BABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR BIHAR UNIVERSITY

MUZAFFARPUR
RAJ NARAIN COLLEGE,HAJIPUR (VAISHALI)
A PROJECT WORK ON PLASMA AND ITS APPLICATIONS
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS [ [Link] ‘IV’ SEMESTER ]
SESSION 2022-2024
GUIDED BY:- DR. RAVI PATHAK
PREPARED & SUBMITTED BY : AVAKASH KUMAR
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO :- 221560039049
[Link] :-19BNRGPH223/19
 POST GRADUATE
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that Avakash kumar, a student of class [Link] 4th
semester has successfully completed that research on the project
plasma and its applications
under the guidance of Dr. Ravi Pathak during the session 2022-
2024 in physics practical examination conducted by Babasaheb
Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University , Muzaffarpur
Roll no . 221560039049
Registration No:- 19BNRGPH223/19
Signature of candidate: Signature of supervisor:
CONTENT
SN. Topic
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. FORMATION
4. DEFINITION
5. HISTORY OF PLASMA
6. OCCARANCE OF PLASMA
7. FORMATION OF PLASMA
8. DEFINITION OF THE PLASMA
9. TYPES OF PLASMA
10. PROP ERTIES OF PLASMA
11. PRODUCTION OF PLASMA
12. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PLASMA
13. APPLICATIONS AND WORKING
14. FUTURE OF PLASMA SCIENCE
15. REFERENCES
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to deliberate my candidate gratitude to (H.O.D) PROF.
DR. KIRAN KUMARI ,(ASSOCIATE) PROF. DR. MD. NAIYAR
PERWEZ ,PROF. DR. RAVI PATHAK & PROF .DR. GEETANJALI
for their sincere and antique experience as well as support
without which i would not be able to accomplish this assignment.
I am also grateful to our principal and college faculty who let use
the valuable lab assests our college which further help in making
this project. Without the cornerstone of our college fraternity and
our Associate prof. Dr. Ravi Pathak this assignment would not
have been concluded .
 ABSTRACT
The main aim of this project work is to provide us some basic brief
about plasma and its applications. Plasma is the 4th state of matter.
It is essentially very hot ,ionized gas It is what makes up the sun
and most of the Universe. Plasma is so hot ( millions of kelvin) that
it cannot be contained by physically .Instead magnetic Confinement
is frequently used ,it's behavior and properties are of intense
interest to scientists in many disciplines. There for making
computer chips,rocket propulsion, cleaning the environment,
destroying biological hazards ,healing wounds and other exciting
applications. The most important application of plasma is in Fusion
Test Reactor (ETR). Scientists have developed modern Plasma theory
to achieve the demand of Fusion energy for humankind.
 INTRODUCTION
Introduction to plasma (plasma as the 4th state of matter) As far as we
know ,matter generally exists in three states in nature .These are : (i) Solid (ii)
Liquid and (iii) Gas. Now when a solid is heated sufficiently that the thermal
motion of the atoms break the crystal lattice structure apart,usually a liquid
is [Link] a liquid is heated enough that atoms vaporize off the surface
faster than they recondense. A gas is formed. Now what happens to a matter
just after that gaseous state? When a gas is heated enough (>100,000°C) that
the atoms collide with each other knock their electrons off in the process ,a
plasma is formed: The so-called “FOURTH STATE OF MATTER “. The
important point is that an ionized gas has unique properties. The word “plan”
comes from the Creek and means “moldable adance “ or “jelly” it is used to
describe a wide variety of macroscopically neutral substances containing
many interacting free electrons and ionized atoms or molecules.
 HISTORY OF PLASMA
Plasma, the most abundant form of matter in the universe, was first
identified by the ancient Greeks around 400 BCE. The term "plasma" was
later coined in the 20th century by American chemist Irving [Link]
understanding of plasma advanced significantly in the 20th century thanks
to important discoveries and developments in the field of plasma physics. In
the 1920s, Langmuir and his colleague Lewi Tonks studied the behavior of
electrons in ionized gases, leading to the recognition of plasma as a distinct
state of [Link] World War II, plasma research gained further
momentum as scientists explored its potential applications in the field of
nuclear fusion. The study of plasma continued to expand after the war, with
pioneering work by researchers like John D. Roberts and Harold P. Furth
paving the way for the development of plasma fusion [Link], plasma
physics plays a crucial role in various fields, including materials processing,
space exploration, and fusion energy research. The study of plasma continues
to be a vibrant and rapidly evolving field, with ongoing efforts to unlock the
full potential of this unique state of matter.
