Main Questions

What is an object?

-An object is an instance of a class.

-It holds data in the form of attributes
-Has functions (called methods) to perform actions. -Each object has its own copy of data, but shares
the structure defined by the class. -For example, if Car is a class, car1 = Car("Toyota", "Red") creates
an object named car1.

How is a function defined?

-A function is defined using the def keyword followed by the function name, parentheses for
parameters, and a colon.

-The function contains code that performs a specific task and can be called whenever needed.

-Example:

python
def greet():
print("Hello")

Functions can also return values using the return keyword.

How is a method defined?

-A method is defined just like a function, using def, but it is written inside a class.

-It always takes self as its first parameter, which refers to the object calling the method.

-Methods can use or change the object’s data.

-Example:

python
class Car:
def describe(self):
print("This is a car")

What does constructor mean?

-A constructor is a special method that automatically runs when a new object is created.
-In Python, the constructor is named __init__(). It initializes (sets) the object's attributes with given
values.

-Example:

python
def __init__(self, brand, color):
self.brand = brand
self.color = color

Difference between function and method

* A function is a block of code defined outside any class. It does not have self and can be called
directly.

* A method is a function defined inside a class. It always takes self as the first parameter and works
with the object's data.

Example of function:

python
def greet():
print("Hello")

Example of method:

python
class Car:
def describe(self):
print("This is a car")

MCQS
1. *What is the main benefit of using functions in Python?*
A. Slows down execution
B. Increases redundancy
C. Increases code reusability and readability ✅
D. None of the above

2. *Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?*

A. function
B. define
C. fun
 D. def ✅

3. *Which of these is NOT a type of function in Python?*

A. User-defined
B. Pre-defined
C. Built-in
D. Default ✅

4. *What is the correct syntax for a simple function in Python?*

A. function myFun():
B. def myFun(): ✅
C. define myFun():
D. fun myFun():

5. *What is a default argument?*

A. An argument passed as keyword
B. An argument that must always be specified
C. An argument that assumes a default value if not provided ✅
D. None of the above

6. *Which function call uses a default argument correctly?*

A. myFun(10, 20)
B. myFun(y=20)
C. myFun(10) ✅
D. myFun()

7. *What happens if you pass arguments in the wrong order using positional arguments?*
A. You get a syntax error
B. Values are assigned incorrectly ✅
C. Python auto-corrects
D. Nothing changes

8. *What is the purpose of keyword arguments?*

A. You must pass all values
B. You don’t need to remember the order ✅
C. Keywords must be strings
D. Arguments become optional
9. **What does *args allow in a function?**
A. No arguments
B. Unlimited keyword arguments
C. Unlimited non-keyword arguments ✅
D. Passing default arguments

10. **What does **kwargs allow in a function?**

A. No arguments
 B. Multiple return values
C. Unlimited keyword arguments ✅
D. Only one default

11. *What is a class in Python?*

A. A type of list
B. A set of values
C. A blueprint for creating objects ✅
D. A method group

12. *Why do we use classes?*

A. Increases repetition
B. Keeps code disorganized
C. Keeps data and functions together ✅
D. Makes code longer

13. *What is the correct way to define a constructor in Python?*

A. def constructor()
B. def init()
C. def *init*() ✅
D. def new()

14. **How do you create an object of a class called Student?**

A. student = Student.create()
B. student = new Student()
C. student = Student("Ali", 101) ✅
D. object = Student

15. *What is a method?*

A. A variable
B. A loop
C. A function inside a class ✅
D. A keyword

16. What will be the output of the following function call?

def nameAge(name, age):

print("Hi, I am", name)
print("My age is", age)

nameAge(27, "ARSI")

A. Hi, I am 27
My age is ARSI ✅
B. Hi, I am ARSI
My age is 27
C. Error: Type mismatch
D. Error: Wrong argument order

17. Which of the following calls will produce the correct output for nameAge(name, age)?

A. nameAge("age", "name")
B. nameAge(age=27, name="ARSI") ✅
C. nameAge(27, name="ARSI")

D. nameAge("ARSI")

18. Which function call will result in an error if the function is defined as def nameAge(name,
age):?

A. nameAge("Ali", 25)
B. nameAge(age=25, name="Ali")
C. nameAge("Ali", age=25) ❌ (✅ This one is correct usage — trick!)
D. nameAge(age=25) ✅

19) If the order of arguments matters, what kind of arguments are being used?

A. Keyword arguments
B. Default arguments
C. Arbitrary arguments
D. Positional arguments ✅

20) What is the advantage of using keyword arguments in a function call?

A. No need to define parameters

B. Avoids syntax errors
C. You don’t need to remember the order of parameters ✅
D. Variables become global

FlashCards

Q: What is a Python function?

A: A block of statements designed to perform a specific task and increase code reuse.

Q: What are the two main types of Python functions?

A: Built-in library functions and user-defined functions.

Q: What keyword is used to define a function in Python?

