6/1/2022
Engineering Mathematics II
(GET 210)
Engr. Onoriode Avbenake
Course administrator
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to;
Recognize the transformation equation in the form
w = f(z) = u(x, y) + jv(x, y)
Illustrate the image of a point in the complex z-plane
under a complex mapping onto the w-plane
Map a straight line in the z-plane onto the w-plane
under the transformation w = f(z)
Identify complex mappings that form translations,
magnifications, rotations and their combinations
Derive the Cauchy–Riemann equations and apply them
to find the derivative of a regular function
2
1
6/1/2022
Analytical Functions of Complex
Variable
Analytic functions involve an extension of the calculus
to complex functions, and they find applications
throughout all of engineering and science
Examples of direct applications are to be found in two-
dimensional problems in elasticity, fluid mechanics, and
electrostatics, and such functions also contribute
indirectly to many other applications through their use
with the Laplace and Fourier transforms
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable
The requirement that the derivative of a complex
function be independent of the way the defining
complex limit is evaluated (i.e. the limiting operation in
the definition of a derivative of a complex function
should be independent of the direction in which it is
evaluated) leads directly to the Cauchy–Riemann
equations
These equations provide a condition that ensures that a
function of a complex variable is analytic, and both the
real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are
shown to be harmonic functions
4
2
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
For a function of a single real variable f(x) we can construct
the graph of the function by plotting points against two
mutually perpendicular Cartesian axes
Meanwhile, for a function of a single complex variable
𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦
we have four real variables; x, y, u and v
Hence, we cannot plot f(z) against a single set of axes
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Example 1
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2
Given 𝑧 = 4 + 𝑖3
3
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Solution
Accordingly, values of z are plotted on one
plane and the corresponding values of f(z) are plotted on
another plane
7
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Excerpts from the above example;
z (where z = x + iy) and w (where w = u + iv) are two
complex variables related by the equation w = f(z)
Any other point in the z-plane will similarly be
transformed into a corresponding point in the w-plane,
the resulting position P’ depending on
the initial position of P
the relationship w = f(z), called the transformation
equation or transformation function
4
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
In summary;
The transformation of P in the z-plane onto P’ in the w-
plane is said to be a mapping of P onto P’ under the
transformation w = f(z) and P’ is sometimes referred to as
the image of P
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Example 2
Determine the image of the point P, 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖2 on the w-plane
under the transformation 𝑤 = 3𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖
10
5
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Solution
11
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Example 3
Map the points A 𝑧 = −2 + 𝑖 and B 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖4 onto the w-
plane under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑖2𝑧 + 3 and illustrate the
transformation on a diagram
12
6
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Solution
13
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
ClassWork
Map the following points in the z-plane onto the w-plane under
the transformation w = f(z) stated in each case.
Group 1: 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑖2 under 𝑤 = 𝑖3𝑧 + 𝑖2
Group 2: 𝑧 = −2 − 𝑖 under 𝑤 = 𝑖𝑧 + 3
Group 3: 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖2 under 𝑤 = 1 + 𝑖 𝑧 − 2
Group 4: 𝑧 =2+𝑖 under 𝑤 = 𝑧 2
14
7
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Solution
Group 1: 𝑤 = 6 + 14𝑖
Group 2: 𝑤 = 4 − 2𝑖
Group 3: 𝑤 = −1 + 5𝑖
Group 4: 𝑤 = 3 + 4𝑖
15
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Mapping of a straight line in the z-plane onto
the w-plane under the transformation w = f( z )
Example 4
To map the straight line joining A −2 + 𝑖 and B 3 + 𝑖6 in
the z-plane onto the w-plane when 𝑤 = 𝑖2𝑧 + 3
16
8
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Solution
**NB: it is useful to attach arrow heads to show the
corresponding direction of progression in the transformation
17
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Example 5
If 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 , find the path traced out by w as z moves along the
straight line joining A 2 + 𝑖0 and B 0 + 𝑖2
18
9
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Solution
**NB: a straight line in the z-plane does not always map onto a
straight line in the w-plane. It depends on the particular
transformation equation w = f(z)
19
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Example 6
A triangle in the z-plane has vertices at A (z = 0), B (z = 3) and C
(𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖2). Determine the image of this triangle in the w-
plane under the transformation equation w = z 2 + 𝑖
20
10
6/1/2022
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Solution
21
Analytic Functions of Complex Variable (Mapping &
Transformation
Types of transformation of the form w = az + b
where the constants a and b may be real or complex
There are five (5) types of transformation;
Translation
Magnification
Rotation
Combined magnification and rotation
Combined magnification, rotation and translation
22
11
