LESSON 2: MEDIUM AND out a ball of clay from the center to

TECHNIQUE shape a vessel.

VISUAL ART The paddle and anvil technique -

where a smooth stone anvil is
POTTERY
pressed against the inner wall. The
- is the oldest art form because surface may be treated before or
its medium, earth, is after firing.
abundant. Clay gathered
When a formed day piece is fired
from dry soil is first
for the first time, it is called a
pulverized, removing lumps,
bisque or is said to be bisque-
pebbles, and stones. Water is
fired.
added slowly, kneading it for
even moisture and smooth CONTEMPORARY STUDIO
consistency. POTTERY
 Terra cotta - earthenware
Clay artists - who do functional
that is typically reddish-
pieces are called potters
brown, fired porous, and kept
unglazed. Sculptors- those who use the
 Ceramics - clay formed with same medium for sheer expression
other elements, fired at a are referred to as sculptors.
higher temperature to harden
Ceramicists - do both
the material, and glazed to
make it non-porous. Stoneware - ceramics made from
 Glaze - a coating of a glass- vitreous (having qualities of glass)
like substance fused with day or semi-vitreous clay fired at high
material to make a ceramic temperatures. It may or may not be
piece waterproof. glazed.

THERE ARE THREE BASIC POTTERY *Jon and Tessy Pettyjohn, of Pansol,
TECHNIQUES: Calamba, Laguna, are well known
for having formulated their own
(1) free modeling - where shapes
glazes of celadon and tenmoku.
are 14 formed on a ball of clay
using bare hands Celadon - a glaze in pale greyish
shade of green used on stoneware,
(2) hand-construction - in parts
associated with fae Song dynasty
of coil or slab and pinching these
of the 13th century.
together

(3) potter's wheel - where a

rotating platform is used to hollow
Tenmoku - a dark glaze with a *Weaver - Horizontal strands
surface that resembles oil spotting,
*Spokes - supporting vertical
found in Chinese and Japanese
strands
ceramics.
The four basic types of basket
*Rita Gudino - sculptor known for:
weaves: (1) coiled grasses, (2)
Lual - pregnant figure Birth plaited ribbons, (3) twined and
Goddess functioning as a kiln crossed soft fiber, and (4) wicker
reed or cane.
Technique:
The parts of a basket: (1) base, (2)
Raku - ceramics are fired low, clay
walls, (3) rim, and (4) handle.
remains porous, and the baked
pieces are removed from the kiln
while firing hot
Banig - a mat woven from leaves
WEAVING or grass.

- a general method of *Banig can be grouped according

producing a surface or an to weaving method: (1) the over-
object by entwining a strip or and-under weave found in most
strand simple mats, (2) the sawali or
floating straws weave for making
Warp - longitudinal
"woven in" designs and panels, (3)
Weft - horizontal the open-work weaves such as in
Romblon buri mats, (4) the circular
Three outstanding traditional forms
mats which are employed in hat
of weaving without a loom are:
weaving, (5) the hexagonal weave,
palaspas (palm-leaf frond),
and (6) the embroidery method
basketry, and banig (mat).
wherein designs are later added to
Textile - the finest and most a mat.
sophisticated form of weaving that
- Sulu and Tawi-Tawi - pandan
requires a loom, a machine for
- Mindanao - sesed or sodsod
interweaving threads. Related to
- Visayas - tibag
the art of textile are crocheting,
- Basey and Samar - tikug
embroidery, applique, and calado
(fretwork). Textile art - among indigenous
communities is primarily done
Palaspas -a primeval form of palm
through back strap weaving.
leaf weaving
*Back-strap weaving- a craft
Basketry - the process of weaving
which has existed since Neolithic
pliant materials into a casing.
times. It is called insibet or impaod Alvaro Jimenez - uses corn and
among the Cordillerans of the banana leaves and stalks treated
north. with silica gel as a canvas for his
paintings.
*Ikat - a dye-resist process done
on threads prior to weaving. SCULPTURE

*Abel-cotton and dyed from the Sculpture - the art of making

sap of a Plum called sagut. three- dimensional forms.

* Patadyong - traditional lowland There are three basic methods of

rextile of plaid design used as a creating sculpture:
wraparound skirt, tapts, or even as
(1) modelling or addition in the
hammocks.
use of clay
* Pagburda or embroidery -
(2) subtraction in carving of hard
process of sewing by hand
materials like stone or wood
ornamental designs or patterns to
decorate a fabric or garment. (3) construction by assembling
parts by adhesion or welding.
* Inaul - a Maguindanaon textile
hand-loom-woven. They are made Woodcarving - a form of craft on
into tubular skirts called malong wood by means of incising designs
that is worn by both men and with a knife, or subtracting parts of
women. the material wood with a chisel, or
mallet on chisel for hard type.
* Pina and jusi - are the
traditional fabrics used by the *Bulul - was originally carved for
bordadoras of barong. rites of ancestral worship and
intercession, but today it also
Artists:
serves as a mere souvenir or
1. Narda Olat Capuyan - ornament.
bontoc weaver
METAL CRAFT
2. Mac Valdezco - first
- method which transforms flat
inspired by urban weavers of rags.
metal sheets into sturdy, solid
PAINTING objects

