Absorption by Roots Word of Advice Topics Found Difficult by Students : > Osmosis > Exosmosis and Endosmosis > Plasmolysis and Deplasmolysis 2. Few students wrote imbibition instead of endosmosis, for absorption by roots. 3. A few students wrote semi permeable membrane for cell wall instead for cell membrane. 4. Most students wrote the definitions of active transport and diffusion instead of their significance in plants. 5, Withdrawal of cell membrane from cell wall was not shown as the students failed to understand the concept of Plasmolysis. 6, Few students who were unsure of the concepts wrote diffusion or osmosis instead of Active transport. 7. Some of the students wrote particles for molecules in the difference between the diffusion and osmosis. 8. There was general confusion between Turgor and Wall pressure. 9. Some of the students wrote incorrect answers like ‘cell organelles’ instead of ‘cell contents’. 10. Some of the students did not understand the meaning of technical terms and hence wrote ‘high concentration, low concentration or same concentration of solution’. 11, Some of the students were not clear about the reason for the size of potato cube being the same. They were not aware about the concept of osmosis. 12, Some students did not mention the role of semipermeable membrane. 13. Some of the students wrote more permeable/less permeable instead of writing technical terms in the definitions or the scientific terms. 14, Some students were confused between osmosis and diffusion. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Mineral salts are absorbed by roots from the soil in the form of: (@) Very dilute solution (9) Hypertonic solution () Concentrated solution (d)_ Very concentrated solution Ans, (a) Very dilute solution Explanatio Minerals are absorbed by plant roots from the soil solution. In the soil, minerals exist as positively charged ions which are adsorbed on clay particles because clay particles are negatively charged. Some amounts of minerals are also present in soil water as a very dilute solution. Hence, most of the minerals are actively absorbed by plant roots in addition to the direct exchange mechanism. 2. Drooping of leaves of Mimosa pudita plant is due to: (a) Change in turgor pressure (©) Plasmolysis (©) Imbibition () Diffusion Ans. (a) Change in turgor pressure‘commonly known as the sensitive plant, is touched by another e Mimosa pudica, r ; Ives and its stems droop. The leaves of the Mimosa achieve this RS leaves fold in upon themsel by a change in turgor pressure, 3, A root hair is (a) Extension of cortical cell (b) Extension of epidermal cell Ans. (b) Extension of epidermal cell Explanation : Root hairs are the extension of outer epidermal cells of the root. They contain large vacuoles h, sap. Because of this property, water is drawn inside the root hair by a process of osmosis. 4, In which order does water passes through the cells of a plant, as the water travels from the roots i (a) mesophyll cells -> root hair -> root cortex > xylem (b) root cortex + root hair > xylem > mesophyll cells (©) root hair > mesophyll cells -> root cortex > xylem (@)_roothair + root cortex + xylem — mesophyll cells, Ans. (d) root hair — root cortex > xylem > mesophyll cells Explanation : When roots absorb water, it moves from root hair cells to the root cortex cells and then passes on xylem to the mesophyll cells of leaf from where it leaves the plant body and goes to the atmogy form of water vapour during transpiration. 5. What are the important features of osmosis? (©) Specialised multicellular structiyg a (d)_ Extension of endodermis [ | | Requires a partially permeable Diffusion is Require cell | | __ membrane _ involved walls me) v v ) aXe ee = © Came | tinarex. _(d) Scieiomnevlde on | a x 3 Requires a partially permeable Diffusion is Require cell | __|____ membrane ie involved walls Ons v v x a Explanation : . a Osmosis is a process by which solvent molecules tend to pass through a semi-permeable according to the concentration gradient of solvent molecules. 6. Match the items in column I with those which are most appropriate in column II and choose the option. fate? % Column I Column IL A. Turgid (i)_ intake of mineral salts Cc |B. Diffusion (ii) acell charged with water C. Active transport 5 ii) limiting membrane of a vacuole & 'D. Osmosis (iv) movement of particles from higher to I Bac concentration [E. Tonoplast (v) movementofsolvent across @ A (b) A-Gii), B-Giv), C-(), D-(v), E-(ii) B-(iv), C-(), D-(v), E-(ii) (©) Axi), Bev), CH (@) A-ii), B-(w), C-(, D-(v), E-(ii)important cognates ofthe___ of the cell. - (b) Cytoplasm (©) Protoplasm 80 % of the protoplasm. In protoplasm, water is present in both bound as well as free form. Free form of water provides medium for all the biochemical reactions occurring in a cell. Bound water remains loosely linked with protein molecules by hydrogen bonds or other forces. 