Material for Final Exam
INFORMATION AGE
introduction
Life is accompanied by endless transmission of transformation that takes place within
and outside the human body.
Information is "knowledge communicated or obtain concerning a specific fact or
circumstance. - Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, Information is a very
important tool for survival.
THE INFORMATION AGE
Is defined as a "period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century when information
became effortlessly accessible through publications and through the management of
information by computers and computer network and also called the Digital Age and the
New Media Age because it was associated with the development of computers.
James R. Messenger
◦ proposed the Theory of Information Age in 1982.
"the Information Age is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via
telecommunications, with these information systems operating on both a real-time and
as- needed basis.
History of Information Age
The traces the history and emergence of the Information Age
Evolution of man and information
1960s and 1970s information were difficult to collect and manage.
1980s real angst set in which a Richard Wurman called it "Information Anxiety."
1990s Information became. The currency in the business world.
Robert Harris detailed some facts on the Informatic &
Age in his article "Truths of the Information Age " (n.d.'
1. Information must compete. There is no need; hinformation to stand out and be
recognized in theincreasing clutter.
2. Newer is equated with truer. We forgot the truth that.any fact or value can endure.
3. Selection of viewpoint. Chose multiple sources foryour information if you want
received a more balanced view of reality. Robert Harris detailed some facts on the
Informatic & Age in his article "Truths of the Information Age " (n.d.
4. The media sells what the culture buys. In oft. H words, information is driven by
cultural priorities.
5. The early word gets the perm. The first media channel to expose an issue often
defines the context, terms, and attitudes surrounding it.
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain. Do not draw conclusions unless all ideas
and information are presented to you. Robert Harris detailed some facts on the
Information & Age in his article "Truths of the Information Age " (n.d.
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited W The demand for incredible
knowledge, scandals, and secrets is ever present; hence, many events are fabricated
by tabloids, publicists, or other agents of information fraud.
8. Ideas are seen as controversial. It is almost certainly.
impossible to make any assertion that will not find some supporters and some
detractors.
Computers are among the most important contributions advances in the Information
Age society.
A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data (information). It runs
a program that contains the exact, step-by- step directions to solve a problem
(UShistory.org, 2017).
Types of Computer
Personal Computer (PC) - It is a single- user instrument. PCs Were first known as
microcomputers since they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than
the enormous systems operated by most businesses.
Desktop Computer - It is described as a PC that is not designed for portability. It will be
set up in a permanent spot. W workstation is simply a desktop computer that has a
more powerful processor, additional memory, and enhanced capabilities for performing
special group of tasks, such as 3D graphics or game development.
offer more storage, power, and versatility than their portable versions (UShistory.org,
2017).
Laptops - These are portable computers that h integrate the essentials of a desktop
computer in a battery- powered package, which are somewhat larger than a typical
hardcover book. They are commonly called notebooks.
The World Wide Web (Internet)
Claude Elwood Shannon
Several historians trace the origin of Internet from him.
He is an American Mathematicianwho was considered as the "Father of Information
Theory" ' worked at Bell Laboratories and at age 32, he published a paper
proposing that information can be quantitatively encoded as a sequence of ones and
zeroes.
The Internet is worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data
transmission among innumerable computers.
It was developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense.
Gene Therapy
"It is tremendously rewarding to see how our work. starting with the test tube, can
positively impact the society, by creating the groundwork for new medical treatments.
What is Gene Therapy?
involves themanipulation ofgenes to fight or prevent diseases.
it introduces a"good" gene into a person who has a discase caused by a"bad" gene.
What are genes?
the basic physical and functional units of heredity.
made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.
Genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
provide the information for the production of specific proteins and enzymes that make
muscles, bones, and blood, which in turn support most of our body's functions, such as
digestion, making energy, and growing.
