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 Class 10 Science
Previous Year Questions
Chapter-5 : Life Processes

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 5.2 Nutrition

MCQ

1. Opening and closing of stomata is due to

(a) high pressure of gases inside the cells
(b) movement of water in and out of the guard cells
(c) stimulus of light in the guard cells
(d) diffusion of CO2 in and out of the guard cells.
(2023)
2. Assertion (𝑨) : The inner walls of the small intestine have finger like
projections called villi which are rich in blood.
Reason (R) : These villi have a large surface area to help the small intestine in
completing the digestion of food.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but ( 𝑅 ) is true.
(2023)
3. Water in the root enters due to
(a) the function of the root to absorb water
(b) difference in the concentration of ions between the root and the soil
(c) excess water present in the soil
(d) diffusion of water in the roots.
(2023)
4. In human alimentary canal, the specific enzyme/ juice secreted in locations
(i), (ii) and (iii) are

(a) (i) Amylase

(ii) Pepsin
(iii) Bile
(b) (i) Amylase
(ii) Bile

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 (c) (i) Lipase
(ii) Amylase
(iii) Trypsin
(d) (i) Trypsin
(ii) Bile
(iii) Pepsin
(iii) Amylase.
(Term I, 2021-22)
5. In the following flow chart showing autotrophic nutrition in green plants, 𝑨 and
𝑩 respectively are

(a) oxygen and energy

(b) starch and oxygen
(c) energy and starch
(d) oxygen and water.
(Term I, 2021-22)
6. Read the following and answer the questions from 6(i) to 6(iv).
Take a healthy potted plant with elongated leaves. Select a leaf and insert about one
half of this leaf in a test tube containing KOH and make it air tight. Place the set-up
in sun for two hours. Take out the leaf from the test tube and dip it in boiling water
for a few minutes. Put this leaf in a beaker with alcohol and boil it in a water bath.
Wash the leaf with water and then dip the leaf in iodine solution for a few minutes.
The portion of the leaf dipped in KOH solution will not show any change when
dipped in iodine solution.

(i) The function of KOH taken in the test tube is to absorb

(a) released water vapours
(b) released CO2
(c) released O2
(d) chlorophyll.
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 (ii) On the basis of this activity, we may conclude that the factor for photosynthesis
is
(a) carbon dioxide
(b) oxygen
(c) chlorophyll
(d) water vapour.

(iii) The event that does not occur in photosynthesis is

(a) absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
(b) reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
(c) oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
(d) conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

(iv) lodine solution gives blue-black colour with

(a) starch
(b) proteins
(c) glucose
(d) fats.
(Term I, 2021-22)
7. The correct statements with reference to single celled organisms are
(i) complex substances are not broken down into simpler substances
(ii) simple diffusion is sufficient to meet the requirement of exchange of gases
(iii) specialised tissues perform different functions in the organism
(iv) entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment for taking in
food.
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv).
(Term I, 2021-22)
8. Which one of the following conditions is true for the state of stomata of a
green leaf shown in the given diagram?

(a) Large amount of water flows into the guard cells.

(b) Gaseous exchange is occurring in large amount.
(c) Large amount of water flows out from the guard cells.
(d) Large amount of sugar collects in the guard cells.
(Term I, 2021-22)
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9. Assertion (A) : Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and is taken
up by plants in the form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites.
Reason (R) : The soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materials like
nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals for the plants.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are true but (𝑅) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but ( 𝑅 ) is true.
(Term I, 2021-22)
10. A student was asked to write a stepwise procedure to demonstrate that
carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis. He wrote the following steps. The
wrongly worded step is

(a)

(b)
(a) both potted plants are kept in dark room for at least three days
(b) bottom of the bell jars is sealed to make them air tight
(c) both potted plants are kept in sunlight after the starch test
(d) a leaf from both the plants is taken to test the presence of starch.
(Term I, 2021-22)
11. The length of small intestine in a deer is more as compared to the length of
small intestine of a tiger. The reason for this is
(a) mode of intake of food
(b) type of food consumed
(c) presence or absence of villi in intestines
(d) presence or absence of digestive enzymes.
(Term I, 2021-22)
12. Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
(a) small intestine
(b) liver
(c) stomach
(d) large intestine.
(2020)
VSA (1 mark)

13. Name an enzyme present in pancreatic juice.

(2019 C)
14. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal in human beings?
(2019 C)
15. Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis.
(NCERT, Board Term I, 2016)
16. State the location and function of gastric glands.
(Board Term I, 2014)
SAI (2 marks)

17. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark
and other in sunlight. It was observed that plant kept in dark could not survive
longer. Give reason for this observation.
(2023)
18. List the events in proper sequence that takes place during the process of
photosynthesis.
(2023) R
19. Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for
digestion of food. Write the three components of secretion that are released by
these glands.
(Board Term I, 2014)
SA II (3 marks)

20. (i) How does Paramecium obtain its food?

(ii) List the role of each of the following in our digestive system :
(a) Hydrochloric acid
(b) Trypsin
(c) Muscular walls of stomach
(d) Salivary amylase (2023)

21. (a) With the help of an activity, explain the action of saliva on the food we eat.
(b) Why is bile juice important in the process of digestion?
(2023)
 22. In the human body the site of absorption of digested food is the small intestine. How
is the process of absorption carried out and why is absorption of digested food
necessary? (2020 C)
23. Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

(2020)

24. (a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion:
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase
(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine. (2020)

25. (a) Write the function of the following in the human alimentary canal :
(i) Saliva
(ii) HCl in stomach
(iii) Bile juice
(iv) Villi
(b) Write one function each of the following enzymes:
(i) Pepsin
(ii) Lipase
(2019)
26. Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical equation
involved in the process. (Board Term I, 2017)

27. Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give one example of each.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2017)
28. Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps involved
in nutrition in Amoeba.
(Board Term I, 2015)
LA (5 marks)

29. (a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?

(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?
(NCERT Exemplar, 2020)

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 30. (a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans.
(b) Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)
(5.3 Respiration )
MCQ

31. As compared to terrestrial organisms, the rate of breathing in aquatic organism

is
(a) faster because they need more oxygen for their survival
(b) faster because the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low
(c) slower because the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low
(d) slower because the capacity of water of dissolving atmospheric air is limited
(2023) (U)
32. The sequence of anaerobic respiration in our muscle cells during heavy exercise
is
Lactic acid + Energy
Mitochondria
(b) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate Muscle cells ⟶ Carbon dioxide + Water
Cytoplasm Muscle cells
(c) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Mitochondria
(d) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate Muscle cells ⟶ Ethanol + Lactic acid.
(Term I, 2021-22)
33. The energy released during cellular respiration is used to synthesise
(a) ribosomes
(c) ATP
(b) RBC
(d) mitochondria.
(Term I, 2021-22)
34. Which of the following statements are correct in reference to the role of 𝑨
(shown in the given diagram) during a breathing cycle in human beings?

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 (i) It helps to decrease the residual volume of air in lungs.
(ii) If flattens as we inhale.
(iii) It gets raised as we inhale.
(iv) It helps the chest cavity to become larger.
(a) (ii) and (iv)
(b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(Term I, 2021-22)
35. Assertion (A) : The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much slower than
that seen in terrestrial organisms.
Reason (R) : The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is very low as compared to the
amount of oxygen in air.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but ( 𝑅 ) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
(Term I, 2021-22)
36. Assertion (A) : In human beings, when air is taken into the body through the
nostrils and passed through the throat, the air passage does not collapse.
Reason (R) : Rings of cartilage present in the throat ensure that the air passage does
not collapse.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
(2021C)
37. The function of the lining of mucus in the nasal passage of human beings is to
(a) increase the temperature of inhaled air
(b) move the air in and out
(c) filter the air that we breathe in
(d) absorb oxygen from the air.
(Term I, 2021-22)
38. In living organisms during respiration which of the following products are not
formed if oxygen is not available?
(a) Carbon dioxide + Water
(b) Carbon dioxide + Alcohol
(c) Lactic acid + Alcohol
(d) Carbon dioxide + Lactic Acid
(Term I, 2021-22)
39. Respiratory structures of two different animals-a fish and a human being are
shown.
Observe (A) and (B) and select one characteristic that holds true for both of them.
 (a) Both are placed internally in the body of animal.
(b) Both have thin and moist surface for gaseous exchange.
(c) Both are poorly supplied with blood vessels to conserve energy.
(d) In both the blood returns to the heart after being oxygenated.
(Term I, 2021-22)
40. Observe the diagram of an activity given below. What does it help to
conclude, when the person exhales into the test-tube?

(a) Percentage of carbon dioxide is more in inhaled air.