 OCCARANCE OF PLASMA
Plasma is a state of matter that is often encountered in various natural and
artificial contexts. It is commonly found in nature as the fourth state of
matter, along with solid, liquid, and gas. Plasma is an ionized gas that
consists of supercharged particles, such as ions and [Link] nature,
plasma is commonly observed in celestial bodies like stars, including our Sun,
where it makes up the majority of their composition. Plasma is also present
in lightning, auroras, and other high-energy phenomena in the Earth's
atmosphere. In addition, plasma is widely used in various industrial processes,
such as in plasma cutting,welding,and semiconductor [Link] is
also a key component in the field of plasma physics, where researchers study
the behavior and properties of plasma in order to understand its fundamental
nature and potential applications. Overall, plasma is a versatile and
fascinating state of matter that plays a vital role in both natural phenomena
and technological advancements.
 FORMATION OF PLASMA
Plasma is often referred to as the fourth state of matter, after solid, liquid,
and gas. When a gas becomes ionized and the
electrons are stripped from the atoms, it forms a plasma. This results in a
highly energetic state of matter that can conduct
electricity and respond to electromagnetic fields. Plasma is commonly found
in stars, lightning, and fluorescent lights, and is
also used in technologies such as plasma TVs and fusion reactors.
 DEFINITION OF THE PLASMA
Plasma is a state of matter in which atoms are ionized and the electrons are
no longer bound to the nucleus. It is often referred to as the fourth state of
matter, along with solid, liquid, and gas. Plasma is made up of charged
particles and is characterized by its ability to conduct electricity and respond
to electromagnetic fields. It is commonly found in stars, lightning, and neon
lights.
 TYPES OF PLASMA
1. Thermal Plasma: This type of plasma is created at high temperatures and is
commonly used in applications like welding, cutting, and metallurgy.
2. Non-Thermal Plasma: This type of plasma is created at lower temperatures
and is used in applications like surface cleaning, air purification, and
biomedical treatments.
3. Astrophysical Plasma: This type of plasma is found in outer space, in
phenomena like stars, galaxies, and cosmic rays.
4. Laboratory Plasma: This type of plasma is created in controlled
environments, like in plasma chambers or fusion reactors, for research and
industrial purposes.
5. Atmospheric Plasma: This type of plasma is utilized for surface
modification and cleaning applications in various industries, such as
electronics, automotive, and textiles.
 TYPES OF PLASMA
6. Dusty Plasma: This type of plasma contains solid particles suspended in the
plasma, which can exhibit unique behaviors and properties.
7. Magnetized Plasma: This type of plasma is influenced by magnetic fields,
which play a significant role in controlling and confining plasma in fusion
reactors and other applications.
8. Collisional Plasma: This type of plasma is characterized by frequent
collisions between particles, leading to different transport properties and
behaviors compared to other types of plasma.
 PROPERTIES OF PLASMA
1. Plasma is the fourth state of matter, after solid, liquid, and gas. It is a
highly ionized gas where the electrons have been separated from the nuclei
of the atoms.
2. Plasma is electrically conductive, meaning it can carry electrical currents
and respond to electromagnetic fields.
3. Plasma is made up of a mix of positively charged ions and free electrons,
following it to exhibit unique behaviors such as self-organization and
collective interactions.
4. Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe, making up
99% of all observable matter.
5. Plasma is used in a wide range of applications, from cutting and welding
materials, to powering spacecraft and other advanced technologies.
6. Plasma is also found naturally in phenomena such as lightning, auroras,
and the sun's corona.
 PRODUCTION OF PLASMA
Plasma is a state of matter where the atoms have been stripped
of their electrons, resulting in a highly ionized gas. This can be
achieved through the application of high heat or by the use of
strong electromagnetic fields. In nature, plasma is commonly found
in stars, lightning bolts, and certain types of flames. In a
laboratory setting, plasma can be generated using devices
like plasma torches, plasma cutters, or plasma lamps.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMAS
Plasma can be classified into several different types based on various criteria.
1. Thermal vs. Non-thermal Plasma: Thermal plasma is created at high
temperatures and has high energy levels, while non thermal plasma is
created at lower temperatures and has lower energy levels.
2. High-Pressure vs. Low-Pressure Plasma: High-pressure plasma is created
at high pressures, while low-pressure plasma is created at lower pressures.
3. Industrial vs. Medical Plasma: Plasma can be used for industrial
applications like material processing or medical applications like medical
devices or treatments.
4. Atmospheric vs. Vacuum Plasma: Plasma can be created in ambient
atmospheric conditions or in a vacuum environment.
5. RF vs. DC Plasma: Plasma can be created using radiofrequency (RF) or
direct current (DC) power sources.
 APPLICATIONS AND WORKING
Plasma has a wide range of applications across various industries due to its
unique properties. Some common applications of plasma include:
1. Plasma cutting:- Plasma can be used to cut through various materials such
as metal, plastic, and wood with high precision and speed.
