1.
Latent Heat
● Meaning: The hidden heat used to change the state of a substance (like solid
to liquid) without changing its temperature.
● Example: When ice melts into water, the temperature stays at 0°C, but heat is
still being absorbed — this is latent heat.
2. Kinetic Energy
● Meaning: The energy of movement.
● All particles (atoms/molecules) are always moving. The faster they move, the
more kinetic energy they have.
● Example: In gases, particles move very fast and have high kinetic energy. In
solids, they vibrate slowly, so lower kinetic energy.
3. Sublimation
● Meaning: When a solid changes directly into a gas without becoming liquid.
● Example: Camphor, dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), or naphthalene balls – they
disappear without forming any liquid.
4. Deposition
● Meaning: The opposite of sublimation. A gas changes directly into a solid
without becoming liquid.
● Example: Frost forming on windows — water vapor in air turns directly into ice.
5. Interconversion of States of Matter
● Meaning: The process of changing from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to
another and back.
● Common changes:
○ Melting: Solid → Liquid
○ Freezing: Liquid → Solid
○ Evaporation/Boiling: Liquid → Gas
○ Condensation: Gas → Liquid
○ Sublimation: Solid → Gas
○ Deposition: Gas → Solid
These changes happen because of changes in temperature and energy (like
heating or cooling).
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What is Latent Heat?
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● Latent heat is the energy required to change the physical state of a
substance without changing its temperature.
● Also called latent energy or heat of transformation.
● It's a type of thermal energy that is "hidden" during a state change because
it doesn't cause a temperature rise.
Why is it Called “Latent”?
● The word "latent" means hidden.
● Even though heat is added or removed, the temperature stays the same
during a state change because the energy is used to break or form bonds
between particles.
How Does It Work?
● When heat is added:
○ Molecules gain kinetic energy and move faster.
○ Eventually, they overcome the forces holding them in their current state
(like solid or liquid).
○ This leads to a change in state, not temperature.
Types of Latent Heat
1. Latent Heat of Fusion:
○ Energy required to change a solid into a liquid.
○ Example: Latent heat of fusion of water = 334 J/g
○ This means: 334 joules of energy are needed to melt 1 gram of ice into
water.
2. Latent Heat of Vaporization:
○ Energy required to change a liquid into a gas.
○ Example: Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2260 J/g
○ This means: 2260 joules of energy are needed to turn 1 gram of water
into steam.
Heating Curve of Water (Graph Reference)
● Point B–C: Ice melts into water. Temperature stays constant. Energy is used
to break bonds between water molecules.
● Point C–D: Water heats up. Temperature rises.
● Point D–E: Water boils into steam. Temperature stays constant. Energy is
used to change state, not to heat.
Examples of Latent Heat in Daily Life
● Melting ice: Absorbs heat from surroundings. That’s why ice cools your drink.
● Boiling water: Absorbs heat to become steam. Used in cooking.
● Condensation: Releases latent heat when vapor turns to liquid. This is why
clouds form rain and release warmth.
Key Point to Remember
● During a state change, temperature stays constant.
● All energy goes into breaking or forming molecular bonds.
● The energy needed for this process is called latent heat.