(b) Fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen.
(c) Percentage of carbon dioxide is more in the exhaled air.
(d) Fermentation occurs in the presence of carbon dioxide.
(Term I, 2021-22)
41. Anaerobic process
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen
(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human beings
(d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy.
(2020)
VSA (1 mark)

42. Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular

organisms like human. State reason.
(NCERT, Board Term I, 2017)
SA I (2 marks)

43. Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in
human body. Write the products formed in each case.
(Delhi 2019)
 SA II (3 marks)

44. (a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.

(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial
organisms. Give reasons.
(c) Complete the following pathway showing the breakdown of glucose.

(2020)
45. Explain the ways in which glucose is broken down in absence or shortage of
oxygen.
(2019)
46. Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration.
(Board Term I, 2016)
47. Draw a flow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)
48. Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in
animals.
(Board Term I, 2014)
LA (5 marks)
49. (a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms
and terrestrial organisms? Explain.
(b) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label - pharynx, trachea, lungs,
diaphragm and alveolar sac on it.
(2020)
50. In the experimental set up to show that " CO2 is given out during respiration",
name the substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its
function and the consequence of its use.
(2019)
51. (a) State reasons for the following:
(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small
intestine.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of
gases.
(b) The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in
terrestrial organisms.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)
52. Draw a flow chart showing the three different pathways involved in the
breakdown of glucose in different organisms. Name the respiratory pigment present
in human beings. State the function of rings of cartilage present in our throat.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2015) 12
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 5.4 Transportation

MCQ

53. Observe the following diagram and identify the process and its significance
from the following options:

(a) Evaporation : maintains water contents in leaf cells.

(b) Transpiration : creates a suction force which pulls water inside the plant.
(c) Excretion : helps in excreting out waste water from the plant.
(d) Translocation: helps in transporting materials from one cell to another.
(2023)
54. The process in which loss of water in the form of vapours from the aerial parts
of plants takes place is 𝑿, which helps in 𝒀. Here, 𝑿 and 𝒀 respectively are
(a) transpiration and photosynthesis
(b) transpiration and temperature regulation
(c) translocation and movement of soluble products of photosynthesis in phloem
(d) translocation and absorption of water and minerals from soil by roots.
(2023)
55. Assertion (A) : The walls of atria are thicker than those of the ventricles.
Reason (R) : Ventricles have to pump blood into various organs at high pressure.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (𝑅) is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason ( 𝑅 ) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
(2023)
56. Study the following and answer any four questions from 56 (i) to 𝟔(𝐯) :
Visible movements only cannot be the defining characteristic of life. Molecular
movements which are invisible to the naked eye are necessary for life. Viruses are
said to be living as they also show molecular movements but only when they are
inside a living cell. Living organisms are organised structures. They must keep
repairing
and maintaining their structures. Maintenance of an organism is the collection of
processes like nutrition, respiration, etc. In absence of any one of these, life wouldbe
difficult. To remain alive, chemical energy is needed by the living organism to
 perform vital process. It provides energy to (a) maintain life processes, (b) produce
molecules for repair of worn out cells, and (c) for the growth of the body.
(i) Viruses show molecular movements when they are
(a) in crystalline form
(b) inside a dead material
(c) in air
(d) in the body of a living organism.

(ii) The process which involves intake of O2 from outside and breaking down of
nutrient molecules to produce energy is called
(a) excretion
(b) nutrition
(c) respiration
(d) reproduction.

(iii) Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

Energy is needed by a living organism to
(a) maintain life processes
(b) grow
(c) repair worn out tissues of the body
(d) synthesise waste materials.

(iv) The type of nutrition found in green plants is

(a) autotrophic
(b) heterotrophic
(c) parasitic
(d) holozoic.

(v) The function of the circulatory system of human beings is to transport

(a) food
(c) waste material
(b) oxygen
(d) all of the above.
(2021C)
57. The separation of the right side and the left side of heart is useful to
(a) keep oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood
(b) allow a slow supply of oxygen in the body
(c) supply energy to animals with low energy needs
(d) often change their body temperature.
(Term I, 2021-22)
 58. In spring, sugar stored in root or stem tissue of plants is transported to the
buds for
(a) the energy needs of the buds to grow
(b) temperature regulation
(c) balancing the storage in different organs
(d) diffusion process.
(Term I, 2021-22)
59. Upward movement of water in tall trees is due to
(a) translocation
(c) photosynthesis
(b) excretion
(d) transpiration.
(Term I, 2021-22)
60. Thin walled blood vessels are called
(a) aorta
(c) arteries
(b) capillaries
(d) vena cava.
(Term I, 2021-22)
61. Consider the following statements in connection with the functions of the
blood vessels marked 𝑨 and 𝑩 in the diagram of a human heart as shown.

(i) Blood vessel A - It carries carbon dioxide rich blood to the lungs.
(ii) Blood vessel B - It carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs.
(iii) Blood vessel B - Left atrium relaxes as it receives blood from this blood vessel.
(iv) Blood vessel A - Right atrium has thick muscular wall as it has to pump blood
to this blood vessel.
The correct statements are
(a) (i) and (ii) only
(b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii).
(Term I, 2021-22)

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 62. Identify the two components of phloem tissue that help in transportation of food
in plants.
(a) Phloem parenchyma and sieve tubes
(b) Sieve tubes and companion cells
(c) Phloem parenchyma and companion cells
(d) Phloem fibres and sieve tubes
(Term I, 2021-22)
63. Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory
system?
(a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.
(b) Human heart has five chambers.
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.
(d) Both oxygen-rich and oxygen-deficient blood gets mixed in the heart.
(2020)
VSA (1 mark)

64. Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from the lungs.
(Board Term I, 2017)
65. Define translocation in reference to plants.
(Board Term I, 2016)
SA I (2 marks)

66. What is the other name of 'tissue fluid'? Write its two functions.
(2023)
67. What will happen if:
(a) Xylem tissue in a plant is removed?
(b) We are injured and start bleeding?
(2023)
SA II (3 marks)

68. (i) What is double circulation?

(ii) Why is the separation of the right side and the left side of the heart useful? How
does it help birds and mammals?
(2023)
69. (a) List in tabular form two differentiating features between xylem and phloem.
(b) Write two advantages of transpiration in plants.
(2019 C)
70. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each.
(Delhi 2019)

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 71. (a) Write two water conducting tissues present in plants. How does water
enter continuously into the root xylem?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to animals.
(Al 2019)
72. List four functions of the human heart. Why is double circulation
necessary in the human body?
(2019)
73. Explain how the translocation of materials in phloem tissue in plants is
achieved by utilising energy.
(NCERT, Board Term I, 2017)
74. What do the following transport?
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Pulmonary vein
(iv) Vena cava
(v) Pulmonary artery
(vi) Aorta
(Board Term I, 2014)
75. Explain giving any three reasons the significance of transpiration in plants.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2014)
LA (5 marks)

76. (i) Plants absorb water from the soil. Explain how it is taken up and
transported from the soil.
(ii) "When we are injured and start bleeding, it requires the loss of blood from
the system to be minimised." What will happen if the blood loss is not
stopped? Is there anything the system would do on its own to prevent the
loss?
(2021C)
77. Give reasons:
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow. (c) Circulation of blood in aquatic
vertebrates differs from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as
compared to the night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.
(2020)
78. (a) "Blood circulation in fishes is different from the blood circulation in
human beings". Justify the statement.
(b) Describe "blood circulation" in human beings.
(NCERT, 2020)

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 79. (a) Mention any two components of blood.
(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and
veins.
(2018)
5.5 Excretion

MCQ

80. In the given diagram, 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 and 𝑫 respectively are

(a) A - Left kidney ; B - Aorta; C - Vena cava; D - Urethra

(b) A - Left kidney; B - Vena cava; C - Aorta; D - Urinary bladder
(c) A - Right kidney ; B - Aorta; C - Ureter; D - Urethra
(d) A - Right kidney; B - Vena cava; C - Aorta; D - Urinary bladder
(Term I, 2021-22)
81. Which one among the following is not removed as a waste product from
the body of a plant?
(a) Resins and gums
(b) Urea
(c) Dry leaves
(d) Excess water
(Term I, 2021-22)
82. Read the following and answer the questions from 82 (i) to 82(iv).
The figure shown below represents a common type of dialysis called as
haemodialysis. It removes
waste products from the blood, such as excess salts, and urea which are
insufficiently removed by the kidney in patients with kidney failure. During
the procedure, the patient's blood is cleaned by filtration through a series of
semi-permeable membranes before being returned to the blood of the
patient. On the basis of this answer the following questions.

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 (i) The haemodialyser has semi-permeable lining of tubes which help
(a) to maintain osmotic pressure of blood
(b) to filter nitrogenous wastes from the dialysing solution
(c) in passing the waste products in the dialysing solution
(d) to pump purified blood back into the body of the patient.

(ii) Which one of the following is not a function of artificial kidney?

(a) To remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
(b) To remove excess fluids from the blood.
(c) To reabsorb essential nutrients from the blood.
(d) To filter and purify the blood.

