Energy and the Environment
ENGI 9855
Instructor: Dr. Amin Etminan
aetminan@[Link]
Fall 2024
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN)
Lecture 1
1
Table of Contents
Chapter 1, Lecture 1: Introduction
• Administration
• Introduction
• Classification of Energy
• Global Energy Reserves and Commercial Energy Production
• Global Energy Consumption
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 2
Administration | Contact Details
Course Teaching Assistant
Fatemeh Kafrashi
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN)
Office Room: ---, Office Hours: ---/ By Appointment Only
• D2L Email for course related communications
• MUN Email: fkafrashi@[Link]
• Please put ENGI 9855 in the subject line of your email
Note: Students are advised to communicate with the course TA if you have questions related to
the research project reports
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 3
Administration | Contact Details
Course Teaching Assistant
Chidiebere Metu
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN)
Office Room: ---, Office Hours: ---/ By Appointment Only
• D2L Email for course related communications
• MUN Email: csmetu@[Link]
• Please put ENGI 9855 in the subject line of your email
Note: Students are advised to communicate with the course TA if you have questions related to
the research project reports
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 4
Introduction
How Do We Define Energy?
• Energy is defined as the capacity to do any activity in nature.
• Human beings have been improving their ability to harness energy from nature to improve
their lifestyles.
• Access to energy is a key pillar for human well being, economic development and poverty
alleviation.
o How the sources of energy used to fuel human activities have changed?
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 5
Introduction
World Energy Use over the Past 165 Years
• In 1850 almost all of the world’s energy
supply came from biomass.
• In the years following World War II, fossil
fuels quickly dominated global energy usage.
• In the last few decades, other energy sources,
such as nuclear and hydro-power, have been
added.
• A small amount of energy is generated from
clean renewable sources.
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 6
Introduction
Fossil Fuel Consumption, 2022
For example in 2019:
• Around 84% of global primary
energy came from fossil fuels
(coal, oil and gas)
• Around 64% of our electricity
came from fossil fuels
Link:
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 7
Introduction
Fossil Fuel Consumption (cont.)
Link:
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 8
Introduction
Tips
• The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution.
But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries – both in
terms of what and how much we burn.
• Global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800.
• Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-
fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980.
• But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination
with oil, and then gas.
• Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still
growing quickly.
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 9
Introduction
Do you assume Energy and Electricity to mean the same!?
Electricity is one component of Total Energy Consumption (the other two being Transport and
Heating)
What are the classifications of Energy?
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 10
Classification of Energy
Primary Energy and Secondary Energy
Energy can be classified
into several types based on
the these criteria
൝ Commercial and Non-commercial Energy
Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 11
Classification of Energy
Primary Energy and Secondary Energy
Primary Energy:
• It refers to all types of energy extracted or captured directly from natural recourses
• It can be divided into two distinctive groups
o Non-renewable (crude oil and its products, coal, natural gas, nuclear, …)
o Renewable (solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, biomass, hydropower, …)
• The primary energy content of all fuels is generally expressed in terms of toe (tonne of oil
equivalent) and is based on the following conversion factor:
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 12
Classification of Energy
Primary Energy and Secondary Energy
Secondary Energy:
• Secondary energy sources are those that are produced from primary energy for use
• It can be divided into two distinctive groups
o Electricity obtained from water
o Electricity obtained from coal and petroleum
o Steam energy used from water and chemicals
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 13
Classification of Energy
Major Primary Energy and Secondary Energy
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 14
Energy Chains
Energy chain is a
form of scientific
notation which
shows the flow and
transformation of
energy in a visual
way
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 15
Classification of Energy
Commercial and Non-commercial Energy
Commercial Energy:
• It refers to the energy sources available in the market for a definite price, regardless the
method of production (from fossil fuel, nuclear, or renewable sources)
• The various forms of commercial energy include electricity, coal, natural gas, and refined
petroleum products
• In the industrialized countries, commercial fuels are predominant sources of energy for both,
industrial use and household needs
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 16
Classification of Energy
Commercial and Non-commercial Energy
Non-commercial Energy:
• It refers to any kind of energy which is sourced within a community and its surrounding
area, and which is not normally traded in the commercial market
• Sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung, and agricultural wastes, traditionally
gathered and used mostly in rural households
Note: Non-commercial energy is often ignored in compiling a country’s energy statistics
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 17
Classification of Energy
Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
Renewable Energy:
• Obtained from natural resources which are
not exhaustible on a human timescale
• Resources include solar power, wind power,
geothermal energy, hydroelectric power,
biomass, wave, and tidal power
Note: The most important feature of renewable energy is it does not release any harmful
pollutants when harnessed
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 18
Classification of Energy
Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
Non-renewable Energy:
• Obtained from natural resources that cannot be produced,
grown, replenished, or used on a scale which can sustain
its consumption rate
• Natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas take
millions of years to form, and cannot be replaced as fast
as they are being consumed now
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 19
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Location of the World’s Main Fossil Fuel Reserves
• Coal is the most abundant and
geographically dispersed fossil
fuel
• Oil and natural gas are perfectly
conjugated
• Oil and natural gas are mostly
concentrated in the Middle East
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 20
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
What is Coal?
