Problem Set #1
PART 1
7. Write the conjunction and the disjunction of each of
the given pairs of propositions p and q below. Then
indicate which, if any, of these statements is true.
(c)
p: Birds have four legs.
q: Hamsters have wings.
p: false
q: false
p ^ q - false
p v q - false
Let p and q be the propositions:
p: I buy a lotto ticket today.
q: I win the 135-million peso jackpot on Saturday.
Express each of the following
propositions as an English sentence.
(a) p^q
I buy a lotto ticket today and win the 135-million peso jackpot on Saturday.
(b) ~pv(p^ q)
I did not buy a lotto ticket today or buy a lotto ticket today and win the 135-million peso jackpot
on Saturday.
(c) p=>q
If I buy a lotto ticket today, then I will win the 135-million peso jackpot on Saturday.
(d) p<=> q
I buy a lotto ticket today if and only if I will win the 135-million peso jackpot on Saturday.
9. Let p and q be the propositions:
p: It is very cold.
q: It is raining.
Write the following propositions using p, q, and
logical connectives.
(a) It is very cold and raining.
p^q
(b) It is very cold but not raining.
p^~q
(c) If it is very cold, it is also raining.
p=>q
(d) It is either very cold or it is raining, but it is not
raining if it is very cold.
(pvq)^(~q=>p)
10. Let p, q, and r be the propositions:
p: You are sick.
q: You miss the final examination.
r: You pass this subject.
Express each of the following propositions as an English
sentence.
(a) p=>q
If you are sick, then you will miss the final examination.
(b) ~q<=>r
You are not sick if and only if you pass this subject
(c) (p^q)v(~qvr)
You are either sick and you will miss the final examination or you will not miss the final
examination or you will pass this subject
11. Write each of the following statements in the form “If p,
then q.”
(a) It rains whenever the wind blows from the southwest.
If the wind blows from the southwest, then it rains.
(b) The mango tree will bloom if it stays warm for a week.
if it stays warm for a week, then the mango tree will bloom
12. State the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of each of the
following implications.
(a) If it does not rain tonight, I will go fishing tomorrow.
Converse: If I decide to go fishing tomorrow, then it should not rain tonight.
Inverse: If it rains tonight, then I will not go fishing tomorrow.
Contrapositive: If I do not go fishing tomorrow, then that means it rained tonight.
(b) If it rains tonight, then I will stay at home.
Inverse: If it does not rain tonight, then I will not stay at home.
Converse: If I will stay at home, then it rains tonight.
Contrapositive If I will not stay at home, then it will not rain tonight.
(c) I come to class whenever there is quiz. (If there is a quiz,
then I come to class.)
Inverse: If there is no quiz, then I will not come to class.
Converse: If I come to class, then there is a quiz.
Contrapositive If I don’t come to class, then there is no quiz.
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13. Construct a truth table for each of the following
compound propositions.
(f)
[(pvq)^ r]=> [(p^r)vq]
p q r pvq p^r (pvq)^ r (p^r)vq [(pvq)^ r]=> [(p^r)vq]
T T T T T T T T
T T F T F F T T
T F T T T T T T
T F F T F F F T
F T T T F T T T
F T F T F F T T
F F T F F F F T
F F F F F F F T
15. Evaluate the following expressions.
(a) 11000^(01011v11011)
11000^(11011)
11000
(b) (11011v01010)^(10001v11011)
(11011)^(11011)
11011
16. Find the bitwise OR, bitwise AND, and bitwise XOR
of each pair of bit strings.
(a) 1011110,
0100001
OR: 1111111
AND:0000000
XOR: 1111111
(b) 11110000,
10101010
OR: 11111010
AND:10100000
XOR: 01011010
17. Use truth tables to verify the following equivalences.
(c) ~(p^q)<=>~pv~q
p q ~p ~q ~(p^q) ~pv~q ~(p^q)<=>~pv~q
T T F F F F T
T F F F F F T
F T T T T T T
F F T T T T T
18. Show that each of the following implications is a tautology by
using truth tables.