(iii) The 'used dialysing' solution is rich in

(a) urea and excess salts
(b) blood cells
(c) lymph
(d) proteins.

(iv) Which part of the nephron in human kidney, serves the function of
reabsorption of certain substances?
(a) Glomerulus
(b) Bowman's Capsule
(c) Tubules
(d) Collecting duct
(Term I, 2021-22)

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 SA I (2 marks)
83. Write one specific function of each of the following organs in relation
with excretion in human beings:
(i) Renal Artery
(ii) Urethra (iii) Glomerulus
(iv) Tubular part of nephron
(2023)
84. Explain in brief two ways by which leaves of a plant help in excretion.
(2023)
SA II (3 marks)

85. (a) Define the term excretion. Why should animals excrete waste matter?
(b) Name the main excretory organ of human beings and state the form in
which the excretory matter is thrown out of the body?
(2019 C)
86. Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on
it.
(Board Term I, 2017)
OR
Draw a neat diagram of excretory system of human beings and label on it:
(i) Left kidney
(ii) Urinary bladder.
(Board Term I, 2016)
87. Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of diagram.
(NCERT Intext, Board Term I, 2014)
LA (5 marks)

88. (a) Describe the structure and function of the basic filtering unit of
kidney.
(b) List two factors on which reabsorption of water from urine depends.
(2020)
89. (a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body.
(NCERT Exemplar, 2020)
90. (a) Define excretion.
(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.
(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of
excretory system which perform following functions:
(i) form urine
(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney
(iii) store urine until it is passed out.
(2018)
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 91. (a) Draw a neat diagram of the human excretory system and label
following parts:
(i) Urethra
(ii) Kidney
(iii) Ureter
(iv) Urinary bladder
(b) What are nephrons? How is a nephron involved in the filtration of blood
and formation of urine?
(Board Term I, 2015)

21
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 Class 10 Science
Previous Year Questions
Chapter-5 : Life Processes

1
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 5.2 Nutrition

MCQ

1. Opening and closing of stomata is due to

(a) high pressure of gases inside the cells
(b) movement of water in and out of the guard cells
(c) stimulus of light in the guard cells
(d) diffusion of CO2 in and out of the guard cells.
(2023)
2. Assertion (𝑨) : The inner walls of the small intestine have finger like
projections called villi which are rich in blood.
Reason (R) : These villi have a large surface area to help the small intestine in
completing the digestion of food.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but ( 𝑅 ) is true.
(2023)
3. Water in the root enters due to
(a) the function of the root to absorb water
(b) difference in the concentration of ions between the root and the soil
(c) excess water present in the soil
(d) diffusion of water in the roots.
(2023)
4. In human alimentary canal, the specific enzyme/ juice secreted in locations
(i), (ii) and (iii) are

(a) (i) Amylase

(ii) Pepsin
(iii) Bile
(b) (i) Amylase
(ii) Bile

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 (c) (i) Lipase
(ii) Amylase
(iii) Trypsin
(d) (i) Trypsin
(ii) Bile
(iii) Pepsin
(iii) Amylase.
(Term I, 2021-22)
5. In the following flow chart showing autotrophic nutrition in green plants, 𝑨 and
𝑩 respectively are

(a) oxygen and energy

(b) starch and oxygen
(c) energy and starch
(d) oxygen and water.
(Term I, 2021-22)
6. Read the following and answer the questions from 6(i) to 6(iv).
Take a healthy potted plant with elongated leaves. Select a leaf and insert about one
half of this leaf in a test tube containing KOH and make it air tight. Place the set-up
in sun for two hours. Take out the leaf from the test tube and dip it in boiling water
for a few minutes. Put this leaf in a beaker with alcohol and boil it in a water bath.
Wash the leaf with water and then dip the leaf in iodine solution for a few minutes.
The portion of the leaf dipped in KOH solution will not show any change when
dipped in iodine solution.

(i) The function of KOH taken in the test tube is to absorb

(a) released water vapours
(b) released CO2
(c) released O2
(d) chlorophyll.
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 (ii) On the basis of this activity, we may conclude that the factor for photosynthesis
is
(a) carbon dioxide
(b) oxygen
(c) chlorophyll
(d) water vapour.

(iii) The event that does not occur in photosynthesis is

(a) absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
(b) reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
(c) oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
(d) conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

(iv) lodine solution gives blue-black colour with

(a) starch
(b) proteins
(c) glucose
(d) fats.
(Term I, 2021-22)
7. The correct statements with reference to single celled organisms are
(i) complex substances are not broken down into simpler substances
(ii) simple diffusion is sufficient to meet the requirement of exchange of gases
(iii) specialised tissues perform different functions in the organism
(iv) entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment for taking in
food.
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv).
(Term I, 2021-22)
8. Which one of the following conditions is true for the state of stomata of a
green leaf shown in the given diagram?

(a) Large amount of water flows into the guard cells.

(b) Gaseous exchange is occurring in large amount.
(c) Large amount of water flows out from the guard cells.
(d) Large amount of sugar collects in the guard cells.
(Term I, 2021-22)
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9. Assertion (A) : Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and is taken
up by plants in the form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites.
Reason (R) : The soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materials like
nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals for the plants.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are true but (𝑅) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but ( 𝑅 ) is true.
(Term I, 2021-22)
10. A student was asked to write a stepwise procedure to demonstrate that
carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis. He wrote the following steps. The
wrongly worded step is

(a)

(b)
(a) both potted plants are kept in dark room for at least three days
(b) bottom of the bell jars is sealed to make them air tight
(c) both potted plants are kept in sunlight after the starch test
(d) a leaf from both the plants is taken to test the presence of starch.
(Term I, 2021-22)
11. The length of small intestine in a deer is more as compared to the length of
small intestine of a tiger. The reason for this is
(a) mode of intake of food
(b) type of food consumed
(c) presence or absence of villi in intestines
(d) presence or absence of digestive enzymes.
(Term I, 2021-22)
12. Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
(a) small intestine
(b) liver
(c) stomach
(d) large intestine.
(2020)
VSA (1 mark)

13. Name an enzyme present in pancreatic juice.

(2019 C)
14. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal in human beings?
(2019 C)
15. Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis.
(NCERT, Board Term I, 2016)
16. State the location and function of gastric glands.
(Board Term I, 2014)
SAI (2 marks)

17. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark
and other in sunlight. It was observed that plant kept in dark could not survive
longer. Give reason for this observation.
(2023)
18. List the events in proper sequence that takes place during the process of
photosynthesis.
(2023) R
19. Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for
digestion of food. Write the three components of secretion that are released by
these glands.
(Board Term I, 2014)
SA II (3 marks)

20. (i) How does Paramecium obtain its food?

(ii) List the role of each of the following in our digestive system :
(a) Hydrochloric acid
(b) Trypsin
(c) Muscular walls of stomach
(d) Salivary amylase
(2023)
21. (a) With the help of an activity, explain the action of saliva on the food we eat.
(b) Why is bile juice important in the process of digestion?
(2023)
 22. In the human body the site of absorption of digested food is the small intestine. How
is the process of absorption carried out and why is absorption of digested food necessary?
(2020 C)
23. Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

(2020)

24. (a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion:
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase
(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine.
(2020)
25. (a) Write the function of the following in the human alimentary canal :
(i) Saliva
(ii) HCl in stomach
(iii) Bile juice
(iv) Villi
(b) Write one function each of the following enzymes:
(i) Pepsin
(ii) Lipase
(2019)
26. Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical equation
involved in the process.
(Board Term I, 2017)
27. Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give one example of each.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2017)
28. Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps involved
in nutrition in Amoeba.
(Board Term I, 2015)
LA (5 marks)

29. (a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?

(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?
(NCERT Exemplar, 2020)

7
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 30. (a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans.
(b) Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)
5.3 Respiration

MCQ

31. As compared to terrestrial organisms, the rate of breathing in aquatic organism

is
(a) faster because they need more oxygen for their survival
(b) faster because the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low
(c) slower because the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low
(d) slower because the capacity of water of dissolving atmospheric air is limited
(2023) (U)
32. The sequence of anaerobic respiration in our muscle cells during heavy exercise
is
Lactic acid + Energy
Mitochondria
(b) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate Muscle cells ⟶ Carbon dioxide + Water
Cytoplasm Muscle cells
(c) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Mitochondria
(d) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate Muscle cells ⟶ Ethanol + Lactic acid.
(Term I, 2021-22)
33. The energy released during cellular respiration is used to synthesise
(a) ribosomes
(c) ATP
(b) RBC
(d) mitochondria.
(Term I, 2021-22)
34. Which of the following statements are correct in reference to the role of 𝑨
(shown in the given diagram) during a breathing cycle in human beings?

