MHz
the critical angle at the corecladding interface 20. The electromagnetic waves of frequency 2 MHz to 30 MHz are
[Manipal 2003] (a) In ground wave propagation
(a) 60° (b) 75° (b) In sky wave propagation
(c) 45° (d) None of these (c) In microwave propagation
9. The characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable is of the order of (d) In [CPMT
satellite2003]
communication
(a) 50  (b) 200  21. A laser is a coherent source because it contains
(c) 270  (d) None of these [JIPMER 2003]
10. In which frequency range, space waves are normally propagated [EAMCET 2002]
(a) Many wavelengths
(a) HF (b) VHF
(b) Uncoordinated wave of a particular wavelength
(c) UHF (d) SHF
 Communication 1627
(c) Coordinated wave of many wavelengths (c) fa  ff (d) fa  ff
(d) Coordinated waves of a particular wavelength 32. Which of the following is the disadvantage of FM over AM
22. The attenuation in optical fibre is mainly due to (a) Larger band width requirement
[AFMC 2003] (b) Larger noise
(a) Absorption (c) Higher modulation power
(b) Scattering (d) Low efficiency
(c) Neither absorption nor scattering 33. If a number of sine waves with modulation indices n , n , n ........
1 2 3

(d) Both (a) and (b) modulate a carrier wave, then total modulation index (n) of the
wave is
23. The maximum distance upto which TV transmission from a TV (a) n + n .... + 2(n + n .....)
tower of height h can be received is proportional to
1 2 1 2

[AIIMS 2003] (b) n1  n2  n3 ..........

(a) h 1/2
(b) h
(c) n12  n22  n32 .........
(c) h 3/2
(d) h 2

(d) None of these

24. A laser beam is used for carrying out surgery because it
34. An AM wave has 1800 watt of total power content, For 100%
[AIIMS 2003] modulation the carrier should have power content equal to
(a) Is highly monochromatic (b) Is highly coherent (a) 1000 watt (b) 1200 watt
(c) Is highly directional (d) Can be sharply focussed (c) 1500 watt (d) 1600 watt
25. Laser beams are used to measure long distances because 35. The frequency of a FM transmitter without signal input is called
[DCE 2002, 03] (a) Lower side band frequency
(a) They are monochromatic (b) Upper side band frequency
(b) They are highly polarised (c) Resting frequency
(c) They are coherent (d) None of these
(d) They have high degree of parallelism 36. What type of modulation is employed in India for radio transmission
26. An oscillator is producing FM waves of frequency 2 kHz with a (a) Amplitude modulation (b) Frequency modulation
variation of 10 kHz. What is the modulating index
(c) Pulse modulation (d) None of these
[DCE 2004]
37. When the modulating frequency is doubled, the modulation index is
(a) 0.20 (b) 5.0 halved and the modulating voltage remains constant, the modulation
(c) 0.67 (d) 1.5 system is
27. The maximum peak to peak voltage of an AM wire is 24 mV and the (a) Amplitude modulation (b) Phase modulation
minimum peak to peak voltage is 8 mV. The modulation factor is (c) Frequency modulation (d) All of the above
(a) 10% (b) 20%
38. An antenna is a device
(c) 25% (d) 50%
(a) That converts electromagnetic energy into radio frequency
28. Sinusoidal carrier voltage of frequency 1.5 MHz and amplitude 50 V signal
is amplitude modulated by sinusoidal voltage of frequency 10 kHz
producing 50% modulation. The lower and upper side-band (b) That converts radio frequency signal into electromagnetic
frequencies in kHz are energy
(a) 1490, 1510 (b) 1510, 1490 (c) That converts guided electromagnetic waves into free space
electromagnetic waves and vice-versa
1 1 1 1
(c) , (d) ,
1490 1510 1510 1490 (d) None of these
29. What is the modulation index of an over modulated wave 39. While tuning in a certain broadcast station with a receiver, we are
(a) 1 (b) Zero actually
(c) < 1 (d) > 1 (a) Varying the local oscillator frequency
30. Basically, the product modulator is (b) Varying the frequency of the radio signal to be picked up
(a) An amplifier (b) A mixer (c) Tuning the antenna
(c) A frequency separator (d) A phase separator
(d) None of these
31. If f and f represent the carrier wave frequencies for amplitude and
a f