-normally refers to the process of * Casting - is a process of forming

applying color or pigment three-dimensional duplicates by
suspended in binder onto a flat or using molten material to solidify in
two-dimensional surface, such as a mold made from an original art.
paper, wood, or cloth.
Lost-wax- involves heat to replace (3) planographic process - the
the wax with the final metal matrix retains its original surface
material of the finished object. but is specially prepared for the
transfer of the image
*Cold-casting - a process of
mixing a variety of powder with a *Silkscreen - based on stencil-
binder resin and applying the blocking of a design on a mesh
mixture into a mold. screen.

GRAPHIC ARTS *Lithography - a design is drawn

on limestone and treated
-means "to write or to illustrate"
chemically based on the antipathy
with line on a two-dimensional
of oil and water.
surface. It includes calligraphy,
lettering or typography, and layout PAPER CRAFT
of architectural design and plans/
Handmade Paper-making
often with a pen or sometimes
brush. *Salay in Misamis Oriental- small
scale handmade paper industry
Printmaking - the process of
founded in 1987. It produces paper
making an art image by hand on a
from cogon grass and natural
flat-surfaced plate and inking this
fibers.
to transfer its image onto paper.
Papier mache - a substance made
The three basic categories of
of pulp or sheets of paper glued
printmaking based on process are:
and pressed together and molded
(1) relief, where ink is applied to while moist to form into a three-
the original or upper surface of the dimensional object.
matrix. This can be done from an
*It is called taka in Pacte, Laguna
ukit or carving made on smooth
blocks of wood, rubber, or Paper Cutting Art
linoleum. (example) Leonilo
*Pastillas pabalat art - a
Doloricon's Kalbaryo ng
traditional craft which originated in
Magsasaka.
San Miguel, Bulacan where carabao
*collagraph - designing by glue or milk candies are made.
gluing together pieces of cardboard
ORNAMENT AND DECORATIVE
on a main cardboard plate.
ART
(2) intaglio - ink is applied on the
-used to decorate a main object,
incised areas or canals beneath the
parts of a building, a person, or a
original upper surface of the
general environment.
material.
Examples: Filipino parol or the present, and bestowed for the
traditional art of bamboo and papel benefit of future generations
de japon lanterns. (UNESCO)

TWO TYPES

1. tangible heritage
- includes buildings
and historic places,
monuments,
artifacts, etc., which
are considered
worthy of
preservation for the
future. These
include objects
significant to the
archaeology,
architecture, and
science or
technology of a
specific culture.

2. intangible heritage
- refers to the
practices,
representations,
expressions,
knowledge, and
skills - as well as the
instruments,
objects, artifacts,
and cultural spaces
associated with their
communities,
LESSON 3: ART PRODUCTION
groups, and, in
Cultural Heritage - the legacy of some cases,
physical artifacts and intangible individuals
attributes of a group or society that recognize as part of
are inherited from past their cultural
generations, maintained in the heritage. This
 intangible cultural 4. Community
heritage is valuation: "How significant is the
transmitted from work to the community?" or
generation to "Ano'ng halaga nun?"
generation.

CULTURAL HERITAGE:
CULTURAL MAPPING - a process
1. oral traditions and of identifying and stating, in a
expressions, including language, as written or visual inventory, all
a vehicle of the intangible cultural assets within a specific
geographic area. This includes the
2. performing arts
gathering of tangible and
3. social practices, rituals, intangible assets from the
and festive events community. EXAMPLE: Bantayan
Watch Tower
4. knowledge and
practices concerning nature and The Sagisag Kultura (SK) ng
the universe Filipinas - aims to gather, select,
and promote the cultural icons of
5. traditional
the country, creating a database
craftsmanship.
and registry of these symbols of
Philippine culture. The cultural
icons include persons and heroes
TO GUIDE US IN OUR STUDY, WE
who are natural-born Filipino
SHALL GO THROUGH OUR STUDY
citizens, have important traits vital
OF ART PRODUCTION WITH FOCUS
to the country's progress, and will
ON THE FOLLOWING CONCERNS:
serve as good role models for the
1. Physical appearance Filipino youth:
or form: "Ano’ng itsura?" or the art
1. National Scientists
form's physical appearance and
materials 2. National Artists
2. Systems of art 3. presidents
production/ Process of Art
4. heroes in Philippine
Production: "How is it done?" or
history.
"Paano ginagawa?"
5. Also included are items
3. Social narratives and
of heritage, which must be more
histories: "How did it happen?" or
than 50 years old, native or
"Paano nangyari yun?"
indigenous, and important in
national history.
 6. They must be products
of Filipino imagination and
intelligence which we can be proud
of.

7. Historical sites, native

flora and fauna,

8. inventions, and
important researches are also
included.