9
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(i) It helps to decrease the residual volume of air in lungs.
(ii) If flattens as we inhale.
(iii) It gets raised as we inhale.
(iv) It helps the chest cavity to become larger.
(a) (ii) and (iv)
(b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(Term I, 2021-22)
35. Assertion (A) : The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much slower than
that seen in terrestrial organisms.
Reason (R) : The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is very low as compared to the
amount of oxygen in air.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but ( 𝑅 ) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
(Term I, 2021-22)
36. Assertion (A) : In human beings, when air is taken into the body through the
nostrils and passed through the throat, the air passage does not collapse.
Reason (R) : Rings of cartilage present in the throat ensure that the air passage does
not collapse.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
(2021C)
37. The function of the lining of mucus in the nasal passage of human beings is to
(a) increase the temperature of inhaled air
(b) move the air in and out
(c) filter the air that we breathe in
(d) absorb oxygen from the air.
(Term I, 2021-22)
38. In living organisms during respiration which of the following products are not
formed if oxygen is not available?
(a) Carbon dioxide + Water
(b) Carbon dioxide + Alcohol
(c) Lactic acid + Alcohol
(d) Carbon dioxide + Lactic Acid
(Term I, 2021-22)
39. Respiratory structures of two different animals-a fish and a human being are
shown.
Observe (A) and (B) and select one characteristic that holds true for both of them.
(a) Both are placed internally in the body of animal.
(b) Both have thin and moist surface for gaseous exchange.
(c) Both are poorly supplied with blood vessels to conserve energy.
(d) In both the blood returns to the heart after being oxygenated.
(Term I, 2021-22)
40. Observe the diagram of an activity given below. What does it help to
conclude, when the person exhales into the test-tube?

(a) Percentage of carbon dioxide is more in inhaled air.

(b) Fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen.
(c) Percentage of carbon dioxide is more in the exhaled air.
(d) Fermentation occurs in the presence of carbon dioxide.
(Term I, 2021-22)
41. Anaerobic process
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen
(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human beings
(d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy.
(2020)
VSA (1 mark)

42. Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular

organisms like human. State reason.
(NCERT, Board Term I, 2017)
SA I (2 marks)

43. Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in
human body. Write the products formed in each case.
(Delhi 2019)
 SA II (3 marks)

44. (a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.

(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial
organisms. Give reasons.
(c) Complete the following pathway showing the breakdown of glucose.

(2020)
45. Explain the ways in which glucose is broken down in absence or shortage of
oxygen.
(2019)
46. Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration.
(Board Term I, 2016)
47. Draw a flow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)
48. Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in
animals.
(Board Term I, 2014)
LA (5 marks)

49. (a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms
and terrestrial organisms? Explain.
(b) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label - pharynx, trachea, lungs,
diaphragm and alveolar sac on it.
(2020)
50. In the experimental set up to show that " CO2 is given out during respiration",
name the substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its
function and the consequence of its use.
(2019)
51. (a) State reasons for the following:
(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small
intestine.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of
gases.
(b) The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in
terrestrial organisms.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)
52. Draw a flow chart showing the three different pathways involved in the
breakdown of glucose in different organisms. Name the respiratory pigment present
in human beings. State the function of rings of cartilage present in our throat.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2015) 12
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 5.4 Transportation

MCQ

53. Observe the following diagram and identify the process and its significance
from the following options:

(a) Evaporation : maintains water contents in leaf cells.

(b) Transpiration : creates a suction force which pulls water inside the plant.
(c) Excretion : helps in excreting out waste water from the plant.
(d) Translocation: helps in transporting materials from one cell to another.
(2023)
54. The process in which loss of water in the form of vapours from the aerial parts
of plants takes place is 𝑿, which helps in 𝒀. Here, 𝑿 and 𝒀 respectively are
(a) transpiration and photosynthesis
(b) transpiration and temperature regulation
(c) translocation and movement of soluble products of photosynthesis in phloem
(d) translocation and absorption of water and minerals from soil by roots.
(2023)
55. Assertion (A) : The walls of atria are thicker than those of the ventricles.
Reason (R) : Ventricles have to pump blood into various organs at high pressure.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (𝑅) is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason ( 𝑅 ) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
(2023)
56. Study the following and answer any four questions from 56 (i) to 𝟔(𝐯) :
Visible movements only cannot be the defining characteristic of life. Molecular
movements which are invisible to the naked eye are necessary for life. Viruses are
said to be living as they also show molecular movements but only when they are
inside a living cell. Living organisms are organised structures. They must keep
repairing
and maintaining their structures. Maintenance of an organism is the collection of
processes like nutrition, respiration, etc. In absence of any one of these, life wouldbe
difficult. To remain alive, chemical energy is needed by the living organism to 13
 perform vital process. It provides energy to (a) maintain life processes, (b) produce
molecules for repair of worn out cells, and (c) for the growth of the body.
(i) Viruses show molecular movements when they are
(a) in crystalline form
(b) inside a dead material
(c) in air
(d) in the body of a living organism.

(ii) The process which involves intake of O2 from outside and breaking down of
nutrient molecules to produce energy is called
(a) excretion
(b) nutrition
(c) respiration
(d) reproduction.

(iii) Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

Energy is needed by a living organism to
(a) maintain life processes
(b) grow
(c) repair worn out tissues of the body
(d) synthesise waste materials.

(iv) The type of nutrition found in green plants is

(a) autotrophic
(b) heterotrophic
(c) parasitic
(d) holozoic.

(v) The function of the circulatory system of human beings is to transport

(a) food
(c) waste material
(b) oxygen
(d) all of the above.
(2021C)
57. The separation of the right side and the left side of heart is useful to
(a) keep oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood
(b) allow a slow supply of oxygen in the body
(c) supply energy to animals with low energy needs
(d) often change their body temperature.
(Term I, 2021-22)

14
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 58. In spring, sugar stored in root or stem tissue of plants is transported to the
buds for
(a) the energy needs of the buds to grow
(b) temperature regulation
(c) balancing the storage in different organs
(d) diffusion process.
(Term I, 2021-22)
59. Upward movement of water in tall trees is due to
(a) translocation
(c) photosynthesis
(b) excretion
(d) transpiration.
(Term I, 2021-22)
60. Thin walled blood vessels are called
(a) aorta
(c) arteries
(b) capillaries
(d) vena cava.
(Term I, 2021-22)
61. Consider the following statements in connection with the functions of the
blood vessels marked 𝑨 and 𝑩 in the diagram of a human heart as shown.

(i) Blood vessel A - It carries carbon dioxide rich blood to the lungs.
(ii) Blood vessel B - It carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs.
(iii) Blood vessel B - Left atrium relaxes as it receives blood from this blood vessel.
(iv) Blood vessel A - Right atrium has thick muscular wall as it has to pump blood
to this blood vessel.
The correct statements are
(a) (i) and (ii) only
(b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii).
(Term I, 2021-22)

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 62. Identify the two components of phloem tissue that help in transportation of food
in plants.
(a) Phloem parenchyma and sieve tubes
(b) Sieve tubes and companion cells
(c) Phloem parenchyma and companion cells
(d) Phloem fibres and sieve tubes
(Term I, 2021-22)
63. Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory
system?
(a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.
(b) Human heart has five chambers.
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.
(d) Both oxygen-rich and oxygen-deficient blood gets mixed in the heart.
(2020)
VSA (1 mark)

64. Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from the lungs.
(Board Term I, 2017)
65. Define translocation in reference to plants.
(Board Term I, 2016)
SA I (2 marks)

66. What is the other name of 'tissue fluid'? Write its two functions.
(2023)
67. What will happen if:
(a) Xylem tissue in a plant is removed?
(b) We are injured and start bleeding?
(2023)
SA II (3 marks)

68. (i) What is double circulation?

(ii) Why is the separation of the right side and the left side of the heart useful? How
does it help birds and mammals?
(2023)
69. (a) List in tabular form two differentiating features between xylem and phloem.
(b) Write two advantages of transpiration in plants.
(2019 C)
70. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each.
(Delhi 2019)

16
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 71. (a) Write two water conducting tissues present in plants. How does water
enter continuously into the root xylem?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to animals.
(Al 2019)
72. List four functions of the human heart. Why is double circulation
necessary in the human body?
(2019)
73. Explain how the translocation of materials in phloem tissue in plants is
achieved by utilising energy.
(NCERT, Board Term I, 2017)
74. What do the following transport?
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Pulmonary vein
(iv) Vena cava
(v) Pulmonary artery
(vi) Aorta
(Board Term I, 2014)
75. Explain giving any three reasons the significance of transpiration in plants.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2014)
LA (5 marks)

76. (i) Plants absorb water from the soil. Explain how it is taken up and
transported from the soil.
(ii) "When we are injured and start bleeding, it requires the loss of blood from
the system to be minimised." What will happen if the blood loss is not
stopped? Is there anything the system would do on its own to prevent the
loss?
(2021C)
77. Give reasons:
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow. (c) Circulation of blood in aquatic
vertebrates differs from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as
compared to the night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.
(2020)
78. (a) "Blood circulation in fishes is different from the blood circulation in
human beings". Justify the statement.
(b) Describe "blood circulation" in human beings.
(NCERT, 2020)

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 79. (a) Mention any two components of blood.
(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and
veins.
(2018)
5.5 Excretion

MCQ

80. In the given diagram, 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 and 𝑫 respectively are

(a) A - Left kidney ; B - Aorta; C - Vena cava; D - Urethra

(b) A - Left kidney; B - Vena cava; C - Aorta; D - Urinary bladder
(c) A - Right kidney ; B - Aorta; C - Ureter; D - Urethra
(d) A - Right kidney; B - Vena cava; C - Aorta; D - Urinary bladder
(Term I, 2021-22)
81. Which one among the following is not removed as a waste product from
the body of a plant?
(a) Resins and gums
(b) Urea
(c) Dry leaves
(d) Excess water
(Term I, 2021-22)
82. Read the following and answer the questions from 82 (i) to 82(iv).
The figure shown below represents a common type of dialysis called as
haemodialysis. It removes
waste products from the blood, such as excess salts, and urea which are
insufficiently removed by the kidney in patients with kidney failure. During
the procedure, the patient's blood is cleaned by filtration through a series of
semi-permeable membranes before being returned to the blood of the
patient. On the basis of this answer the following questions.