A: def

Q: What are default arguments?

A: Parameters with default values that are used if no value is passed during function call.
Q: What are positional arguments?
A: Arguments assigned based on their position in the function call.

Q: What are keyword arguments?

A: Arguments passed by explicitly stating parameter names.

Q: What is *args used for?

A: Passing a variable number of *non-keyword* arguments.

Q: What is **kwargs used for?

A: Passing a variable number of *keyword* arguments.

Q: What is a class?
A: A blueprint for creating objects, bundling data and functions together.

Q: Why use classes?

A: To avoid repetition, organize data/functions, and simplify large projects.

Q: How is a class created?

A: Using the class keyword followed by methods like __init__.

Q: What is a method?
A: A function defined inside a class that uses self to access object data.

Q: Types of Python Function Arguments

A: Default argument, Keyword arguments (named arguments), Positional arguments, Arbitrary
arguments

Q: What is the risk of using positional arguments incorrectly?

A: The values might be assigned to the wrong parameters, leading to logic errors without any
syntax errors.

Q: How can you fix a function call where the arguments are in the wrong order?

A: Use keyword arguments to explicitly assign values to parameter names (e.g.,

nameAge(name="Ali", age=25)).

Q: Which type of argument helps you write function calls in any order?

A: Keyword arguments.

Q: If a function requires two arguments but you only pass one, what happens?

A: A TypeError occurs unless the missing argument has a default value.

Q: What does Python prioritize: positional or keyword arguments?

A: Python fills positional arguments first, then matches keyword arguments. Mixing them must
be done carefully.

Examples
Function:

def add(num1, num2):

num3 = num1 + num2
return num3

num1, num2 = 5, 15
ans = add(num1, num2)
print(f"The addition of {num1} and {num2} results {ans}.")

Class:

Class → A blueprint (like a plan).

Objects → The actual things created using the class.
Methods → The actions that the object can do.
Attributes → The information/data stored inside the object.

1)

class Car:
def _init_(self, brand, color):
self.brand = brand # Save brand name in object
self.color = color # Save color in object

def describe(self):
print(f"This is a {self.color} {self.brand}")

# Create first car object

car1 = Car("Toyota", "Red")

# Create second car object

car2 = Car("Honda", "Blue")

# Call the describe method for both cars

car1.describe()
car2.describe()

Output:
This is a Red Toyota
This is a Blue Honda

2)

class Student:
def _init_(self, name, roll):
self.name = name
self.roll = roll

def introduce(self):
print(f"My name is {self.name} and my roll number is {self.roll}")

student1 = Student("Ali", 101)

student2 = Student("Sara", 102)

student1.introduce()
student2.introduce()

Output:
My name is Ali and my roll number is 101
My name is Sara and my roll number is 102

The _init_ method:

This is a special method (called constructor).
It runs automatically when you create a student object.

3)
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, color, year):
self.brand = brand
self.color = color
self.year = year # New feature added

def describe(self):
print(f"This is a {self.color} {self.brand} from {self.year}")

Output:
car1 = Car("Toyota", "Red", 2022)
car2 = Car("Honda", "Blue", 2021)

car1.describe()
car2.describe()

*Args and **kwargs

1) Args

def myFun(*argv):
for arg in argv:
print(arg)

myFun('Hello', 'Welcome', 'to’, Ksbl')

Output:
Hello
Welcome
to
Ksbl

2) Kwargs

def myFun(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(key, “:”, value)

myFun(first=hello', mid=‘Class', last=‘of KSBL')

Output:
first == hello
mid == Class
last == of KSBL

Default Argument

def myFun(x, y=50): print("%s == %s" % (key, value))

print("x: ", x) and

print("y: ", y)
print(key, "==", value)

myFun(10) both produce the same output here.

Output:
x: 10
y: 50

def myFun(x, y=50):

print("x: ", x)
print("y: ", y)

myFun(10)

Output:
x: 10
y: 20

Positional Argument

def nameAge(name, age):

print("Hi, I am", name)
print("My age is ", age)

print("Case-1:")
nameAge(“ARSI", 27)

print("\nCase-2:")
nameAge(27, “ARSI")
Output:

Case-1:
Hi, I am ARSI
My age is 27

Case-2:
Hi, I am 27
My age is ARSI

Keyword Argument

def student(firstname, lastname):

print(firstname, lastname)

student(firstname=hello', lastname=world')
student(lastname=world', firstname=hello')

Output:
hello world
hello world

Extra Info

Benefits of Using Functions

• Increase Code Readability
• Increase Code Reusability

Benefits of Using Class:

• Avoids writing repetitive code.
• Keeps related data and functions together.
• Makes big projects manageable.
• Easy to update or modify later.
• Example: Instead of writing separate code for each player in a game, create one Player class

Benefits of Using Classes and Methods:

• Keeps code organized and logical.

• Makes it easier to add features later.
• Reusable across multiple parts of your project.
• Great for building games, websites, apps, and more.