frequency modulations respectively, then 40. Indicate which one of the following system is digital
(a) fa  ff (b) fa  ff (a) Pulse position modulation
(b) Pulse code modulation
 1628 Communication
(c) Pulse width modulation 49. Audio signal cannot be transmitted because
(d) Pulse amplitude modulation [Kerala PMT 2005]
(a) The signal has more noise
41. In a communication system, noise is most likely to affect the signal
(b) The signal cannot be amplified for distance communication
(a) At the transmitter
(c) The transmitting antenna length is very small to design
(b) In the channel or in the transmission line (d) The transmitting antenna length is very large and impracticable
(c) In the information source (e) The signal is not a radio signal
(d) At the receiver 50. In which of the following remote sensing technique is not used
42. The waves used in telecommunication are (a) Forest density (b) Pollution
(c) Wetland mapping (d) Medical treatment
(a) IR (b) UV
51. For sky wave propagation of a 10 MHz signal, what should be the
(c) Microwave (d) Cosmic rays minimum electron density in ionosphere
43. In an FM system a 7 kHz signal modulates 108 MHz carrier so that [AIIMS 2005]
frequency deviation is 50 kHz. The carrier swing is
(a) ~ 1.2  10 m 12 –3
(b) ~ 10 m6 –3

(a) 7.143 (b) 8 (c) ~ 10 m14 –3

(d) ~ 10 m22 –3

(c) 0.71 (d) 350 52. What should be the maximum acceptance angle at the aircore
44. Consider telecommunication through optical fibres. Which of the interface of an optical fibre if n and n are the refractive indices of
1 2

following statements is not true [AIEEE 2003] the core and the cladding, respectively
(a) Optical fibres may have homogeneous core with a suitable [AIIMS 2005]
cladding
(a) sin1 (n2 / n1 ) (b) sin1 n12  n22
(b) Optical fibres can be of graded refractive index
(c) Optical fibres are subject to electromagnetic interference from  1 n2   n 
(c)  tan  (d)  tan 1 1 
outside
 n1   n2 
(d) Optical fibres have extremely low transmission loss
45. The phenomenon by which light travels in an optical fibres is [DCE 2001]
(a) Reflection (b) Refraction
(c) Total internal reflection (d) Transmission
46. Television signals on earth cannot be received at distances greater
than 100 km from the transmission station. The reason behind this is 1. A sky wave with a frequency 55 MHz is incident on D-region of
that [DCE 1995] earth's atmosphere at 45 . The angle of refraction is (electron density
o

for D-region is 400 electron/cm ) 3

(a) The receiver antenna is unable to detect the signal at a distance

[Haryana PMT 2003]
greater than 100 km
(b) The TV programme consists of both audio and video signals (a) 60° (b) 45°

(c) The TV signals are less powerful than radio signals (c) 30° (d) 15°
(d) The surface of earth is curved like a sphere 2. In a diode AM-detector, the output circuit consist of R = 1k and C = 10
pF. A carrier signal of 100 kHz is to be detected. Is it good
47. Advantage of optical fibre [DCE 2005]
(a) High bandwidth and EM interference (a) Yes
(b) Low bandwidth and EM interference (b) No
(c) High band width, low transmission capacity and no EM (c) Information is not sufficient
interference (d) None of these
(d) High bandwidth, high data transmission capacity and no EM
interference 3. Consider an optical communication system operating at ~800 nm.
Suppose, only 1% of the optical source frequency is the available
48. In frequency modulation [Kerala PMT 2005]
channel bandwidth for optical communication. How many channels
(a) The amplitude of modulated wave varies as frequency of carrier can be accommodated for transmitting audio signals requiring a
wave bandwidth of 8 kHz
(b) The frequency of modulated wave varies as amplitude of
(a) 4.8  10 8
(b) 48
modulating wave
(c) The amplitude of modulated wave varies as amplitude of (c) 6.2  10 8
(d) 4.8  10 5

carrier wave 4. A photodetector is made from a semiconductor In Ga As with E = 0.53 0.47 g