18
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 (i) The haemodialyser has semi-permeable lining of tubes which help
(a) to maintain osmotic pressure of blood
(b) to filter nitrogenous wastes from the dialysing solution
(c) in passing the waste products in the dialysing solution
(d) to pump purified blood back into the body of the patient.

(ii) Which one of the following is not a function of artificial kidney?

(a) To remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
(b) To remove excess fluids from the blood.
(c) To reabsorb essential nutrients from the blood.
(d) To filter and purify the blood.

(iii) The 'used dialysing' solution is rich in

(a) urea and excess salts
(b) blood cells
(c) lymph
(d) proteins.

(iv) Which part of the nephron in human kidney, serves the function of
reabsorption of certain substances?
(a) Glomerulus
(b) Bowman's Capsule
(c) Tubules
(d) Collecting duct
(Term I, 2021-22)

19
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 SA I (2 marks)

83. Write one specific function of each of the following organs in relation
with excretion in human beings:
(i) Renal Artery
(ii) Urethra (iii) Glomerulus
(iv) Tubular part of nephron
(2023)
84. Explain in brief two ways by which leaves of a plant help in excretion.
(2023)
SA II (3 marks)

85. (a) Define the term excretion. Why should animals excrete waste matter?
(b) Name the main excretory organ of human beings and state the form in
which the excretory matter is thrown out of the body?
(2019 C)
86. Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on
it.
(Board Term I, 2017)
OR
Draw a neat diagram of excretory system of human beings and label on it:
(i) Left kidney
(ii) Urinary bladder.
(Board Term I, 2016)
87. Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of diagram.
(NCERT Intext, Board Term I, 2014)
LA (5 marks)

88. (a) Describe the structure and function of the basic filtering unit of
kidney.
(b) List two factors on which reabsorption of water from urine depends.
(2020)
89. (a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body.
(NCERT Exemplar, 2020)
90. (a) Define excretion.
(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.
(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of
excretory system which perform following functions:
(i) form urine
(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney
(iii) store urine until it is passed out.
(2018)
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 91. (a) Draw a neat diagram of the human excretory system and label
following parts:
(i) Urethra
(ii) Kidney
(iii) Ureter
(iv) Urinary bladder
(b) What are nephrons? How is a nephron involved in the filtration of blood
and formation of urine?
(Board Term I, 2015)

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 Class 10 Science
PYQ Solutions
Chapter-5 : Life Processes

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 5.2 Nutrition

1. (b)

2. (c): Presence of villi in small intestine increases the capacity of absorption by

wall of intestine.

3. (b): Water needed by plants is absorbed by roots. The root hair absorb water
from soil by osmosis. Difference in concentration of ions is created between roots
and soil which enables water to enter into roots to compensate difference in
concentration.

4. (b) : Saliva (i) is secreted in the mouth. Saliva contains an enzyme called salivary
amylase for digestion of carbohydrates. Liver (ii) secretes bile to emulsify fat. The
pancreas (iii) secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzyme trypsin for digestion
of proteins.

5. (c) : Carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis are utilised as energy (A)

(glucose) and stored as starch (B).

6. (i) (b) : In the given experiment, KOH (Potassium hydroxide) in the test tube
absorbs carbon dioxide; thus, due to the absence of CO2, the leaf fails to produce
starch which proves that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.

(ii) (a): The given experiment demonstrates the requirement of carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis. When KOH absorbs the available CO2 from the portion of leaf
dipped in it, formation of sugar and starch is inhibited and the portion of leaf
dipped in KOH did not show any change when dipped in iodine solution. Thus, it is
proved that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.

(iii) (c): Following are the three events that occur during the process of
photosynthesis:
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules
into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
(iv) (a): The brown coloured iodine will turn blue-black when it reacts with starch.

7. (c) : Unicellular organisms are one-celled and perform all the life processes that
are essential for maintaining the life of cell or organisms like nutrition, respiration,
reproduction, excretion, etc. In single-celled organisms such as Amoeba, complex
substances are broken into simpler substances.

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 8. (c) : The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends on turgidity of the
guard cells. The given figure shows closed stomatal pore which occurs when guard
cells looses water and become flaccid.

9. (b)

10. (c) : Both potted plants should be kept in sunlight for about two hours before
the starch test.

11. (b) : Herbivores such as deer eating grass need a longer small intestine to allow
the cellulose to be digested. Meat is easier to digest, hence carnivores like tigers
have a shorter small intestine.

12. (a)

13. Pancreatic juice contains digestive enzyme trypsin.

14. The movement of food within the alimentary canal is mostly caused by
peristalsis. Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles of
alimentary canal to push the food downward.

15. Raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2), water,
light and chloroplast.

16. Gastric glands are present in the wall of the stomach. They secrete gastric juices
containing mucus, protein digesting enzymes pepsin, rennin and hydrochloric acid
(HCl).

17. The plant kept in dark could not survive longer because it will not be able to
produce oxygen required for its respiration by the process of photosynthesis.
Oxygen is evolved as the byproduct of photosynthesis during photolysis of water
and helps plant to survive longer that is kept in sunlight.

18. The three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis are:
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH)
and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates (carbon assimilation).

19. Gastric glands are present in the wall of stomach that release secretions for
digestion of food. The secretion of these glands is called gastric juices which contain
dilute hydrochloric acid, mucus and two protein digesting enzymes rennin and
pepsin.

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 20. (i) In Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan, the hair like outgrowth cilia are
present on the entire surface and help in collecting the food. They sweep the food
inside body through the oral groove.

(ii) (a) Role of hydrochloric acid:

It helps to maintain the acidic pH in stomach required for activation of enzyme
pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach.

(b) Role of trypsin in our digestion system:

Trypsin breaks down protein into smaller peptides in the duodenum of the small
intestine. It helps in digesting
dietary protein by breaking the chain of amino acids. It also activates some
proenzymes present in pancreatic juice.

(c) Role of muscular walls in of stomach in our digestive system:

The muscular wall in stomach contract periodically and thereby help in the
churning and mixing the food with the digestive enzymes and HCl. It helps in
chemical digestion.

(d) Role of salivary amylase in our digestive system:

Salivary amylase found in saliva breaks down the starch and convert it into
simplest sugar.

21. (a) The action of saliva on the food we eat is explained with the help of an
activity as follows:
Take two test tubes 𝐴 and 𝐵. In test tube 𝐴, put one teaspoon full of boiled rice
and in test tube 𝐵, keep one teaspoon full of boiled rice after chewing it for 3 to 5
minutes. Add 3.4 mL of water in both test tubes and add few drops of iodine
solution in each test tube.

In test tube A, colour of rice changes because of absence of any enzyme while in
test tube 𝐵, no colour change is observed because when rice is chewed, amylase
enzyme present in saliva breaks down the starch of rice to simple sugars.

(b) Bile juice break down fats into fatty acids that can be taken into the body by
the digestive tract. In addition, it provides alkaline fluid in intestine to neutralise
the acidic pH of food that comes from stomach.

22. Small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food. It
consists of the following parts:
The inner surface of small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections
called villi. These villi increase the surface area for efficient food absorption.
Within these villi, many blood vessels are present that absorb the digested food
and carry it to the bloodstream.
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 The small intestine in human beings is the site of complete digestion of food like
carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

The absorption of digested food is necessary because an organism takes the

complex organic materials by the process of absorption, then utilise absorbed
nutrients for various metabolic processes with the help of these metabolic
processes, body uses these food nutrients for energy, growth and cell repair.