8. In the process of glucose. (a) Translocation (b) Absorption (©) Transpiration (a) Photosynthesis .ns. (d) Photosynthesis Explanation The raw materials for the photosynthesis are water, carbon dioxide and sunlight. 9. Root hairs.contain ____. (a) Salt (b) water (©) Cell sap (d) Minerals ns, (<) Cell sap Explanatios Root hairs are the extensions of outer epidermal cells of the root. They contain large vacuoles which is full of cell sap. The cell sap has a greater concentration of salts as compared to the surrounding sub-soil water. Because of this property, water is drawn inside the root hair by a process of osmosis. , Water is used up in the green leaves as a raw material in the synthesis of 10. Ifa cell is kept in hypotonic solution, occurs. (a) No osmosis (b) Exosmosis (c) Endosmosis (d) Osmosis ns. (c) Endosmiosis Explanation Ifa plant cell is kept in a hypotonic solution then the plant cell gains water or endosmosis occurs and it becomes turgid. i. is the pressure exerted by all contents on the cell wall. (a) Osmotic pressure (©) Wall pressure (b) Turgor pressure (@)_ Allof these is. (b) Turgor pressure Explanation : Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. It is also called hydrostatic pressure. Turgor is what makes living plant tissue rigid. 2. Reverse of plasmolysis occurs when the cell is kept in : (@) Pond water (€) 5% salt solution (©) 10% sugar solution (4) Pure water s.(d) Pure water[ysis can be reversed ifthe cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. When a plasm. ic solution such as pure water, (ie, the solution having solute concentration ell sap), the water moves into the cell because of the higher concentration of water out "in the cell. The cell then swells to become turgid. It is called deplasmolysis. 43. Which one of the following is not the example of semi-permeable membrane? (@) Cellophane paper (©) Animal bladder () Egg membrane (d) Rubber sheet ‘Ans. (d) Rubber sheet "Explanation : Cell membrane or plasma membranes of plant cells and animal cells, egg’s membrane, gg membrane are the natural substances which act as semi-permeable membrane. Cell parchment paper, visking bag are the substances which act as semi-permeable membrane and 4p innature, Rubber sheet is an impermeable membrane. 14, A plant cell may burst when (a) Turgor pressure equalises wall pressure (©) Wall pressure exceeds turgor p () Turgor pressure exceeds wall pressure (d)_ None of these Ans. (b) Turgor pressure exceeds wall pressure Explanation : The turgor pressure is the amount of pressure that allows the cell to maintain its form, End the process through which water enters a cell. The turgor pressure rises as a result. The and the wall pressure are always equal. The cell wall will burst if the turgor pressure ex: pressure. 15. The removal of water in the form of water droplets along the margins of the leaf is called (a) Bleeding (b) Guttation (©) Transpiration (@) Eva Ans. (b) Guttation Explanation : The loss or excretion of water in the form of liquid droplets from the leaves and other parts of, intact plant is called guttation. Guttation takes place through special structures called hyda are usually found on the margins and tips of the leaves. 16, The space between the cell wall and plasma membrane in a plasmolysed cell is filled with: (a) Isotonic solution (©) Hypertonic solution (b) Hypotonic solution (d) Water Ans. (c)_ Hypertonic solution Explanation : The space between the cell wall and plasma membrane in a plasmolysed cell is filled with solution. This is because the cell wall of plant is fully permeable and it cannot control the enty of molecules of a substance. When this plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, it will lose exosmosis due to which the protoplasm of plant cell will shrink and will move inwards and av the cell wall. This process is called as plasmolysis. As a result of plasmolysis, the hypertonic sol occupy the space between the cell wall and plasma membrane in a plasmolysed cell. 17. Which of the following takes place in active transport? (@) Movement of a substance form its higher to lower concentration. (b) Movement of water from its lower to higher concentration. (©) Movement of water from its higher to lower