(d) The frequency of modulated wave varies as frequency of 0.73 eV. What is the maximum wavelength, which it can detect
modulating wave (a) 1000 nm (b) 1703 nm
(e) The frequency of modulated wave varies as frequency of carrier
(c) 500 nm (d) 173 nm
wave
 Communication 1629
5. A transmitter supplies 9 kW to the aerial when unmodulated. The Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of
power radiated when modulated to 40% is the options given below:
(a) 5 kW (b) 9.72 kW (a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
(c) 10 kW (d) 12 kW
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
6. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 A when only carrier explanation of the assertion.
is sent but increases to 8.96 A when the carrier is sinusoidally (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
modulated. The percentage modulation is (d) If the assertion and reason both are false.
(a) 50% (b) 60% (e) If assertion is false but reason is true.
(c) 65% (d) 71% 1. Assertion : Diode lasers are used as optical sources in optical
communication.
7. The total power content of an AM wave is 1500 W. For 100%
modulation, the power transmitted by the carrier is Reason : Diode lasers consume less energy.
(a) 500 W (b) 700 W [AIIMS 2005]

(c) 750 W (d) 1000 W 2. Assertion : Television signals are received through sky-wave
propagation.
8. The total power content of an AM wave is 900 W. For 100%
modulation, the power transmitted by each side band is Reason : The ionosphere reflects electromagnetic waves of
frequencies greater than a certain critical frequency.
(a) 50 W (b) 100 W [AIIMS 2005]
(c) 150 W (d) 200 W 3. Assertion : In high latitude one sees colourful curtains of light
9. The modulation index of an FM carrier having a carrier swing of 200 hanging down from high altitudes.
kHz and a modulating signal 10 kHz is Reason : The high energy charged particles from the sun are
(a) 5 (b) 10 deflected to polar regions by the magnetic field of
(c) 20 (d) 25 the earth. [AIIMS 2003]
4. Assertion : Short wave bands are used for transmission of radio
10. A 500 Hz modulating voltage fed into an FM generator produces a
frequency deviation of 2.25 kHz. If amplitude of the voltage is kept waves to a large distance.
constant but frequency is raised to 6 kHz then the new deviation Reason : Short waves are reflected by ionosphere
will be [AIIMS 1994]
(a) 4.5 kHz (b) 54 kHz 5. Assertion : The electrical conductivity of earth's atmosphere
(c) 27 kHz (d) 15 kHz decreases with altitude.

11. The audio signal used to modulate 60 sin (2   10 t) is 6 Reason : The high energy particles (i.e. -rays and cosmic
15 sin 300t. The depth of modulation is rays) coming from outer space and entering our
earth's atmosphere cause ionisation of the atoms of
(a) 50% (b) 40% the gases present there and the pressure of gases
(c) 25% (d) 15% decreases with increase in altitude.
12. The bit rate for a signal, which has a sampling rate of 8 kHz and 6. Assertion : The electromagnetic waves of shorter wavelength
where 16 quantisation levels have been used is can travel longer distances on earth's surface than
(a) 32000 bits/sec (b) 16000 bits/sec those of longer wavelengths.
(c) 64000 bits/sec (d) 72000 bits/sec Reason : Shorter the wavelength, the larger is the velocity of
wave propagation.
13. An amplitude modulated wave is modulated to 50%. What is the
saving in power if carrier as well as one of the side bands are 7. Assertion : The surface wave propagation is used for medium
suppressed wave band and for television broadcasting.
(a) 70% (b) 65.4% Reason : The surface waves travel directly from transmitting
antenna to receiver antenna through atmosphere.
(c) 94.4% (d) 25.5%
8. Assertion : The television broadcasting becomes weaker with
14. In AM, the centpercent modulation is achieved when increasing distance.
(a) Carrier amplitude = signal amplitude Reason : The power transmitted from TV transmitter varies
inversely as the distance of the receiver
(b) Carrier amplitude  signal amplitude
9. Assertion : Microwave propagation is better than the sky wave
(c) Carrier frequency = signal frequency propagation.
(d) Carrier frequency  signal frequency Reason : Microwaves have frequencies 100 to 300 GHz,
which have very good directional properties.
10. Assertion : Satellite is an ideal platform for remote sensing.
Reason : Satellite in polar orbit can provide global coverage
or continuous coverage of the fixed area in
geostationary configuration.
11. Assertion : Fax is a modulating and demodulating device.
 1630 Communication
Reason : It is necessary for exact reproduction of a
document.
12. Assertion : A dish antenna is highly directional.
Reason : This is because a dipole antenna is omni directional.