[~p^(pvq)]=>q
p q pvq ~p p^(pvq) ~p^(pvq) q ~p^(pvq)=>q
T T T F T F T T
T F F F F T F T
F T F T F T T T
F F F T F T T T
22. Let P(x) be the statement "x spends more than five hours
every weekday in class," where the universe of discourse
for x is the set of students. Express each of the following
quantifications in English.
(a)Ǝ x P (x)
(b) ∀x~P (x)
There is such a student that spends more than five hours every weekday in class.
None of the students spend more than five hours every weekday in class.
23. Use quantifiers to express the following statements.
(a) Every student needs a course in mathematics.
∀ x P (x) as where the domain of discourse are students.
Let P (x) denote “x needs a course in mathematics” The given statement can now be expressed
(b) There is a student in this class who owns a dual SIM
smartphone.
Let P(x) denote “x in this class owns a dual SIM smartphone. The given statement can now be
expressed as " Ǝ x P (x), where the domain of discourse are students in the class.
(c) Every student in this class has been in every building on campus.
Every student in this class has been in every building on campus. Let P(x) denote the statement
“x has been in every building on campus.” The given statement can now be expressed as
"∀ x P(x), where the domain of discourse for x consists of the students in the class.
(d) There is a student in this class who has been in every
Let P(x) denote the statement “x has been in every floor of at least one building on campus.”
The given statement can now be expressed as Ǝ x P(x), where the domain of discourse for x
consists of the students in the class.
(a) Let P(x) be “x+1>x.” What are the negations of Ǝ x P (x) and ∀ x P (x)
24. Quantifications are negate as follows:
∀ x ~P (x): There is such an x that x+1<x
~Ǝ x P (x): For all x such that x+1<x
(b) Let Q(x) be “x < 2.” What are the negations of Ǝ x Q (x) and ∀ x Q (x)
∀ x ~P (x): There is such an x that x > 2
~Ǝ x P (x): For all x such that x > 2
PART 2
1. Identify the rule of inference used in the following
arguments.
(a) Tarsiers live in Bohol and are marsupials. (P^Q)
Therefore, tarsiers are marsupials. (Q)
Simplification
(b) It is either hotter than 38 degrees today or the
pollution is dangerous.(PvQ) It is less than 38 degrees
outside today.(~P) Therefore, the pollution is dangerous.(Q)
Disjunctive Syllogism
2. Determine whether the following arguments are valid or not.
If an argument is valid, which rule of inference is used? If not,
which fallacy occurs?
(a) If n is a real number such that n>1, then n >1.(P=>Q) Suppose
that n >1.(Q) Then n>1.(Q)
Affirming the conclusion
(b) The number log 3 is irrational if it is not the ratio of two
integers.(~P=>Q) Therefore, since log 3 cannot be written in the
form where a and b are integers, it is irrational.(Q)
Modus Ponens
(c) If n is a real number and n>3, then n^2 >9. Suppose that
N^2 < 9. Then n < 3.
Modus tollens
(d) Either a positive integer is a perfect square or it has an
even number of positive integer divisors. (PvQ) If n is a positive
integer that has an odd number of positive integer
divisors, then n is a perfect square.(~Q)
Disjunctive Syllogism
PART 3
5.
(e) If n is a real number and n>2, then n2 >4.(P=>Q) suppose that n2<2. Then n2 <4.
Denying the hypothesis
Objective function: f (x, y) = 5x + 4y Constraints:
x≥2
x≤5
y≥3
y≤6
a) (2, 6): f (2, 6) = 5(2) + 4(6) = 34
b) (2, 3): f (2, 3) = 5(2) + 4(3) = 22
c) (5, 3): f (5, 3) = 5(5) + 4(3) = 37
d) (5, 6): f (5, 6) = 5(5) + 4(6) = 49
22 is the minimum value, and 49 is the maximum value.