concentration. (d) Movement of a substance from its lower to higher concentration.i ‘ i Active transport is the movement of a substance (salt or ion) from its wakes Seen to pig concentration through a living cell membrane against a gradient with the use of ex! gy which supplied by the cell in the form of ATP. 8. Osmosis: p 4 i (@) Movement of water molecules from their lower concentration to their higher concentration through a semi permeable membrane, (6) Movement of solutes from their lower concentration to their higher concentration through a permeable membrane, : i ion thr: (6) Movement of water molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration ‘ough a semi-permeable membrane. i i ion throu; (da) Movement of water molecules from. their higher concentration to their lower concentration igh a freely permeable membrane. s.(c) Movement of water molecules from thei a semi-permeable membrane. Explanation : EBA otal ing to the Pi cemosi athe! movemient/of Water tlucugh “a eaqupermeable thelr aEVOCER according i concentration gradient of water across the membrane, which is inversely proportional to the oa ion oh eltesabieivracans that in comosis, tha anoveM At of water molecules takes place from their (a) Passage of water from its lower to expenditure of energy. (©) Passage of ions from its lower to higher concentr. expenditure of energy. (©) Passage of water from its lower t ation through a cell membrane without any (d) Passage of ions from its lower to -(d) Passage of ions from its lower to higher the cell. Explanation Active transport is the Passage using energy which is su Xylem: (@) “Translocation of food from the (&) Conduction of food. (©) Conduction of water and food. (a) Conduction of water an. (4) Conduction of water an: © of ions from its lower to higher concentration through a cell membrane plied by the cell in the form of ATP. leaves to the other parts of the plant s of the plant. * parts of the plant. eee Xylem is a specialised ti from the root to the of Phloem: (@) Helps in transportation of food (©) Helps in transportation of mineral (b) Helps in transportation of water (4) Helps in transportation of air (2) Helps in transportation of food issue of vascular plant and its m ther parts of the plant, ‘ain function is conduction of water and minerals()_ Extension of epidermal cells, (d)_ Extension of endodermis ‘hairs ‘extensions i in large va "a of the outer epidermal cells of the root. They contain large pets This sap has some sts dissolved init and therefore it has greater conc w compared to the surrounding sub-soil water. 23. The diagram given below shows a cross-section through a plant stem. 8 oe D &9 X shows the part that is stained red when the stem is placed in water containing a red dye. What atx? (a) Guard cells (Q Xylem () Palisade cells (a) Phloem Ans. (c) Xylem Explanation : The vascular bundles are arranged near the edge of the stem, with the phloem on the outside xylem on the inside. 24, The diagram given below represents two liquids, separated by a membrane through which ‘occur. ‘membrane ° co WO) micaieslvas iii oA 0.°.0 CO molecule of 0°90 oo dissolved sustance ° ° ° fl ° What movement of molecules will occur? ° (a) Molecules of dissolved substance move from left to right. (©) Molecules of dissolved substance move from right to left. (©) Overall, water molecules move from left to right. (4) Overall, water molecules move from right to left. Ans. (c) Overall, water molecules move from left to right. Explanation : Osmosis is a process of movement of solvents through a semi- permeable membrane from a of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. In this case, water will move right.sies A Gatien rate of absorption, Ausertlon: A specal type of difusion of water through a emi-permeable membrane is known as osmonle, * Reason: The net direction of osmosis depends on the Pressure gradient, i (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason ia the correct explanation of assert (b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason Is Hot the correct explanation of assertion, (¢) assertion is true but reason is false, (d) If both assertion and reason are false, Ans. (c) If assertion is true but reason is false, it Osmosis is diffusion of water from its pure state (or dilute solution) when the two are separated by a semi-permeal solutions separated by a semi 27, Assertion: In hypertonic solution, a plant cell shrinks, Reason: Due to plasmolysis in hypertonic solution, (@) both assertion and reason are true and reason Is the Correct explanation of