Communication

1 a 2 d 3 c 4 a 5 b
6 c 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 c
11 a 12 d 13 b 14 c 15 b
16 a 17 c 18 d 19 c 20 b
21 d 22 d 23 a 24 d 25 d
26 b 27 d 28 a 29 d 30 b
31 b 32 a 33 c 34 b 35 c
36 a 37 c 38 c 39 a 40 b
41 b 42 c 43 a 44 c 45 c
46 d 47 d 48 b 49 d 50 d
51 a 52 b

Critical Thinking Questions

1 b 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 b
6 d 7 d 8 c 9 b 10 b
11 c 12 a 13 c 14 a
 626 Kinetic Theory of Gases
11. Assertion : For an ideal gas, at constant temperature, the
product of the pressure and volume is constant.
Reason : The mean square velocity of the molecules is
inversely proportional to mass. [AIIMS 1998]
12. Assertion : If a gas container in motion is suddenly stopped,
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the temperature of the gas rises.
the options given below: Reason : The kinetic energy of ordered mechanical motion is
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct converted in to the kinetic energy of random
explanation of the assertion. motion of gas molecules.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct 13. Assertion : Internal energy of an ideal gas does not depend
explanation of the assertion. upon volume of the gas
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false. Reason : Internal energy of ideal gas depends on temperature
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true. of gas.
14. Assertion : At low density, variables of gases P, V and T follows
1. Assertion : In pressure-temperature (P-T) phase diagram of
water, the slope of the melting curve is found to be the equation PV  RT
negative. Reason : At low density real gases are more closely to ideal
Reason : Ice contracts on melting to water. gases
[AIIMS 2005] 15. Assertion : Maxwell speed distribution graph is symmetric
2. Assertion : For gas atom the number of degrees of freedom is about most probable speed
3. Reason : rms speed of ideal gas, depends upon it's type
(monoatomic, diatomic and polyatomic)
CP
Reason :  [AIIMS 2000]
CV
3. Assertion : A gas have a unique value of specific heat.
Reason : Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of unit mass of
the substance through unit degree.
Gas Laws
4. Assertion : A gas can be liquified at any temperature by
increase of pressure alone. 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 c
Reason : On increasing pressure the temperature of gas 6 c 7 c 8 c 9 a 10 d
decreases.
11 a 12 d 13 b 14 d 15 c
5. Assertion : Equal masses of helium and oxygen gases are given
equal quantities of heat. There will be a greater rise 16 b 17 c 18 a 19 a 20 d
in the temperature of helium compared to that of 21 c 22 b 23 a 24 a 25 a
oxygen.
26 a 27 c 28 a 29 c 30 c
Reason : The molecular weight of oxygen is more than the
31 d 32 c 33 a 34 d 35 a
molecular weight of helium.
6. Assertion : Absolute zero is the temperature corresponding to 36 a 37 c 38 a 39 a 40 c
zero energy. 41 d 42 b 43 a 44 c 45 a
Reason : The temperature at which no molecular motion 46 a 47 d 48 d 49 c 50 d
cease is called absolute zero temperature.
51 c 52 c 53 c 54 b 55 d
7. Assertion : The ratio of specific heat gas at constant pressure
56 c 57 c 58 a 59 d 60 a
and specific heat at constant volume for a diatomic
gas is more than that for a monatomic gas. 61 d 62 c 63 d 64 d 65 c
Reason : The molecules of a monatomic gas have more 66 b 67 a 68 d 69 d 70 c
degree of freedom than those of a diatomic gas.
71 c 72 c 73 d 74 b 75 c
8. Assertion : At room temperature, water does not sublimate
76 c 77 c 78 a 79 c 80 c
from water to steam.
81 b 82 a 83 c 84 b 85 c
Reason : The critical point of water is much above the room
temperature. 86 d 87 c 88 c 89 b 90 a
9. Assertion : Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure (C ) is
P
91 b 92 a 93 a 94 d 95 a
greater than its specific heat at constant volume 96 c 97 a 98 a 99 c 100 c
(C ).
V