Involves introducing a "good" gene into targeted cells to treat the patient more
conservative, safer approach because it affects only the targeted cells in the patient,
and is not passed on to future generations.
used to correct the disease causing genetic sequence
Categories of Somatic Gene Therapy
ex vivo, which means exterior (where cells are modification
outside the body and then transplanted back in again). In some gene therapy clinical
trials, cells from the patient's blood or bone marrow are removed and grown in the
laboratory. The cells are exposed to the virus that is carrying the desired gene. The
virus enters the cells and inserts the desired gene into the cells' DNA. The cells grow in
the laboratory and are then returned to the patient by injection into a vein. This type of
gene therapy is called ex vivo because the cells are treated outside the body.
in vivo, which means interior (where genes are changed in cells still in the body). This
form of gene therapy is called in vivo, because the gene is transferred to cells inside the
patient's body.
Germline Gene Therapy
which involves modifying the genes in egg or sperm cells, which will then pass any
genetic changes to future generations.
Possible Effects of Gene Therapy
The viruses and other agents used to deliver the "good" genes can affect more than the
cells for which they're intended. If a gene is added to DNA, it could be put in the wrong
place, which could potentially cause cancer or other damage.
Genes also can be "overexpressed," meaning they can drive the production of so much
of a protein that they can be harmful.
a virus introduced into one person could be transmitted to others or into the
environment.
Genetic material used:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) - stores genetic information.
RNA (Ribonucleic acid) - modified copy of information needed for the
cells to build correct protein.
EXAMPLES OF FDA APPROVED GENE THERAPIES:
1. Luxturna (2017)
Disease: Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) – genetic blindness
Gene Targeted: RPE65
Result: Improved vision in low light, children could see stars for the first time
2. Zolgensma (2019)
Disease: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Type 1 – deadly muscle-weakening
disease in infants
Gene Targeted: SMN
Result: Babies gained muscle control, avoided respiratory failure, some
learned to walk
3. CAR-T Cell Therapy (2017 onwards)
Example: Kymriah, Yescarta Disease: Blood cancers (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia,
lymphoma)
Gene Targeted: Modifies T-cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)
targeting cancer
Result: Remission in many patients who didn’t respond to other treatments.
BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTHY SOCIETY
BIODIVERSITY
All the different kinds of life you'll find in one area--the variety of animals, plants, fungi,
and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world.
Each of these species and organisms work' together in ecosystems, like an intricate
web, to maintain balance and support life
Biodiversity supports everything in nature that we need to survive: food, clean wate
medicine, and shelter.
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
The genetic variation within a population
The variety of species in a community
The varietv of communities in an ecosystem
GENETIC DIVERSITY
A term used to describe the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes.
Genetic variation is what makes us
SPECIE DIVERSITY
The measure of biological divers id.. observed in a particular ecologi, we community
indicating a number of species or species richness in an ecological area.
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
The variety of different habitats, communities and ecological processes.
A biological community is defined by the species that occupy a particular area and the
interactions between those species.
ECOSYSTEM
A geographic area where plants, animals and other organisms as well as the weather
and landscapes, work/ interact together to form a bubble of life Ecosystem contains
biotic or living things and abiotic or nonliving things.
Biotic factors, include plants, animals and other living organisms.
Abiotic factors include rocks, temperature and humidity.
Ecosystem can be very large and / or small.
Biodiversity at Risk
The extinction of many species in a relatively short period of time is called a mass
extinction.
Earth has experienced several mass extinctions, each probably caused by a global
change in climate.
It takes millions of years for biodiversity to rebound after a mass extinction.
Scientists are warning that we are in the midst of another mass extinction.
The rate of extinctions is estimated to have increased by a multiple of 50 since 1800,
with up to 25 percent of all species on Earth becoming extinct between 1800 and 2100.
The current mass extinction is different from those of the past because humans are the
primary cause of the extinctions.
Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat loss and destruction
Alterations in ecosystem composition
Over-exploitation
Pollution and contamination
Global climate change
Biodiversity at Risk
Alterations in Ecosystem Composition
Alterations and sudden changes, either within species groups or within the environment,
could begin to change entire ecosystems.