assertion, (b) Ifboth assertion and reason are true, but Feason {s not the correct explanation of assertion, (©) assertion is true but reason is false. (a) If both assertion and reason are \ns. (a) If both assertion and reason are ) Into a solution (or stronger solution) ible membrane, The difference in the water Potentials of “permeable membrane determine the net direction, Water moves out of the cells, false. true and re, ‘von Is the correct explanation of assertion, —_ eee hypertonic solution, when the then from the vacuole. When ‘causes the protoplast to shri cell is placed water m, water is drawn out of the Ink away from the walls, The loves Out; it is first lost f cell into the extracettul Cell is said to be plasm Name the Following | rom the cytoplasm and ‘ar (outside cell) fluid, it olysed, Plant which absorbs w, Is that constitute 30. The pressure through w 31. Root hairs are the exten: 28. The part of the ater from the soil, . the cortex of a root, /hich water can rise Upto some distance sion of which cells? in plants, lectively permeable membrane. pass through, but Not solute Molecules, Plasma m, embrane of a cell, _— ak:ng or dead plant cells absorb water by surface at ul ce 39. Turgidity 34. Osmosis/Endosmosis 40, Plasmolyseg 35. Semi permeable membrane 4. Active tra S ie 43, Imbibition 44. Phenomenon of absorption of water by surface attraction. 45. The solutions which have the same osmotic pressure. . A solution whose concentration is equal to the cell sap. 47. A solution whose concentration is greater than that of the cell sap. . The pressure which is responsible for the movement of water molecules across the cortic root. 49. The condition in which the water from a cell is completely removed due to exosmosis shrinkage is possible, 50. A cell ina fully expanded condition. 51. The pressure exerted by cell contents on a plant cell wall. 52. Condition of a cell, when placed in a hypotonic solution. 53. Tissue which transports manufactured food from leaves to other parts of the plant. ‘54. The tissue responsible for the ascent of sap in plants. 55. Tissue which transports water from the soil to other parts of plants. 56. Pressure developed in the roots due to the inflow of water, brought about by the alternate f flaccidity of the cells of the cortex and root hair cells. 57. Drooping of leaves due to loss of turgidity. 58. Water together with mineral salts that gets absorbed by the roots. 59. Mutual force of attraction between the water molecules that binds them together. 50. Turgid 56. Root pressure Ans. 44. Imbibition 45. Isotonic solutions 51. Turgor pressure 57. Wilting 46. Isotonic solution 52. Turgid 58.Sap 47. Hypertonic solution 53. Phloem 59, Cohesive force 48. Osmotic pressure 54, Xylem 49. Plasmolysis 55. Xylem _ Fillin the Blanks 60. Osmosis is the diffusion of........... molecules from the region of their .. concentration to thé of - concentration through a semi-permeable memberane. 61. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of their ............ concentration to the concentration. their é 62... serves as a medium for the transport of inorganic salts and food molecules in the pla 63. The pressure by which the ............ molecules tend to cross the semi-permeable membt osmotic pressure.. to that of diffusion. Wooden doors swell up in rainy season due to sssessses:« a Bisa penn ceOr Sc areeeNe eres ore acl wal Ans, 60. water, higher, lower 65. shrunken 70. root pressure 61. higher, lower 66. hypotonic 71. turgidity 62. Water 67.sap 72. opposite 63. water 68. flaccid 73.imbibition 64. isotonic 69. xylem 74, Plasmolysis 75. Xylem is the water conducting tissue in plants. : 76. Osmosis is defined as the movement of water from a concentrated sugar solution to a dilute sugar solution. 77. The plasma membrane permits the passage of all solutes and water. 78, During exosmosis, water moves from inside the cell to the outside of the cell, 79. Plasmolysis makes the cell turgid a0. (cells that have lost their water content are said to be deplasmolysed, 81. Flaccidity is the reverse of turgidity. ns. 75. True 76.False, osmosis is defined as the movement of water from a dilute sugar solution to a concentrated sugar solution through a semi-permeable membrane. 77Kalse, Plasma membrane permits the passage of certain substances as plasma membrane is semipermeable in nature. 78. True 79. False, Plasmolysis makes the cell flaccid, 80, False, the cells that have lost their water content are said to be plasmolysed. 81. True a Choose 1 the Odd One Out 2. Diffusion, Imbibition, Osmosis, Oxidation. 