Reason : At constant pressure, some heat is spent in Speed of Gas

expansion of the gas.
10. Assertion : The internal energy of a real gas is function of 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 a
both, temperature and volume.
6 a 7 d 8 d 9 a 10 a
Reason : Internal kinetic energy depends on temperature and 11 c 12 d 13 b 14 c 15 a
internal potential energy depends on volume.
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 627

16 a 17 a 18 d 19 c 20 a 21 a 22 c 23 b 24 a 25 c
21 d 22 c 23 c 24 a 25 d 26 c 27 c 28 c 29 d 30 d
26 a 27 b 28 d 29 a 30 b 31 d 32 b 33 a 34 a 35 d
31 c 32 b 33 d 34 c 35 a
36 c 37 c 38 d
36 b 37 a 38 c 39 d 40 a
41 d 42 a 43 c 44 b 45 b
Graphical Questions
46 c 47 c 48 b 49 b 50 a
51 b 52 b 53 b 54 d 55 a 1 d 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 c
56 a 57 c 58 b 59 d 60 a
6 c 7 a 8 b 9 a 10 c
61 c 62 b 63 b 64 d 65 a
11 b 12 c 13 c 14 a 15 b
66 b 67 b 68 a
16 b 17 a 18 a 19 b 20 c

Degree of Freedom and Specific Heat 21 a 22 c 23 b 24 b 25 a

1 a 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 c Assertion and Reason

6 d 7 c 8 b 9 d 10 d
1 a 2 b 3 e 4 d 5 b
11 c 12 a 13 b 14 d 15 a
6 e 7 d 8 a 9 a 10 a
16 a 17 a 18 a 19 b 20 a
11 b 12 a 13 b 14 a 15 d
21 c 22 b 23 c 24 d 25 b
26 d 27 d 28 a 29 b 30 d
31 a 32 c 33 a 34 c 35 a
36 d 37 a 38 a 39 b 40 c
41 b 42 b 43 b 44 d 45 b
46 c 47 c 48 d Gas Laws

Pressure and Energy 1. (c) Using Charle’s law

P1 T
 1
P2 T2
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 d
P1 T2 P(273  927)
6 d 7 d 8 a 9 a 10 b or P2   = 4P.
T1 (273  27)
11 d 12 c 13 c 14 a 15 d
16 d 17 b 18 b 19 c 20 a V1 T
2. (b)  1  T2  2  T1  2  (273  0)  546 K
V2 T2
21 c 22 b 23 b 24 c 25 a
26 b 27 d 28 d 29 c 30 d  T2  273  2  546 K  273C  273°C
31 a 32 a 33 c 34 c 35 d
36 c 37 a 38 b 39 ac 40 d
41 d 42 b 43 a 44 a 45 a
46 b 47 a 48 a 49 d 50 a
51 c 52 c 53 d 54 c 55 b
56 c 57 d 58 d 59 c 60 c
61 a 62 c 63 c 64 a

Critical Thinking Questions

1 d 2 d 3 a 4 b 5 a
6 acd 7 b 8 b 9 cd 10 b
11 b 12 bc 13 d 14 d 15 a
16 c 17 d 18 b 19 d 20 d
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 643