Alteration in ecosystems are a critical factor contributing to species and habitat loss.
Over-exploitation
Explores the connection between biodiversity and a healthy society, emphasizing
ecological balance and social unit.
Over-hunting, over-fishing, or over-collecting of species can quickly lead to its decline.
Changing consumption patterns of humans is often cited as the key reason for this
unsustainable exploitation of natural resources.
Pollution and Contamination
Biological systems respond slowly to changes in their surrounding environment.
Pollution and contamination cause irreversible damage to species and varieties.
Global Climate Change
Both climate variability and climate change cause biodiversity loss. Species and
populations may be lost permanently if they are not provided with enough time to adapt
to changing climatic conditions.
Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation
As human populations grow, we use more land to build homes and harvest resources.
In the process, we destroy and fragment the habitats of other species.
It is estimated that habitat loss causes almost 75 percent of the extinctions now
occurring.
Global Climate Change
Both climate variability and climate change cause biodiversity loss. Species and
populations may be lost permanently if they are not provided with enough time to adapt
to changing climatic conditions.
Biodiversity and Human Health
Healthy communities rely on well-functioning ecosystems. They provide clean air, fresh
water, medicines and food security.
1. Biodiversity ensures health and food security
Biodiversity underpins global nutrition and food security. Millions of species work
together to provide us with a large array of fruits, vegetables and animal products
essential to a healthy, balanced diet.
2. Biodiversity helps fight disease
Higher rates of biodiversit have been lInked to an increase in humar health
First, plants are essential for medicines. For example, 25% of drugs used in modern
medicine are derived from rainforest plants while 70% of cancer drugs are natural or
synthetic products inspired by nature. This means that every time a species goes
extinct, we miss out on a potential new medicine.
Second, biodiversity due to protected natural areas has been linked to lower instances
of disease such as Lyme disease and malaria. While the exact origin of the virus
causing COVID-19 is still unknown, 60% of infectious.
3. Biodiversity benefits business
According to the World Economic Forum's recent Nature Risk
Rising Report, more than half of the world's GDP ($44 trillion) is highly or moderately
dependent on nature. Many businesses are, therefore, at risk due to increasing nature
loss. Global sales of pharmaceuticals based on materials of natural origin are worth an
estimated $75 billion a year, while natural wonders such as coral reefs are essential to
food and tourism.
THE NANO TECHNOLOGY
the global market leader for tips for Scanning ProbeMicroscopy andAtomic Force
Microscopy. sphere of influence of nanotechnology
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans
the specimen.
founded in 1981, with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument
for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
Atomic Force Microscopy.
is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the
order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical
diffraction limit. The information is gathered by "feeling" or "touching" the surface with a
mechanical probe.
Origin of Nanoscience
in 1959 it was discussed by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman in his talk There's
Plenty of Room at the Bottom, in which he described the possibility of synthesis via
direct manipulation of atoms.
in 1960, Egyptian engineer Mohamed Atalla and Korean engineer Dawon Kahng at Bell
Labs fabricated the first MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor)
with a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm, along with a gate length of 20 um.
in 1962, Atalla and Kahng fabricated a nanolayer-base metal-semiconductor junction
(M-S junction) transistor that used gold (Au) thin films with a thickness of 10 nm
Origin of nanotechnology
the term "nanotechnology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.
In 1 986, K. Eric Drexler used the term "nanotechnology" in his book Engines of
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale
"assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary
complexity with atomic control.
In 1980, the emergence of nanotechnology as a field in occurred through convergence
of Drexler's theoretical and public work.in 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight
Institute to help increase public awareness and understanding ofnanatechnalaav
concepts and implication
Nanoscience and technology
Nanotechnology
study of what happens when things get very, very small - only a few atoms in size.
refers to the science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is
about 1 to 100 nanometers.
employs the study and application of exceptionally small things in materials science,
engineering, physics, biology and chemistry.
Nanometer
a unit of spatial measurement that is 10-9 meter, or one billionth of a meter.
commonly used in nanotechnology, the building of extremely small machines.