3. 1. Odd : Oxidation, Category : Transport in cell. Match the Column Se ee ean "___| @) The exit or flow of water from the cell to the outer envi | (©) The shrinkage of protoplasm when the cell is kept solution, (iii) Root pressure | (©) The fssue throu84. Diffusion 86. Endosmosis 88. Plasmolysis emesis 87. Exosmosis 89. Ascent of sap Ans. 84. Diffusion :Itis the free movement of molecules of solid, liquid or gas from their higher to their lower concentration when the two are in a direct contact. ‘Osmosis : Osmosis is a special type of diffusion which involves the movement of solvent} from a region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration permeable membrane. Endosmosis : It is the movement of water molecules from the surroundings into the cell semi-permeable membrane. Exosmosis : It is the outward diffusion of water molecules from the cell into the outer s through a semi-permeable membrane. 88. Plasmolysis : It is the shrinkage of protoplasm from cell wall when a cell is placed ina solution, 85. Ascent of sap : The upward movement of water along with minerals from the root to aerial the plant body is called ascept of sap or translocation of water. 90. Root pressure :Itis the transverse osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system that caug torise through a plant stem to the leaves. 91. Transpiration pull : It is the suction force that helps in drawing the water upward from roots leaves of a plant. Differentiate Between 92. Osmosis and Diffusion. 96. Turgor pressure and Wall pressure. 93. Turgid and Flaccid. 97. Turgor pressure and Root pressure. 94, Permeable and Semi-permeable membrane. 98. Plasmolysis and Deplasmolysis 95. Active transport and Passive transport. 99. Endosmosis and Exosmosis. Ans. 92. | Osmosis Diffusion Osmosis is a special type of diffusion which Diffusion is the movement of solute mole |involves the movement of solvent molecules ions from a region of their higher concent | from a region of their higher concentration to to a region of their lower concentration with /a region of their lower concentration through a_ the influence of any semi-permeable membral | semi-permeable membrane.It is the pressure turgid cell on its cell wall. Turgor Pressure a turgid cell on its cell wall. — s zs | (ii) It is caused when a cell becomes turgid. } | @) In this, the protoplasm of the cell shrinks away from the cell wall. © ii) It results in the flaccid condition of the cells, and the plant. (iii) Itis caused due to exosmosis. Plasmolysis Endosmosis (i) Itoccurs when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. (ii) Water moves into the cell. applied by the contents of a. It is the pressure exerted by the cell wall on its __ Wall Pressure ce é a] content. Root Pressure © @ Itis the pressure applied by the contents of It is the pressure within the cells of a root system | that causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the - leaves. Itis caused due toalternate turgidity. and flaccidity _ of root cells. EW 2: TENT Deplasmolysi: In this, the protoplasm of the cell swells up and touches the cell wall It results in the turgid condition of the cells and the plant Itis caused due to endosmosis. Exosmosis It occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Water moves out of the cell. Short Answer Type Questions 100. Give at least three uses of water to green plants. .ns, Uses of water to green plants: (i) Water is major component of protoplasm. Gi) Itis an important raw material for photosynthesis. (iii) Most metabolic and enzymatic reactions take place in the presence of water.a n Bank Biology x - What is the significance of diffusion ? Significance of Diffusion : () _ Ithelps in the exchange of respiratory gases, Gi) _Ithelps in the transport of food molecules throughout the 102. What is the water tial ? . ‘ § Ans. Water potential is ieacee of potential energy of water per unit volume oF - “4 energy between a given water sample and pure water- plant body. 103. What is tonicity ? Ans. Tonicity is the relative concentration of two solutions that direction. determines the extent of d is iH ttle fertilizer to it, but it dieg; 104. Explain why the grass in your lawn becomes greener if you add a litle fertilizer it dies allot of it. Ans. If a little fertilizer is added, it provides minerals and other nutrients, 60 Se 2 chlorophyll and appear greener. Ifa lot of fertilizer is added, it forms & RYFET OFS “Non plasmolysis and consequently wilting of parts of the plant. Ultimately, ee : 105. A few RBCs were kept in three test tubes containing isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solution will be the expected observations after a few hours ? Explain. Ans. The shape and size of the RBCs will remain unchanged in iso! lose nor gain water in it, : RBCs will swell up in hypotonic solution as water will enter in it due to endosmosis. RBCs will shrink in hypertonic solution as water will move out of the cell due to exosmosis, 106. Root hairs become flaccid when fertilizers are added to the moist soil around it. Explain. Ans. When fertilizersare added to the moistsoil around it it forms hypertonic solution, resulting theproj to shrink and plasma membrane withdraws itself from the cell wall. Hence, the root hairs also} limp or flaccid. 107. Define the cohesive and Adhesive forces. Ans. The force produced by the molecular attraction between water particles is called cohesive force. Th of attraction between the molecules of unlike bodies that tends to hold them together is called ad force. 108. How is root hair structurally adapted for absorption of water from the soil ? Ans. (i) The root hair has a large surface area in contact with the soil particle. i) The minute root hair can penetrate between the soil particles and when it comes in contact wi water, the cell membrane allows efficient entry of water into the root. The cytoplasm and the vacuoles also help in the water absorption by osmosis. 109. What do you mean by transpiration pull ? Ans. As the water is lost from the surface of leaf by transpiration, more water molecules are pulled upd the tendency of water molecules to remain joined (cohesion), and produces a continuous column of through the stem. This phenomenon is known as transpiration pull. 110. “Grapes shrink when immersed in a very strong sugar solution.” Explain. Ans. Very strong sugar solution is hypertonic to the grapes juice. Therefore, water from inside the g moves to outside hypertonic solution. It results in shrinkage of the grapes. tonic solution, because the cells Give Reason | 111. Potato cubes when placed in water become firm and increase in size. ‘Ans. Cell sap inside potato cubes is a hypertonic medium, so when these cubes are placed in watet)§ enters inside potato cubes by endosmosis making them firm and their size also increases. 112, Salt and sugar are used in preserving food. Ans. Salt and sugar increase concentration of food, thus destroying bacteria by plasmolysis. 113, On sprinkling common salt on grass growing in a lawn, the grass is killed. ns, Sprinkling salt makes soil solution hypertonic hence grass loses water due to exosmosis.114. The raisins swell up in water. ROP; Sl: isi ee RN ‘Ans. The raisins are dry grapes. When these are kept in water, water enters into the (endosmosis) and raisins swell up. 115, We gargle with saline water in case of throat infection. ‘Ans. The salt solution (saline water) is hypertonic and when we gargle with it, it comes in. causing bacteria in the throat. The water present in the bacterial cell comes out causing, they get killed, thus giving us relief from infection. 116, The leaves of wilted lettuce, if kept in cold water, become crisp. ‘Ans. The leaves of wilted lettuce are plasmolysed which when kept in the water get deplasmolysed and become turgid. Hence the leaves become crisp. 117. Bacteria and fungi do not grow in pickles, jams, jellies and squashes, etc. ‘Ans. Pickles, jams, jellies and squashes are kept in hypertonic solution of sugar or salt which causes the plasmolysis of bacteria and fungi. So, they cannot grow in such an unfavourable environment. 118, Fresh water fish cannot survive in sea water. ‘Ans. The sea water is saline (having more concentration of salts) and acts as hypertonic solution for the fresh water. So fresh water fish cannot survive in sea water as it causes the plasmolysis of the cells of the fish and ultimately the fish will die. 119. A closed can of dried seeds bursts open if some water enters it by accident. ‘Ans. If some water enters in a closed can of dried seeds, the seeds absorb water by imbibition and osmosis and will swell up. The swelling up of seeds exerts a force on the walls of the can, and hence the can bursts open. 120. Dee of water on a leaf of plant like peepal does not enter the leaf by osmosis. ‘Ans. Due to the presence of cuticle, which does not allow water molecules to pass through it. 121, Plants growing in fertilized soil are often found to wilt, if the soil is not adequately watered. Ans. If the soil is fertilized and not watered properly, then the concentration of soil becomes high. As a result, soil becomes hypertonic as compared to the root cells of the plant, so exosmosis takes place which may result in wilting of plants. 