1. An ideal gas has an initial pressure of 3 pressure units and an initial (a) 127°C (b) 527°C
volume of 4 volume units. The table gives the final pressure and (c) – 73°C (d) – 173°C
volume of the gas (in those same units) in four, processes. Which 9. The volume of a gas at pressure 21  10 4 N / m 2 and temperature
processes start and end on the same isotherm
27°C is 83 litres. If R = 8.3 J/mol/K, then the quantity of gas in gm-
(a) A mole will be
(b) B A B C D (a) 15 (b) 42
(c) C
P 5 4 12 6 (c) 7 (d) 14
(d) D
10. The pressure and temperature of an ideal gas in a closed vessel are
2. Suppose ideal gas equationV follows7 6VP3 1= constant.
3 Initial 1
temperature and volume of the gas are T and V respectively. If gas 720 kPa and 40C respectively. If th of the gas is released from
4
expand to 27V then its temperature will be come
the vessel and the temperature of the remaining gas is raised to
(a) T (b) 9T
353C, the final pressure of the gas is [EAMCET (Med.) 2000]
(c) 27 T (d) T / 9
(a) 1440 kPa (b) 1080 kPa
3. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is mixed with one mole of a (c) 720 kPa (d) 540 kPa
diatomic ideal gas. The molar specific heat of the mixture at
constant volume is 11. An air bubble doubles its radius on raising from the bottom of
water reservoir to be the surface of water in it. If the atmospheric
3
(a) 8 (b) R pressure is equal to 10 m of water, the height of water in the
2 reservoir is [EAMCET Med.1999]
(c) 2R (d) 2.5 R
(a) 10 m
4. When the temperature of a gas is raised from 27° C to 90°C, the
percentage increase in the r.m.s. velocity of the molecules will be (b) 20 m
(a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 70 m
(c) 20% (d) 17.5% (d) 80 m
5. A gas is enclosed in a closed pot. On keeping this pot in a train
12. If the r.m.s. velocity of a gas at a given temperature (Kelvin scale) is
moving with high speed, the temperature of the gas
300 m/sec. What will be the r.m.s. velocity of a gas having twice the
(a) Will increase molecular weight and half the temperature on Kelvin scale = [
(b) Will decrease
(a) 300 m/sec (b) 600 m/sec
(c) Will remain the same
(c) 75 m/sec (d) 150 m/sec
(d) Will change according to the nature of the gas
6. Two spherical vessel of equal volume, are connected by a n arrow CP
13. The ratio of two specific heats of CO is
tube. The apparatus contains an ideal gas at one atmosphere and CV
300K. Now if one vessel is immersed in a bath of constant
temperature 600K and the other in a bath of constant temperature (a) 1.33 (b) 1.40
300K. Then the common pressure will be (c) 1.29 (d) 1.66
(a) 1 atm 14. The energy of a gas/litre is 300 joules, then its pressure will be
4
(b) atm (a) 3  10 5 N / m 2 (b) 6  10 5 N / m 2
5
4 (c) 10 5 N / m 2 (d) 2  10 5 N / m 2
(c) atm A B
3 15. Pressure versus temperature graphs of an ideal gas are as shown in
3 figure. Choose the wrong statement
(d) atm
4 P P P
7. The r.m.s. velocity of a gas at a certain temperature is 2 times
than that of the oxygen molecules at that temperature. The gas can
be
(a) H2 (b) He T
T T
(c) CH 4 (d) SO 2 (a) Density(i)of gas is increasing in(ii)graph (i) (iii)
(b) Density of gas is decreasing in graph (ii)
8. At what temperature, the mean kinetic energy of O2 will be the
(c) Density of gas is constant in graph (iii)
same for H 2 molecules at – 73°C
(d) None of these
 644 Kinetic Theory of Gases

