NEC 304
STLD
Lecture 33
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Rajeev Pandey
Department Of ECE
[email protected]
Overview
° Main computation unit in most computer systems
° ALUs perform a vaiety of different functions
• Add, subtract, OR, AND…
° Example: ALU chip (74LS382)
• Has data and control inputs
° Individual chips can be chained together to make larger
ALUs
° ALUs are important parts of datapaths
• ROMs often are usd in the control path
° Build a data and control path
ROM-based Moore Machine Timing
° What is the maximum clock frequency of this
circuit?
° Does this circuit satisfy hold time constraints?
ROM ROM
Arithmetic Logic Unit
° Arithmetic logic unit DataA DataB
functions
• Two multi-bit data inputs
• Function indicates action Function
ALU Conditions
(e.g. add, subtract, OR…)
° DataOut is same bit DataOut
width as multi-bit inputs
(DataA and DataB)
Think of ALU as a number of other
° ALU is combinational arithmetic and logic blocks in a
single box! Function selects the block
° Conditions indicate
special conditions of
arithmetic activity (e.g. Adder Subtract
overflow).
… AND
ALU Integrated Circuit
° Integrated circuit – off-the-shelf components
° Examine the functionality of this ALU chip
Performs 8 functions
Example
° Determine the 74HC382 ALU outputs for the
following inputs: S2S1S0=010, A3A2A1A0=0100,
B3B2B1B0=0001, and CN=1.
• Function code indicates subtract
• 0100 – 0001 = 0011
° Change the select code to 101 and repeat.
• Function code indicates OR
• 0100 OR 0001 = 0101
Synchronize ALU
with a clock
DataA DataB
Function
ALU Conditions
DataOut
Expanding the ALU
° Multi-bit ALU created by connecting carry output of
low-order chip to carry in of high order
Eight-bit ALU formed from 2 four-bit ALUs
Datapath components
° Tri-state buffer
In Out If Enable asserted,
Out = In
Otherwise
Out open-circuit
Enable
° Loadable register
Clk Load
Data stored on rising edge if Load is asserted (e.g. Load = 1)
Computation in a Typical Computer
° Control logic often implemented as a finite state
machine (including ROMs)
° Datapath contains blocks such as ALUs, registers, tri-
state buffers, and RAMs
° In a processor chip often a 5 to 1 ratio of datapath to
control logic
Using a Datapath
° Consider the following computation steps
1. ADD A, B and put result in A
2. Subtract A, B and put result in B
3. OR A, B put result in A Determine values
for Function, LoadA, LoadB
• Repeat starting from step 1
LoadA A B LoadB
Function ALU
Modeling Control as a State Machine
° Consider the following computation steps
1. ADD A, B and put result in A
2. Subtract A, B and put result in B
3. OR A, B put result in A Determine values
for Function, LoadA, LoadB
• Repeat starting from step 1
Model control as a state machine.
Determine control outputs for each state
S0 S1 S2
Modeling Control as a State Machine
° Consider the following computation steps
1. ADD A, B and put result in A
States
2. Subtract A, B and put result in B
S0 = 00
3. OR A, B put result in A S1 = 01
• Repeat starting from step 1 S2 = 10
Present State Next State Function LoadA LoadB
00 01 011 1 0
01 10 010 0 1
10 00 101 1 0
We know how to implement this using an SOP.
Can we use a ROM?
ROM Implementation of State
Machine
Present State Next State Function LoadA LoadB
00 01 011 1 0
01 10 010 0 1
10 00 101 1 0
States
S0 = 00
ROM S1 = 01
0101110 00 S2 = 10
1001001 01
0010110 10
Note: No minimization!
PS One line in ROM for each state
NS
Function, LoadA, LoadB
Putting the Control and Datapath Together
ROM
0101110 00
1001001 01
0010110 10
PS
NS
LoadA
A B LoadB
3
Function
ALU
What if we replaced the ROM with RAM?
RAM
0101110 00 Looks like software!
1001001 01
0010110 10
PS
NS
LoadA
A B LoadB
3
Function
ALU
Possible to implement different functions!
Program the RAM to perform different sequences
Summary
° ALU circuit can perform many functions
• Combinational circuit
° ALU chips can be combined together to form larger
ALU chips
• Remember to connect carry out to carry in
° ALUs form the basis of datapaths
° ROMs can form the basis of control paths
° Combine the two together to build a computing circuit
° Next time: more data and control paths