23. a - Hydrochloric acid ( HCl)

b- Pepsin
c- Mucus
d − HCl makes medium acidic for the activation of an enzyme pepsin.
e - Pepsin acts in acidic medium which breaks down proteins into peptones.
𝑓 - Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from corroding action of HCl.

24. (a) (i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the pancreas in an inactive
form called trypsinogen.
Trypsin converts remaining proteins into peptones and the peptones into peptides
and amino acids.
(ii) Enzyme lipase : It is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase converts
fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

(b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like
projections called villi. Two functions of villi are :
(i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of small
intestine.
(ii) Villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which carry absorbed food to all cells
of body, where it is utilised for obtaining energy.

25. (a) (i) Saliva contains salivary amylase and is released in our mouth. It breaks
down starch into sugar (complex carbohydrates into simpler ones).
(ii) Acid (HCl) plays an important role in the process of digestion. These are:
 HCl or hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium inside stomach which is
essential for the activation and action of the gastric enzyme pepsin.
 HCl kills the harmful bacteria present in the food.
 Bile brings about the emulsification of fat (i.e. breaks fat molecules into small
globules).
 Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like
projections called villi. Two functions of villi are:
 The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of small
intestine.
 Villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which carry absorbed food to all cells
of body, where it is utilised for obtaining energy.

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(b) (i) Pepsin is a protein digesting enzyme present in gastric juice. Pepsin gets
activated in acidic medium and splits proteins into peptones and peptides.
(ii) Lipase is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase converts fats into fatty
acids and glycerol.

26. Photosynthesis is important for a number of reasons:

(i) Food: By photosynthesis, green plants synthesise food from simple raw materials
like CO2 and H2O. Thus, it sustains life on earth.
(ii) Oxygen : Oxygen released during the process of photosynthesis is needed by
animals and humans for respiration. Oxygen also supports combustion of fuels.

Balanced chemical equation involved in the process of photosynthesis is given as:

27. Differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs are as follows :

(v) Green plants, some Mushrooms, Euglena, cow, bacteria and some goat, etc., are
examples of protists like Euglena are heterotrophs. examples of autotrophs.

28. The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The process of obtaining food by
Amoeba is called phagocytosis.
(i) Amoeba ingests food by using its finger-like projections called pseudopodia.
(ii) The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside
the Amoeba. The food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive enzymes.
(iii) Food is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba by diffusion.
 (iv) Food is used to obtain energy and growth of Amoeba.
(v) When considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba, then its cell
membrane ruptures at any place to throw out this undigested food.

Diagrammatic representation of different stages in the holozoic nutrition (feeding) of

Amoeba is as follows:

29. (a) Nutrition is necessary for the human body because human body continuously
require energy for their life activities like respiration, circulation, excretion, etc. Energy is
required even when we are sleeping because a number of biological processes keep on
occurring. All these processes require energy and this energy is obtained from nutrition. It
is also needed for growth and repair of human body.

(b) The wall of alimentary tract contains muscles which can contract and expand
alternately. The contraction and expansion movement of the wall of food pipe is called
peristaltic movement. The peristaltic movement moves the partially digested food in all
the digestive organs throughout the alimentary canal.

(c) Small intestine in herbivores is longer than in carnivores because herbivores eat plants,
rich in cellulose which takes longer time for complete digestion by the enzymes present in
symbiotic bacteria. Therefore, they have longer small intestine. Carnivores, feed on flesh
which is easier to digest and do not contain cellulose. Therefore, they have shorter
intestine for digestion of food eaten by them. (d) Gastric glands secrete HCl, mucus,
rennin and pepsin enzymes. Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from the action of
acidic HCl and enzymes. In the absence of mucus, there would be erosion of inner lining
of stomach leading to acidity and ulcers.

30. (a) (i) Unused carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of complex sugar known
as starch. They are later broken down into simple sugars (glucose) when energy is needed.
(ii) The assimilated food molecules hold energy in their chemical bonds. Their bond energy
is released by oxidation in the cell. This energy is trapped by forming bonds between ADP
(adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate ( Pi ) to synthesise ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate) molecules. These bonds are later broken by enzymatic hydrolysis and the
energy released is utilised for cellular processes.
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 (b) Amoeba is a unicellular animal and the mode of nutrition is holozoic. Amoeba eats
tiny (microscopic)
plants and animals which float in water. The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is
called phagocytosis. When a food particle comes close to Amoeba, it ingests the food
particle by forming temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia around it.
The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside the
Amoeba. The food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive enzymes and absorbed
directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba cell by diffusion. A part of absorbed food is
used to obtain energy and the remaining part is utilised for growth of Amoeba. When
considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba then its cell
membrane ruptures at any place to throw out this undigested food. This process is
called egestion. For diagram, refer to answer 28.

5.3 Respiration

31. (b) : In aquatic organisms, rate of breathing is higher as these organisms utilise
oxygen dissolved in water which is present in lesser amount compared to others.

32. (a): When there is lack of oxygen in our muscle cells, pyruvate is converted into
lactic acid and energy. Therefore, the correct pathway of glucose metabolism in our
muscle cells during heavy exercise is :
Cytoplasm
Muscle cells
Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate → Lactic acid + Energy
Absence of O2

33. (c) : The energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to
synthesise a molecule called ATP which is energy currency of the cell and is used as
fuel for cellular activities.

34. (a): During inhalation, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm (A), and the
chest cavity becomes larger as a result. Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs
and fills the expanded alveoli. When our ribs and diaphragm return to their normal
position and the chest cavity becomes smaller, exhalation occurs.

During breathing, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air, so that there is
sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.
The residual volume remains unchanged in normal conditions.
Concept Applied
During inhalation, diaphragm moves downward and during exhalation diaphragm
moves upwards.

35. (d): The amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low as compared to the
amount of oxygen in the air but the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much
faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms because the aquatic animals have to
breath rapidly to take in sufficient oxygen. 9
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 36. (a) : Trachea is a air passage which is provided with C-shaped cartilaginous rings.
These rings prevent the air passage from collapsing even if there is not much air.

37. (c): The mucus lining in the nasal passage helps to moisten and warm the inhaled
air and also trap dust particles (i.e., helps in filtering the inhaled air).

38. (a) : In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely broken down to CO2 and H2O
with the production of a large amount of energy (ATP).
In cytoplasm Presence of O2
Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate + Energy ⟶ Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(In mitochondria)
Thus, CO2 and water are formed as a result of aerobic respiration and will not formed
in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration).

39. (b)

40. (c) : When a person blows air from mouth into the test tube containing lime water,
the lime water turn into a white precipitate which appears milky. This occurs because
the air we exhale has more carbon dioxide.

41. (a)

42. Due to higher metabolic rate and the large volume of body, oxygen cannot diffuse
into all cells of the human body quickly as oxygen will have to travel large distances to
reach each and every cell. So, diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen demand of
multicellular organisms.

43. The two different ways by which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human
body are :
(i) Aerobic respiration (In the presence of oxygen): The end products in aerobic
respiration are carbon dioxide, water and energy.
Glycolysis (in mitochondria)
Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38 ATP)
(1 molecule) ( in cytoplasm) (2 molecules)

(ii) Anaerobic respiration (In the lack of oxygen) : The end products are lactic acid and
energy.
(in cytoplasm)
Glycolysis No O2 required
Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate (2 molecules) ) ⟶ Lactic acid + Energy
(1 molecule) (in cytoplasm)

44. (a) Functions of alveoli are:

(i) They increase the surface area for exchange of gases.
(ii) The thin walls of alveoli facilitate rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between alveolar air and blood.

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 (b) Aquatic animals like fishes obtain dissolved oxygen from water present
through their gills. The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite small as compared to
the amount of oxygen in the air. Therefore, to obtain required amount of oxygen
from water, aquatic animals have to breathe much faster than the terrestrial
organisms.

(c)

45. In absence or shortage of oxygen, glucose is oxidised in the following ways:

(i) In cytoplasm, glucose is oxidised to pyruvate and release energy.
(ii) In muscles of humans, i.e., under anaerobic conditions pyruvate breaks down
to lactic acid and release energy.
(iii) In yeast, i.e., during fermentation process pyruvate converts to ethanol while
carbon dioxide along with it releases a certain amount of energy.

46. Differences between breathing and respiration are as follows:

47. Glucose is first broken down in the cell cytoplasm into a three carbon
molecule called pyruvate. Pyruvate is further broken down in the following ways
to provide energy.

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 48. Differences between respiration in plants and animals are as follows:

49. (a) Terrestrial organisms inspire atmospheric oxygen, while aquatic organisms
thrive on the dissolved oxygen present in water. Air contains about 21% of oxygen
while water has less than 1% oxygen in dissolved state. Oxygen diffuses through
water at a much slower rate as compared to air. A terrestrial organism has the
advantage of utilising greater amount of oxygen at a faster rate with lesser effort
whereas, aquatic organisms have to put more effort to obtain the same amount of
oxygen, therefore breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than the terrestrial
organisms.
(b) The labelled diagram of human respiratory system is as follows:

50. In the experiment in which carbon dioxide is given out during respiration, KOH
(potassium hydroxide) solution or pellets are taken in a tube and placed within the
conical flask, KOH absorbs the carbon dioxide and it prevents the carbon dioxide
from being utilised by the plant for the process of photosynthesis.