2. Plasma coating:- Plasma can be used to deposit thin films of materials onto
surfaces for increased durability, corrosion resistance, and adhesion.
3. Plasma etching:- Plasma can be used to selectively remove material from a
surface for processes like semiconductor fabrication or surface cleaning.
4. Plasma sterilization:- Plasma can be used to disinfect medical equipment,
surgical instruments, and other items without the need for harsh
chemicals.
5. Plasma lighting:- Plasma can be used to create energy-efficient lighting
systems with high brightness and color rendering properties.
 WORKING OF THE PLASMA
Plasma is often created by heating a gas until its atoms lose
electrons and become ionized. This creates a mixture of positively
charged ions and free electrons that can conduct electricity. When
a voltage is applied across a plasma, the free electrons move
in response to the electric field, creating a flow of current. This flow
of current can be used in a variety of applications, such
as in plasma displays, plasma etching, and plasma cutting
 FUTURE OF PLASMA SCIENCE
The future of plasma science is promising and full of exciting possibilities.
With ongoing advancements in technology and res earch, plasma science
offers a wide range of potential applications in various fields such as energy,
materials science, medicine, and space exploration. One of the key areas of
research in plasma science is fusion energy, which aims to replicate the
process that powers the sun to generate clean, abundant energy on
Earth. Scientists are working on developing practical fusion reactors that
could provide a sustainable and virtually limitles s source of power.
Plasma science is also being used in materials processing and manufacturing,
with applications in etching, deposition, and su rface modification of
materials. Plasma technology is being increasingly integrated into various
industries to enhance production processes and develop new materials with
unique [Link] medicine, plasma science is being explored for its
 FUTURE OF PLASMA SCIENCE
potential in sterilization, wound healing, and cancer treatment.
Plasma -induced reactions have shown promise in effectively
targeting cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissue.
In space exploration, plasma thrusters are being developed for propulsion
systems that could enable faster and more efficient spacecraft travel beyond
the solar system. Plasma science is playing a crucial role in advancing our
understanding of the universe and expanding our capabilities for exploring
other planets and celestial [Link], the future of plasma science holds
great promise for addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing
society and advancing our knowledge of the natural world. Continued
research and innovation in this field will lead to new breakthroughs and
applications that can benef it humanity in numerous way
 CONCLUSIONS
1. Plasma, the fourth state of matter, is a highly ionized gas consisting of
charged particles like electrons and ions.
2. Plasma is found in various natural phenomena such as stars, lightning,
and the auroras.
3. Plasma has numerous practical applications in fields such as medicine,
materials processing, and space propulsion.
4. Understanding plasma physics is essential for harnessing its potential in
technology and scientific research.
5. Research into plasma is ongoing, with advancements being made in the
development of new plasma-based technologies and applications.
 REFERENCES
Here is a brief overview of the topic related to plasma
1. History of Plasma:
• Plasma was first identified by William Crookes in 1879
• Irving Langmuir coined the term "plasma" in 1928
• Plasma research expanded in the 1950s and 1960s
2. Occurrence of Plasma:
• Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe
• Found in stars, space, lightning, flames, and neon signs
3. Formation of Plasma:
• lonization of gases through heat, radiation, or electrical discharges
• High temperatures, electrical discharges, and radiation can create plasma
4. Definition of Plasma:
• A gas-like state of matter characterized by the presence of ions and free
 REFERENCES
electrons.
• Conductive, responsive to magnetic fields, and exhibits collective behavior
5. Types of Plasma:
• Thermal plasma (e.g., stars)
• Non-thermal plasma (e.g., neon signs)
• High-temperature plasma (e.g., fusion reactions)
• Low-temperature plasma (e.g., plasma etching)
6. Properties of Plasma:
• Conductivity
• Emission of light
• Response to magnetic fields
• Collective behavior
• High temperatures
 REFERENCES
7. Production of Plasma:
• Electrical discharges (e.g., sparks, arcs)
• High-temperature heating (e.g., fusion reactions)
• Radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light)
• Chemical reactions (e.g., combustion)
8. Classification of Plasmas:
• By temperature (high, low, thermal, non-thermal)
• By density (high, low)
• By magnetic field strength (strong, weak)
9. Applications and Working Plasma:
• Plasma etching
• Plasma cutting
• Plasma medicine
 REFERENCES
• Plasma agricultu
• Fusion research
10. Future of Plasma Science:
• Advancements in fusion research
• Development of new plasma-based technologies
• Increased understanding of plasma behavior
11. Conclusion of Plasma in Short References:
• Plasma is a unique and important state of matter
• Found throughout the universe and in various applications
• Ongoing research and advancements in plasma science.