DCCN IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

CHAPTER – 1
SHORT QUESTIONS :-

1. Write the two advantages of computer network? (2marks)

Ans :- Resource sharing :-

Allows sharing of hardware (printers, scanners) and software resources.

Effective communication :-

Enables seamless communication and collaboration through email, instant messaging, video conferencing, etc.

2. Define protocol ? (2 marks)

Ans :-

• A protocol is a set of rules and convention.

• That governs communication between devices over a network.
3. Name any two protocols of application layer.

Ans :– Two protocols of the application layer are:

• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

4. Map the function of the layer of OSI model like: Mac address , IP address, Port address.(2 marks)

Ans :- MAC address – Data Link layer :-

• Used for identifying devices on a local network.

IP address – Network layer :-

• Used for logical addressing and routing between networks.

Port address – Transport layer :-

• Used for identifying specific applications/processes on a host.

5. What is the data communication? Identify the five components of data communication.(2 marks)

Ans :- Data communication is the process of transferring data or information from one point to another.

The five components of data communication are:

• Sender
• Receiver
• Message
• Communication medium
• Protocols

LONG QUESTIONS:-

6. What are the advantages of layering?(6 marks)

Ans :- Modularity

• Each layer is designed as a separate module, allowing for easier modification or replacement of individual layers
without affecting the entire system.

Standardization

• The OSI model promotes standardization by defining a common set of rules and protocols for each layer,
ensuring interoperability between different networks and devices.

Clear division of responsibilities

• Each layer has a specific set of functions and responsibilities, promoting a clear division of labor and making the
overall system more manageable.

Independence of layers

• Layers are designed to be independent of the layers above and below them, allowing changes or updates to be
made to one layer without affecting the others, as long as the interfaces between layers remain consistent.

Easier troubleshooting

• The layered approach helps in isolating and identifying issues within specific layers, simplifying the
troubleshooting process and making it easier to resolve network problems.

Flexibility

• The layered structure provides flexibility in terms of implementing different protocols and technologies at
different layers, allowing for the integration of new technologies or the replacement of existing ones without
disrupting the entire system.

Encouraging competition and innovation

• By defining standardized interfaces between layers, the OSI model encourages competition and innovation
within each layer, as different vendors and developers can create and implement their own solutions as long as
they adhere to the defined interfaces.

Scalability

• The modular design of the OSI model allows for easier scalability, as individual layers can be scaled up or down
based on the specific requirements of the network or application.

Easier maintenance

• The separation of concerns across layers simplifies maintenance tasks, as changes or updates can be made to
specific layers without affecting the entire system.

Promotes code reusability

• The well-defined interfaces between layers promote code reusability, as modules or components developed for
one layer can be reused in different contexts or applications, as long as they adhere to the same interface
standards.

7. Discuss about the different types of computer network.(6 marks)

Ans:-
Local Area Network (LAN)

• A LAN connects computers and devices within a limited geographical area, such as an office, building, or
campus.
• Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

• A WAN spans a larger geographical area, connecting LANs across cities, countries, or continents.
• Examples: Internet, leased lines, satellite links.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• A MAN covers a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, typically within a city or town.
• Examples: Cable TV networks, fiber optic networks.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

• A PAN connects devices within a short range, typically within a person’s reach or workspace.
• Examples: Bluetooth, infrared, USB.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

• A VPN establishes a secure, encrypted connection over a public network, such as the internet, creating a private
network for secure data transmission.

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

• It is a computer network that connects devices using wireless communication technologies instead of wired
connections.
• It allows devices to connect to the network and communicate wirelessly within a limited geographical area,
such as an office, home, or campus.

8. Compare OSI and TCP/IP model with a diagram. Discuss various responsibilities of physical and data link
layer.(6 marks)

Ans:- Parameters OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Full Form OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet protocol.

Layers It has 7 layers. It has 4 layers.

Usage It is low in usage. It is mostly used.

. Approach It is vertically approached. It is horizontally approached.

Delivery Delivery of the package is guaranteed in OSI Model. Delivery of the package is not

guaranteed in TCP/IP Model.

Reliability It is less reliable than TCP/IP Model. It is more reliable than OSI Model.
 OSI model

Physical Layer responsibilities:

• Defines the electrical, mechanical, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating
the physical link between devices.

• Handles signal transmission, encoding, and synchronization.

Data Link Layer responsibilities:

• Provides reliable data transfer between adjacent nodes on the same network.

• Handles frame synchronization, error detection and correction, and flow control.

• Subdivides the data into frames and adds physical layer addressing information.
9. Explain the layering architecture of OSI model.(10 marks)

Ans:-Here’s an explanation of the layering architecture of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model:-

Physical Layer

• Deals with the physical hardware and electrical specifications for transmitting raw data bits over a
communication channel.
• It defines the characteristics of the physical medium, such as cables, connectors, signal levels, and timing
specifications.
• Handles the conversion of digital data into electrical signals and vice versa.
• Examples of physical layer specifications include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth standards.

Data Link Layer

• The data link layer is responsible for reliable data transfer between adjacent nodes on the same
network.
• It handles framing, addressing, error detection and correction, and flow control mechanisms.
• Divided into two sublayers:-
❖ The LLC sublayer handles logical link control and multiplexing of data streams.
❖ The MAC sublayer handles physical addressing (MAC addresses) and channel access control.

Network Layer

• Responsible for routing data packets from the source to the destination across different networks.
• Handles logical addressing, path determination, and efficient data delivery.
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary protocol used at this layer in modern networks.
• Provides logical addressing and routing functions for end-to-end delivery of data.

Transport Layer

• The transport layer ensures end-to-end reliable data delivery between applications running on
different hosts.
• It handles segmentation, flow control, error correction, and multiplexing of data streams.
• TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented data transfer, while UDP provides unreliable,
connectionless data transfer.
• Performs segmentation and reassembly of data, as well as error detection and recovery.

Session Layer

• The session layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes communication sessions between
applications.
• It handles checkpointing, recovery, and restart procedures for long-lived conversations.
• Provides mechanisms for coordinating and managing data exchange between applications.

Presentation layer

• Responsible for translating data between different formats and encodings.

• Handles data compression, encryption, and character code conversions.
• Ensures that data is presented in a form that can be understood by the receiving application.
• Examples of presentation layer services include data compression, encryption/decryption, and
character set translation.
Application Layer

• Closest layer to the end-user, providing services directly to applications.

• Defines protocols for specific applications, such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, and DHCP.
• Handles tasks like identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and
synchronizing communication.
• Examples of application layer protocols include HTTP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, DHCP, Telnet, and SSH.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OSI MODEL