11) Objective function: f (x, y) = x + 4y
Constraints:
x + y ≤ 10
x + 2y ≤ 12
x≥y
x≥0
y≥0
a) (4, 4): f (4, 4) = 4 + 4(4) = 20
b) (0, 0): f (0, 0) = 0 + 4(0) = 0
c) (10, 0): f (10, 0) = 10 + 4(0) = 10
d) (8, 2): f (8, 2) = 8 + 4(2) = 16
0 is the minimum value, and 20 is the maximum value.
13. Jane, a school athlete, decides that she will study at most 25 hours every week and practice
at least 10 hours a week. Let x represent the hours studying and y represent the hours in
practice. Write two inequalities that model this situation and graph their intersection.
0<x<25
y>10
Intersection: (0, 10)
14. George is about to take an examination containing both multiple-choice and essay
questions. Each multiple-choice question is worth 10 points and each essay is 25 points. He
must answer at least three multiple-choice questions correctly but might not be able to go
beyond 12 because of time constraints. And although he possibly cannot finish 15 essays, he
has to do at least four. If no more than 20 questions can be answered, how many of each type
of question should George work on to maximize his score?
Let x be multiple choice
Let y be essay
Objective function: 10x+25y
3<x<12
4<y<15
x+y<20
15) A manufacturer of plastic chairs… How many chairs of each type should be manufactured per week
to maximize the total profit for each week? What is the maximum profit? Assume that all chairs can be
sold. Objective function: f (x, y) = 150x + 135y
Constraints: 5x + 4y ≤ 200
2x + 3y ≤ 108
a) (0, 36): f (0, 36) = 150(0) + 135(36) = 4,860
b) (24, 20): f (24, 20) = 150(24) + 135(20) = 6,300
c) (40, 0): f (40, 0) = 150(40) + 135(0) = 6,000
The maximum profit is Php6,300.
16. John, a school supply retailer, sells imported pencils and notebooks. He can regularly get
between 400 and 500 pencils and between 150 and 200 notebooks but not more than 650
items altogether. The pencils cost Php18 to buy wholesale and sell for Php25 whereas the
notebooks cost Php28 wholesale but can be sold for Php45. How many of each type should he
acquire to make a maximum profit?
Objective function
f (x, y) = 7x + 17y
Let x be number of pencils
Let y be number of notebooks
400<x<500
150<y<200
x+y<650
17. A cargo-forwarding firm is planning a major fleet expansion and will purchase a maximum of
15 new trucks. These vehicles are supposed to provide at least 36 tons of additional load
capacity. One model holds two tons and costs Php1.5M. A second model holds three tons and
costs Php2.4M. How many trucks of each model should the firm purchase to provide the
additional load capacity at minimal cost? What is the minimal cost?
Objective function: 1.5Mx + 2.4My
Let x be model 1
Let y be model 2
x+y<1,5
2x+3y>36
18. Max, a farmer, has a 3,216-square meter farm where he raises chickens and goats. Chickens
require two square meters while goats need 24 sq. m. each. The per-head profit on chickens
and goats are Php11 and Php130, respectively. If he cannot tend to more than 1,500 chickens
or 120 goats, how many of each type should he have in order to make the largest profit?
Objective function
f(x,y) = 2x+24y<3,216
Let x be number of chickens
Let y be number of goats
Constraints:
x<1,500
y<120
19. A grocery sells longganisas, bratwursts, and Hungarian sausages and can put on display 500
of them per unit of time. It can sell at most 300 longganisas and 120 bratwursts and, currently,
there are standing orders for 200 longganisas and 70 Hungarian sausages. If the profit per piece
is Php3.50 for longganisas, Php4.25 for bratwursts, and Php6 for Hungarian sausages, how
many pieces of each type should be stocked to make a maximum profit?
Let x be Longganisas
Let y be bratwursts
Let z be Hungarian
Objective function f(x,y,z)3.5x+4.25x+6x
200<x<300
0<x<200
0<x<70