Function of 𝐊𝐎𝐇
KOH: KOH solution kept in the flask absorbs carbon dioxide and created partial
vacuum in the flask. The air present in bent tube moves into conical flask and this
pulls the water level up in the tube.

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 Consequences:
(i) The whole amount of CO2 liberated gets absorbed by KOH to prevent it from
being utilized by the plant for the process of photosynthesis.
(ii) This CO2 absorption leads to creating a vacuum in a flask that causes an
observable rise in the water level of the connected 𝑈 tube.
(iii) Any gas produced can neither escape nor can get outside air in.
(iv) Germinating seed produces CO2 via the following reactions:

Aerobic respiration :
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

51. (a) (i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine than that of carnivores because
their diet is mostly grass and plants, that contains more fibres and cellulose which
are hard to digest. Longer small intestine also hosts many small bacteria that
process and break down cellulose into glucose which is a source of energy.
Carnivores diet is not rich in cellulose so, they do not need to harbour bacteria for
cellulose digestion.
(ii) Human lungs have a highly branched network of respiratory tubes. A primary
bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, which in turn forms tertiary bronchi.
Tertiary bronchi divide repeatedly into bronchioles which finally terminate into
alveoli. Alveoli are small, rounded polyhedral pouches which are extremely
thinwalled and possess a network of capillaries, for the exchange of gases. Due to
vast surface area of alveoli, exchange of gases becomes a fast and effective process.
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary blood capillaries and CO2 diffuses out
from capillaries into alveoli.

(b) Refer answer 49 (a).

52. For flow chart refer to answer 47.

Respiratory pigment present in human beings is haemoglobin.
Rings of cartilage are C-shaped, stacked one on top of the other. These cartilaginous
rings prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway.

5.4 Transportation

53. (b) : Transpiration pull help in the upward movement of water from roots to
leaves. A lot of water evaporates through stomata present on the surface of leaf.

54. (b)

55. (d) : The walls of ventricles are thicker than walls of atria.

56. (i) (d) : Viruses show molecular movements when they are inside a living cell.
Molecular movements are movements that are produced by a living cell for its day
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 (ii) (c) : Respiration is an oxidative process in which food substances such as
carbohydrates, proteins and fats are burnt within tissues to form carbon dioxide,
water and consequent release of energy. The released energy temporarily remains
stored as ATP.

(iii) (d)

(iv) (a): In autotrophic nutrition, green plants take in substances such as CO2 and
H2O from outside and convert them into stored energy (carbohydrates) in the
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

(v) (d) : The circulatory system transport materials like food, O2 or waste material
throughout the body.

57. (a) : The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a muscular wall that
prevents mixing of oxygenated with deoxygenated blood. Such separation allows a
highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.

58. (a) : In spring, new buds are formed. These buds need more energy to grow
than other parts of the plant. This energy comes from the sugar stored in root or
stem tissue and is transported to the buds by phloem.

59. (d) : In tall trees, the driving force to move water upward is transpiration.
During transpiration, as the water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves, it
creates a negative pressure in the leaves and xylem tissues.

60. (b) : Capillaries are tiny blood vessels which have thin walls and are one-cell
thick. Exchange of materials between blood and surrounding cells takes place
across these thin walled, capillaries. These also take waste products away from
tissues.

61. (d) : Blood vessel A represents pulmonary artery and blood vessel 𝐵
represents pulmonary vein.
Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the left atrium via pulmonary vein. The
left atrium relaxes when it receives blood.

62. (b) : The two components of phloem tissue that helps in transportation of
food in plants are sieve tubes and companion cells.

63. (c)

64. Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart.

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 Key Points
Exception : Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood whereas pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood.

65. The transport of food prepared in the leaves, by the process of

photosynthesis, to various parts (roots, stem, branches, etc.) of the plant is called
translocation.

66. Tissue fluid is also called lymph. The functions of tissue fluid are:
(i) It carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine.
(ii) It drains excess fluid from extracellular space back into blood.

67. (a) If xylem is removed, transport of water and minerals from soil would not
occur, which lead to wilting of leaves and ultimately death of plant.
(b) In case of any injury when bleeding occurs, platelets circulate around body
and form mesh-like network or clot at site of injury.

68. (i) Double circulation is a mechanism in which blood circulates twice through
the heart in one complete cycle. Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation
are two pathways through which blood flows in double circulation.

(ii) The separation of right and left side of heart helps in separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood and allows highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.

Birds and mammals are warm blooded animals and their metabolism is quite
complex. They require a constant supply of oxygen without proper separation,
oxygenated blood can mix with deoxygenated blood which can cause problems in
bird and mammals. Separation of the right side and left side of the heart ensures
circulation of oxygenated blood to different body parts.

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69. (a) Differences between transport in xylem and transport in phloem are as follows:

(b) Significance of transpiration in plants:

(i) The absorbed water is transported from roots to leaves through xylem vessels which
is greatly influenced by transpiration pull.
(ii) The water stream moving upwards carries dissolved minerals with it. Transpiration
also helps in distributing these minerals throughout the plant.
(iii) The evaporation of water during transpiration provide cooling effect to the leaves.
(Any two)

70. The three types of blood vessels in human body are: (i) arteries, (ii) veins and (iii)
capillaries.
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood from heart to various parts of the
body. They are thick walled, elastic and muscular that enables them to dilate but do not
rupture when the heart contracts and forces blood into them.
(ii) Veins are thin walled blood vessels which bring blood from the body back to the
heart. They are larger and hold more blood than the arteries. The lumen of veins have
valves which prevent the backflow of blood.
(iii) Capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow blood vessels which occur at the
terminals of artery and vein. The wall of capillaries are permeable to water and
dissolved substances, so that the exchange of materials between the blood and body
cells can take place.

71. (a) Xylem tracheids and vessels are two water conducting tissues present in plants
that help in rapid movement of water.
In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected
to form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of the
plant.
Minerals and water needed by the plants are absorbed by root hairs from the soil by
the process of osmosis and take in minerals by the process of diffusion. Thus, a
difference in concentration of ions is created between the roots and the soil which
enables the water to enter into roots to compensate the difference in concentration.
The water, alongwith dissolved minerals from root hairs, passes into xylem vessels
through cells of the cortex, endodermis and pericycle and then ascent of sap (i.e.,
upward movement of water and mineral salts from roots to the aerial parts of the plant
against the gravitational force) takes place from xylem of the roots to the xylem of stem
and leaves through vessels and tracheids. Evaporation of water molecules
from the cells of leaves creates a suction pressure which pulls the water from
xylem cells.

(b) Plants are autotrophic and do not have to move from one place to another
in search of their food. Movements in a plant occur at the cellular level and
hence they require less amount of energy. Whereas animals are heterotrophic
and move in search of food and other activities, hence require higher amount
of energy than plants.

72. The functions of human heart are as follows:

(i) Heart maintains the blood pressure.
(ii) Heart pumps vital substances and nutrients to different body parts.
(iii) Heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the whole body and CO2-rich blood
to the lungs for purification.
(iv) Heart is responsible for removing metabolic waste such as CO2 from all
the tissue of the body.

The heart of human beings consists of two sides right and left. The right side
of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and sends it further for purification
to lungs. The left side of heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
which is pumped further and sent to all the parts of the body through blood
vessels. This is called double circulation. The energy demands for human
beings is too high and hence the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood is necessary to meet high energy demands.

73. The phloem cells transport the soluble food materials to all parts of plant.
The transport of food from leaves to different parts of plant is termed as
translocation. Components of phloem are sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. The food is manufactured in the
mesophyll cells (or photosynthetic cells) of a leaf. The manufactured food
enters into sieve tubes of the phloem and is transported as a dilute aqueous
solution either in upward or downward direction. Food is transported to all
non-green parts of the plant for their growth and metabolic activities. Besides
food molecules, phloem also transports amino acids, hormones synthesised in
the shoot tips and root tips and other metabolites.

In this process, glucose is transferred to phloem tissue using energy from ATP.
This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing the water to move
into it (endosmosis). Soluble material is then transferred from phloem tissue
to other tissues which have less pressure than in the phloem. Thus, according
to plant's requirement, the material is translocated from higher osmotic
pressure areas to lower osmotic pressure areas.
74. (i) Xylem is a specialised plant conducting tissue that transports water and
minerals from roots to all aerial parts of plants which occurs against
gravitational force with the help of ascent of sap.
(ii) Phloem transports food that is prepared in the leaves, through
photosynthesis, to various parts of plant. This process is called translocation.
It also transports amino acids, hormones synthesised in the shoot tips and
root tips and other metabolites.
(iii) Pulmonary vein present in human circulatory system brings oxygenated
blood from lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
(iv) Vena cava transport deoxygenated blood collected by all veins of body
except pulmonary vein and pass it to the right atrium of heart.
(v) Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from right atrium of
heart to lungs for oxygenation. (vi) Aorta transports oxygenated blood from
left atrium to systemic arteries which further take the blood to various body
parts and organs.