• Coal is an organically derived
material
• It is formed from the remains
of decayed plant material
compacted into a solid through
millions of years of chemical
changes under pressure and
heat
• Its rich carbon content gives coal most of its energy content . When coal is burned in the
presence of air or oxygen, heat energy is released
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 21
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Coal Rankings
Coals Typical use
Low-ranked
electricity generation
Lignite and subbituminous coal (brown coal)
High-ranked
thermal purposes
Bituminous coal and anthracite (hard coals)
Premium-grade bituminous Coal is used to create coke, which is a key
(metallurgical coal, coking coal, or ingredient in iron and steelmaking.
steelmaking coal)
Anthracite, the highest-ranked coal metallurgical purposes or sometimes for
(smokeless) household cooking and heating fuel
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 22
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Coal Facts
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 23
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Source: [Link]
Coal In EU-27 over one Decade
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 24
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Coal Reserves by Country
• The biggest reserves are in the
USA, Russia, Australia, China,
and India
• There are an estimated 1.1
trillion tonnes of proven coal
reserves worldwide
• Enough coal to last us around
150 years at current rates of
production
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 25
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Global Coal Production, 2021
Rank Region Million tonnes Percentage of total
1 China 3,725 48.7%
2 India 818 10.7%
3 Indonesia 569 7.4% > 𝟕𝟓%
4 United States 524 6.8%
5 Australia 460 6.0%
14 Canada 50 0.7%
- Other countries 1,506 19.7%
- Total 7,653 100.0%
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 26
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Global Coal Production
• Global coal production in
2026 is estimated at 8.6
billion tonnes, increasing by
250 million tonnes from
2023
• Primary applications for
coal are thermal (e.g.,
electricity generation) and
metallurgical (e.g., steel
making coal)
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 27
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
2024 Forecast Coal Production
• Coal is the largest source of energy-
related CO2 emissions
• COP26 saw 40 countries pledge to
stop issuing permits and direct
government support for new coal-
fired power plant
• The U.S., Russia, China, India, and
Australia did not join the pledge!
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 28
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Crude Oil
• Crude oil is formed when heat and pressure compressed the remains of prehistoric plants,
animals, and aquatic life under the bed of the sea or lakes for millions of years, thus be
coming fossil fuel
• Oil is composed mainly out of carbon and hydrogen with other trace elements
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 29
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Crude Oil
• Oil is drilled and pumped from giant underground pockets, or oil
wells, and processed through a system called distillation
• When burned in the presence of oxygen, oil under goes a hydrocarbon
combustion reaction, creating carbon dioxide and water vapor
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 30
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
What is Crude Oil Used For?
• Oil is mainly used for transportation
• Some ways that oil can be used either
before or after refining are Fertilizer,
Heating, Plastics, Solvents, Electrical
Generation
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 31
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Crude Oil Reserves
• In 2018, there were 1.73 trillion barrels of oil in the world. That is enough to last another 50
years since the world uses 95 million barrels per day
• Only proven reserves are counted in the total world reserves
• Proven reserves is the quantity of the natural resource (oil) that a company reasonably
expects to extract from a given formation
• Proven reserves are established using geological and engineering data gathered through
seismic testing and exploratory drilling
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 32
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Crude Oil Reserves
𝟒𝟓% > ቊ
• Most of the big fields
in the proved oil
reserves are in the
Middle East,
Venezuela, Canada,
and Russia
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 33
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Who Uses the Oil?
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 34
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Crude Oil Production 2018 2021
Sources: [Link]
[Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 35
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Crude Oil Reserves/Producers
• Compare United States ranks in terms of production and in terms of proven reserves (11th)!
• Venezuela is not even in the list of top 10 oil producers
o Cost and expertise to extract the reserves
o Management of the production
Unconventional Oil Resources
• They include oil shale, oil sands, extra heavy oil, and natural bitumen
• The global oil reserves will be four times larger than the current conventional reserves if
they are taken into account
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 36
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Crude Oil Production
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 37
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas
• It is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of
methane (CH4), but also includes small quantities of
ethane, propane, butane, and pentane
• Before using it as a fuel, it undergoes extensive
processing for removing almost all constituents
except methane
• It ranks third after crude oil and coal in terms of usage
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 38
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas
• Natural gas remains a key fuel in the electric
power sector, transportation, and heating
buildings in most countries
• In 2017, there were 6,923 trillion cubic feet
(Tcf) of proven gas reserves
• The world has proven reserves equivalent to
52.3 times its annual consumption. This
means it has about 52 years of gas left (at
current consumption levels and excluding un
proven reserves)
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 39
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas
Production Reserves
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 40
Global Primary Energy Reserves and Commercial
Energy Production | Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas Production and Delivery
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 41
Primary Global Energy Consumption
2021 2022
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 42
Link:
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 43
Link:
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 44
Primary Global Energy Consumption
Tips
• Fossil fuels (shown in shades of gray) accounted for 84% in 2019 (not shown in slide #40),
82.3% in 2021, and 81.8% in 2022 of the world’s primary energy consumption
• Asia Pacific was by far the largest regional consumer
• In 2022, its primary energy consumption was more than the one of North America and
Europe combined!
• The Middle East, Latin America, and Africa account for around 7.5 and 3%, respectively
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 45
Production of Fuel; Canada
Source: [Link]
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 46
Summary
• By 2040, the developing world will account for 65% of the world’s energy consumption,
according to a report released by the United States Energy Information Administration
• At the current rates of production, Coal, Crude Oil, and Natural Gas should last 150 years,
50 years, and 52 years, respectively
• Fossil fuels are not distributed evenly around the Earth
• A huge mismatch exists between where the fossil fuel reserves are located and where we
want to use them
• Over the next three decades, energy consumption is predicted to grow at a 2.2% in
developing countries, which comes from population growth
• Europe, the US, Canada and Australia will see their energy use increase by just 0.5% a year,
roughly in line with population growth
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 47
Dr. Amin Etminan
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) 48