16. If pressure of CO 2 (real gas) in a container is given by gas is M. The rise in temperature of the gas when the vessel is
suddenly stopped is (  C P / C V )
RT a
P  then mass of the gas in container is
2V  b 4 b 2 Mv 2 Mv 2 (  1)
(a) (b)
(a) 11 gm (b) 22 gm 2 R(  1) 2R
(c) 33 gm (d) 44 gm Mv 2 Mv 2
(c) (d)
17. A cylinder of fixed capacity 44.8 litre. contains a monatomic gas at 2 R(  1) 2 R(  1)
standard temperature and pressure. The amount of heat required to 23. Air is filled at 60°C in a vessel of open mouth. The vessel is heated
cylinder by 10°C will be. to a temperature T so that 1/4th part of air escapes. Assuming the
(R= universal gas constant) volume of the vessel remaining constant, the value of T is
(a) 80°C (b) 444°C
(a) R (b) 10R (c) 333°C (d) 171°C
(c) 20R (d) 30R 24. A partition divides a container having insulated walls into two
compartments I and II. the same gas fills the two compartments.
18. A pressure cooker contains air at 1 atm and 30°C. If the safety value The ratio of the number of molecules in compartments I and II is
of the cooler blows when the inside pressure  3 atm, then the (a) 1 : 6
maximum temperature of the air, inside the cooker can be (b) 6 : 1 P, V, T 2P, 2V, T
(a) 90°C (b) 636°C (c) 4 : 1
(d) 1 : 4 I II
(c) 909°C (d) 363°C
19. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas requires 210 J heat to raise the CP
25. Considering the gases to be ideal, the value of   for a
temperature by 10 K, when heated at constant temperature. If the CV
same gas is heated at constant volume to raise the temperature by gaseous mixture consisting of = 3 moles of carbon dioxide and 2
10 K then heat required is moles of oxygen will be ( O2  1.4,  CO 2  1.3)
[Pb. PET 2000]
[UPSEAT 2000; Pb. PET 2004]
(a) 238 J (b) 126 J (a) 1.37 (b) 1.34
(c) 210 J (d) 350 J (c) 1.55 (d) 1.63
20. From the following V-T diagram we can conclude 26. A jar has a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas in the ratio of 1 : 5.
V P2 The ratio of mean kinetic energies of hydrogen and oxygen
(a) P = P molecules is [CPMT 1977]
1 2

(a) 1 : 16 (b) 1 : 4
(b) P > P
1 2
P1
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 1
(c) P < P
27. Graph between volume and temperature for a gas is shown in
1 2

(d) None of these 1

T1 T2 T figure. If   volume coefficient of gas = per °C, then what is
7 2 273
21. A cylinder contains 10 kg of gas at pressure of 10 N / m . The
the volume of gas at a temperature of 819°C
quantity of gas taken out of the cylinder, if final pressure is
V(litre)
2.5  10 6 N / m 2 , will be (Temperature of gas is constant) (a) 1  10 3 m 3 1
3
[EAMCET 1998; Pb. PMT 1999; 2003; DPMT 199, 2003] (b) 2  10 m 3
0.75
(a) 15.2 kg (b) 3.7 kg 3 0.5
(c) 3  10 m 3
(c) Zero (d) 7.5 kg 0.25
22. Certain amount of an ideal gas are contained in a closed vessel. The (d) 4  10 3 m 3 t°C
vessel is moving with a constant velocity v. The molecular mass of

(SET -13)

1. (c) For same isotherm ; T  constant 2/3

V 
2/3
T1  V  T
Hence  1 
       T2  9 T
1  V2  T2  27 V  T2
 P   P1V1  P2 V2
V
3 5
k 1CV1   2 CV2 1 R 1 R
2. (b) VP = constant = k  P 
3
3. (c) (CV )mix   2 2  2R
V1 / 3 1   2 1 1
k RT  5 
Also PV  RT  1/3
.V  RT  V 2 / 3  3
 (CV )mono  R, (CV )di  R 
V k
 2 2 
 645

3 RT v T2 (273  90) Density  remains constant when P/T or volume remains

4. (a) vrms   2    1 .1 constant.
M v1 T1 (273  30)
In graph (i) Pressure is increasing at constant temperature
hence volume is decreasing so density is increasing. Graphs (ii)
v 
% increase   2  1   100  0 .1  100  10% and (iii) volume is increasing hence, density is decreasing. Note
 1
v  that volume would had been constant in case the straight line
in graph (iii) had passed through origin.
5. (c) Temperature of the gas is concerned only with it's disordered
motion. It is no way concerned with it's ordered motion. 16. (b) Vander wall's gas equation for  mole of real gas
 2 
 P   a V  b   RT  P  RT   a
2
Motion of train (order of motion)
 V 
2
V  b V 2

Motion of molecule (Disordered motion)
on comparing the given equation with this standard equation
1 m
we get   . Hence    mass of gas
6. (c)   1   2 2 M
1
m  m   44  22 gm.
P(2 V ) P v P V 2P P   T2  T1  2
     