75. Refer to above answer.

76. (i) Minerals and water needed by the plants are absorbed by roots. The
root hairs absorb water from the soil by the process of osmosis and take in
minerals by the process of diffusion. Thus, a difference in concentration of
ions is created between the roots and the soil which enables the water to
enter into roots to compensate the difference in concentration. This water
along with dissolved minerals from the root hairs passes into xylem vessels
through cells of cortex, endodermis and pericycle and then ascent of sap
takes place from xylem of roots into the xylem of stem and finally leaf veins
through vessels and tracheids.

(ii) Bleeding leads to a loss of pressure which reduces the efficiency of the
pumping system. When an injury is caused, the blood platelets in blood
release certain chemicals which are called the platelet factors (e.g.,
thromboplastin). These platelet factors help in the clotting of blood.

77. (a) Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs with high
pressure, they have thicker walls than atria.

(b) Transport system in plants is less elaborate than in animals, as plants are
less active, so their cells do not need to be supplied with materials quickly.

(c) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. The flow of
blood in a fish is single circulation because the blood passes through the heart
only once in one complete cycle of body. The terrestrial vertebrates like birds
and humans have double circulation as the blood travels heart twice in one
complete cycle of blood and they have lungs for oxygenation of blood.
 (d) During daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem because
rate of transpiration is higher during daytime.

(e) The lumen of veins have valves, which allow the blood to flow in only one
direction. Thus prevents back flow of blood.

78. (a) Fishes have only two chambers in their heart, the blood is pumped to
the gills for oxygenation and from there it passes directly to rest of the body.
Thus, the blood goes only once through the heart during one cycle of passage
through the body. This type of circulation is termed as single circulation.

In human beings, during circulation blood travels twice through the heart in
one complete cycle of the body and is called double circulation. The pathway
of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary
circulation and the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body
and back to heart is called systemic circulation.

(b) In human beings, deoxygenated blood from the body tissues is poured into
right atrium. Contraction of heart forces it into right ventricle. From right
ventricle, deoxygenated blood flows to the lungs through pulmonary artery.
Oxygenated blood from lungs is returned into left atrium and then into left
ventricle. The left ventricle forces the oxygenated blood to the whole body.
Thus, for making one complete round or circulation circuit around all body
parts, the blood passes through the heart twice. This is known as double
circulation of blood.

79. (a) Two components of blood are blood plasma and blood corpuscles.

(b) Oxygenated blood from lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium of heart →
Left ventricle → Aorta → Arteries → Body parts

(c) When blood is pumped, valves prevent back flow of blood between
ventricles and atria. They open and allow the right amount of blood to flow
from one chamber to the other.

(d) Structural difference between veins and arteries is as follows:

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 5.5 Excretion

80. (d) : A - Right kidney, B - Vena cava, C - Aorta and D - Urinary bladder.

81. (b) : In plants, waste products is removed in the form of dry leaves that
fall off, resins and gums, and water whereas urea is removed as waste
product in animal.

82. (i) (c): The semi-permeable lining of the tubes of haemodialyser allow the
passage of waste products such as urea, creatinine, etc., from the blood to the
dialysing fluid.

(ii) (c): Artificial kidney is not involved in the reabsorption of essential

nutrients from the blood.

(iii) (a): The used dialysing fluid/solution is rich in waste products like urea and
excess salts because during the passage of patient's blood through tubes with
a semipermeable lining, the waste products from the blood pass into the
dialysing fluids by diffusion.

(iv) (c): The function of tubules of nephron is to allow the selective

reabsorption of useful substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and water
into the blood capillaries.

83. (i) Renal artery carries blood from aorta to kidneys for filtration.
(ii) Urethra receives urine stored in bladder and releases it outside.
(iii) Glomerulus filters the blood passing through it and initiates urine
formation. (iv) Tubular part of nephron allow selective reabsorption of useful
substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and water into the blood
capillaries.

84. Most of carbon dioxide is released through stomata in leaves. Plants can
get rid of excess water by the process of transpiration i.e., evaporative loss of
water. Many plant waste products are stored in leaves which get excreted
when they are shed off.

85. (a) Excretion is a biological process by which harmful metabolic wastes

like nitrogenous substances are removed from the body. Metabolic activities
produce waste products like water, salts, CO2, uric acid and urea.
Accumulation of these excretory wastes beyond a certain limit inside the body
is harmful to the body.

(b) A pair of kidneys are the main excretory organs in human being. It helps
excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea, toxins, excess of salts, water
soluble vitamins, etc. and then eliminates it in the form of urine.
86. Diagram of human excretory system is as follows :

87. Nephrons are the functional unit of kidney. Each kidney has about one
million nephrons. Each nephron consists of a cup-shaped structure called
Bowman's capsule containing a bunch of capillaries called glomerulus.
Bowman's capsule leads into tubular structure which ultimately joins the
transverse collecting tubule.
Structure of nephron showing blood vessels duct and tubule is as follows:

Function : The function of nephron is filtration of blood and elimination of

waste material from it. Blood is filtered from the blood capillaries into
Bowman's capsule and pour the filtrate into the renal tubule. In this part,
large amount of water and useful substances like glucose, amino acid,
minerals ions, etc., are reabsorbed. Nitrogenous waste along with little
amount of water is sent to the urinary bladder through the ureters, which
later expels the urine to the outside through urethra.

Key Points
Nephron is structural and functional unit of human kidney.

88. (a) Refer to answer 87.

(b) The amount of urine produced is regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
or vasopressin hormone, i.e., secreted from the posterior pituitary gland. The
function of this hormone is to reabsorb water from the nephric filtrate.

If enough water is present in blood, smaller amount of ADH is secreted and

less amount of water will be reabsorbed from nephric filtrate and hence more
urine is formed. If less amount of water is present in the blood, more ADH will
be secreted, more water will be reabsorbed from the nephric filtrate by blood
capillaries surrounding the nephron and hence less urine will be produced.

89. (a) Excretory system (urinary system) in human beings consists of a pair of
kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

(b) In the kidney, the wastes are converted to urine by three processes:
(i) Ultrafiltration : Large amount of water along with certain harmful
substances like urea, uric acid, K+, ammonium salts, creatinine, etc., and
certain useful substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc., pass through
glomerular capillaries and glomerular membrane into cavity of Bowman's
capsule of nephrons under pressure. The filtrate so formed is called nephric
filtrate which is moved towards ureter.

(ii) Selective reabsorption: Large amount of water and sodium, whole of

glucose and amino acids and small amount of urea are passed back from
nephric filtrate into blood capillaries. It occurs either by back diffusion (i.e.,
water and urea) or active transport (i.e., Na+, glucose and amino acids). It
generally occurs in PCT (Proximal convoluted tubule) of nephrons.

(iii) Tubular secretion: Certain harmful chemicals like uric acid, creatinine, K+,
etc., are passed from blood capillaries surrounding the nephron into nephric
filtrate by active transport. It generally occurs in DCT (Distal convoluted
tubule) of nephrons.
Now, the fluid is termed as urine and is excreted out of the excretory organs.

90. (a) The biological process involved in the removal of wastes, produced
during various metabolic activities in the body of an organism is called
excretion.

(b) Basic filtration unit present in kidney is nephron.

(c)
 (i) Kidney - Form urine
(ii) Ureter - A long tube that collect urine from kidney
(iii) Urinary bladder - Store urine until it is passed out.

91. (a) Refer to answer 86.

(b) Nephrons are the functional unit of kidney. Each kidney has about one
million nephrons. Each nephron consists of a cup-shaped structure called
Bowman's capsule containing a bunch of capillaries called glomerulus.
Bowman's capsule leads into tubular structure which ultimately joins the
transverse collecting tubule.

Filtration of blood and formation of urine in nephron involves the following

steps:
(i) The blood along with waste and excess water is brought to kidney by renal
arteries. Blood is filtered from the blood capillaries into Bowman's capsule.
(ii) As the nephric filtrate passes through the tubular part of nephron, useful
substances like glucose, amino acid, mineral ions, water, etc., are reabsorbed
by blood capillaries surrounding the nephron.
(iii) Tubular secretion occurs mainly in the renal tubule and the collecting duct
of the nephron where additional wastes are excreted from the blood stream
into the filtrate.
(iv) The fluid that flows through collecting tubule is urine which consists of
water, urea, uric acid, mineral ions like sodium, potassium, chloride,
phosphates, etc.

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