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES USED IN NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
a microscope that uses a beam ofaccelerated electrons as a source of illumination.
In 1930, German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron
microscope.
Atomic Force Microscope
a type of high resolution scanning probe
microscope that has a resolution that you can measure in fractions of a nanometer.
was pioneered in 1986 by Nobel Prize Winner Gerd Binnig along with Calvin Quate and
Christoph Gerber.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. its development in 1981 earned
its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1986.
Possible Applications of Nanotechnology in the Philippines:
◦ Information and CommunicationTechnologies and semiconductors
◦ Health and medicine
◦ Energy
◦ Food and agriculture
◦ Environment
Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines
◦ Information and CommunicationTechnologies and semiconductors
◦ Health and biomedical
◦ Energy
◦ Agriculture and food
◦ Environment
◦ Health and environmental risk
◦ Nano-metrology
◦ Education and public awareness
CLIMATE CHANGE
It describes the long-term alteration of temperatures and weather patterns. While these
changes can happen naturally-such as from shifts in solar activity or major volcanic
eruptions-human activities have become the primary cause of climate change since the
1800s. This issue poses a serious risk to human health. It impacts the physical
environment and affects every part of both natural and human systems, including social
and economic conditions as well as how health systems operate.
FACTORS CAUSING CLIMATE CHANGE
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Deforestation
• Industrial Activity
• Agriculture
• Waste and Plastic Burning
• Transportation
• Urbanization and Road Widening
• Air Conditioners and Cooling System
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
In the following sections, we will look at some of the effects climate change has on our
resources and society:
• Water
• Food
• Human health
• Environment
• Infrastructure
• Education
CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Causes of Climate Change in the Philippines
• Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Energy
• Deforestation and Land Use Changes
• Agricultural Practices
2. Consequences
• Increased Frequency of Extreme Weather Events
• Sea-level Rise
• Biodiversity Loss
• Impacts on People
3. Climate Change Projections
4. Climate Change Adaptations and Mitigations
• Mitigation Strategies
• Adaptation Measures
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SCIENCE
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Climate change alters habitats, migration patterns, and the distribution of species,
forcing ecologists to study the impacts of these changes on biodiversity and ecosystem
health.
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY
Changes in temperature, precipitation, and soil health due to climate change are directly
impacting agricultural production. This necessitates research into developing climate-
resilient crops, sustainable farming practices, and strategies for food security in a
changing climate.
OCEANOGRAPHY
Rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and changes in ocean currents are all
consequences of climate change that impact ocean ecosystems and marine
life. Oceanographers are studying these changes and their effects on marine
biodiversity and human activities that depend on the ocean.
Energy Crisis
Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work.
Energy exists in several forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light,
potential energy, electrical, or other forms. According to the law of conservation of
energy, the total energy of a system remains constant, though energy may transform
into another form.
An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources
to an economy. Recommended Understanding Energy Dynamics Identifying the
Energy Crisis. The supply of energy is far less than its demands can effect the whole
mankind to run towards the development or daily purposes that crisis is called energy
crisis
CAUSES
Oil crisis – Supply - Demand imbalance
Over -consumption Choke point disruption or bottlenecks at oil refineries
Port facilities that restrict fuel supply
When the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate
of production enters terminal decline, that's called peak oil. These shows the long term
deny for the availability of petroleum products
POPULATION GROWTH
More population, the more use of earth, results emptying the earth using excessive non-
renewable substances for survival.
The increased population desires more products to use, results in using more energy to
make those products in order to provide more infrastructures.
Impacts on Society and the Environment
Economic Strain: High energy costs burden households and industries,
leading to reduced productivity and economic growth.
Health Risks: Reliance on fossil fuels contributes to air pollution, increasing
respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
Educational Disruptions: Frequent power outages hinder students' ability to
study,. especially in remote learning setups.
Environmental Consequences: Continued use of non-renewable energy
sources accelerates climate change, leading to more frequent natural
disasters.