R T1 R T1 R T2 R T1 R  T1 T2  17. (d) As we know 1 mol of any ideal gas at STP occupies a volume of
22.4 litres.
2 P T2 2  1  600 4
P    atm 44.8
(T1  T2 ) (300  600) 3 Hence number of moles of gas   2
22.4
Since the volume of cylinder is fixed,
1 v1 M2
7. (c) v rms    Hence (Q)V   T
M v2 M1
3  3 
1 M2  2 R  10  30 R  (C V )mono  R 
   M 2  16. Hence the gas is CH 4 . 2  2 
2 32
18. (b) Since volume is constant,
8. (c) Mean kinetic energy of molecule depends upon temperature
P1 T 1 (273  30)
only. For O2 it is same as that of H 2 at the same Hence  1  
P2 T2 3 T2
temperature of 73C .
 T2  909 K  636C
PV 21  10 4  83  10 3
9. (c) PV  RT     7 19. (b) (Q)P  CP T and (Q)V  CV T
RT 8 .3  300
10. (b) P1  720kpa, T1  40C  273  40  313 K 3
R
(Q)V CV 3
P2 m 2 T2 3 626    2 
P  mT     = 1.5 (Q)P C P 5
R 5
P1 m 1 T1 4 313 2
 P2  1.5 P1  1.5  720  1080kPa  3 5 
(c) According to Boyle’s law (P1 V1 )bottom  (P2 V2 )top (CV )mono  2 R, (C P )mono  2 R 
11.  
4 3 4 3 3
(10  h)  r1  10  r23 but r2  2r1  (Q)V   (Q)P   210  126 J
3 3 5 5
 (10  h)r13  10  8 r13  10  h  80  h = 70m 20. (b) In case of given graph, V and T are related as V = aT – b, where a
and b are constants.
3 RT T
12. (d) vrms   vrms 
M M From ideal gas equation, PV = RT

v2 M 1 T2 1 1 v 300 RT R
     v2  1  =150m/sec We find P  
v1 M 2 T1 2 2 2 2 aT  b ab / T
13. (bc) Co is diatomic gas, for diatomic gas Since T > T , therefore P < P .
2 1 2 1

7 5 C 7R / 2
C P  R and CV  R   di  P   1 .4 21. (d) PV  mrT  P  m [  V, r, T  constant]
2 2 CV 5 R / 2
m1 P 10 10 7
14. (d) Energy  300 J / litre 300  10 3 J / m 3   1  =  m = 2.5 kg.
m2 P2 m2 2 .5  10 6
2

2 2  300  10 3
P E  2  10 5 N / m 2 Hence mass of the gas taken out of the cylinder
3 3
PM  10  2.5  7.5kg.
15. (c) 
RT
 646 Kinetic Theory of Gases ***

22. (b) If m is the total mass of the gas then its kinetic
1
energy  mv 2
2
When the vessel is suddenly stopped then total kinetic energy
will increase the temperature of the gas. Hence
1 m R
mv 2   Cv T  Cv T [As Cv  ]
2 M  1
m R 1 Mv 2 (  1)
 T  mv 2  T  .
M  1 2 2R
23. (d) For open mouth vessel, pressure is constant.
Volume is also given constant
m 1 T m
Hence from PV  RT    RT  T   1  2
M m T2 m 1
1
 th part escapes, so remaining mass in the vessel
4
3 (273  60) 3 / 4 m 1
m 2  m1  
4 T m1
 T  444 K = 171°C
PV (2 P)(2 V ) PV n 1
24. (d) n  Now, n'  4  4 n or  .
kT kT kT n' 4
 1 1   3  1 .3 2  1 .4
 2 2 
 1  1  2  1 (1 .3  1) (1 .4  1)
25. (b)  mix    1 .33
1 2 3 2
 
 1  1  2  1 (1 .3  1) (1 .4  1)
26. (d) In mixture gases will acquire thermal equilibrium (i.e., same
temperature) so their kinetic energies will also be same.
 1 
27. (b) Vt  V0 (1  t)  0.5 1   819   2 litre= 2  10 3 m 3
 273 