122, Plants begin to die when excess of soluble fertilizers are added to the soil. ‘Ans. Excess application of soluble fertilizers in the soil makes the soil solution hypertonic as compared to the cell sap of the roots of the plant. Hence, exosmosis takes place and plants begin to die. 123. Root hairs become flaccid and droop when excess fertilizers are added to the moist soil around them. Ans. When excess fertilizers are added to moist soil, solute concentration increases, making the soil a hypertonic solution, in turn outward flow of water occurs from root hair cells causing plasmolysis of cell. Hence root hairs become flaccid and droop down. Sketch and Label the Diagram 124. Give a diagrammatic representation of plasmolysis in a cell. Protoplasm Plasma membrane Plasmolysed cell Cell wall Plasmolysing solution Ans. Vacuole Turgié cel a ».\ ‘Chloroplast Cals showing contraction of cstoplams (a) A cell in normal turgid condition; (b) ~ (d) Successive stages in shrinkage of protoplasm from the cell wall after being placed in a hypertonic solution. Diagrammatic representation of plasmolysis in a cell‘ith root hairs. Film of water Cross-section of root showing association of soil particles with root hairs 226. Draw a diagram of the root hair cell as it would appear when a concentrated solution. of is added near it. vecwole Poot har nics [Fy obtain present of concerted soliton of ferze fk 127. A thin strip of epidermal cells of a leaf was observed in a drop of water. They all looked tury normal. : @ Draw a diagram of such a cell. (Normal) (i) Draw a diagram ofa cell if this strip is transferred to a strong concentrated solution of sugar, term used for the effect on the cells? ; Ans. (i) Protoplasm Large Vacuole (i) Plasmolysis. ‘Sugar Solution128. In the figure alongside, ‘A’ shows a cell in the normal state and ‘B’ shows the same cell after leaving it in a certain solution for a few minutes. (i) Describe the change which has occurred in the cell as seen in B, (ii) Give the technical term for the condition of the cell as reached in B and as it was in A. (iii) Define the process which led to this condition. (iv) What was the solution-isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic, in which the cell was kept? (v) How can the cell in B be brought back to its original condition? (vi) Name the parts numbered 1 to 3. Ans. (i) Exosmosis (exit of water) has resulted in the shrinkage of the protoplasm of cell B. (ii) Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis. (ii) Plasmolysis is the process of shrinkage of the protoplasm of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell. (iv) Hypertonic solution. (v) The cell in B can be brought back to its original condition by placing it in a drop of distilled water. (vi) 1. Cell wall, 2. Plasma membrane, 3. Chloroplast. 129, Given alongside is the diagram of a cell as seen under the microscope after having been placed in a certain solution : () What is the technical term used for the state/condition of the cell given above? (ii) Give the technical term for the solution in which the cell was placed. (iii) Name the parts numbered 1 to 4. (iv) Is the cell given above a plant cell or an animal cell? Give two reasons in support of your answer as evident from the diagram. (v) What would you do to bring this cell back to its original condition. ns, (i) Flaccidity (ii) Hypertonic solution (ii) 1. Nucleus, 2. Plastids, 3. Small vacuole, 4. Hypertonic solution. (iv) Plant cell Reason : (1) Presence of cell wall, (2) Presence of plastids. (v) Ithas to be placed in a hypotonic solution 90. The alongside diagram represents a plant cell after being placed in a strong sugar solution. Guidelines 1 to 5 indicate the following: Cell wall Plasma membrane Protoplasm Large vacuole Nucleus Ye en a Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow : (@ What is the state of the cell shown in the diagram?80 | ICSE Question Bank Biology - x beaath Gi) Name the structure which acts asa selectively permeable rane. Jution which (ii) Ifthe cell ad been placed in distilled water instead of stron StB2r Ss q have been present? (iv) If the cell in the diagram possessed chloroplasts, P in animal cells. (W) Name any one feature ofthis plant cell which is not present in 2 Ans. (i) Flaccid. Gi) Plasma membrane. j aa ont stended condition, j (ill) Ifthe cell has been placed in distilled water it remains in a fully as it Bs : membrane remains in close contact with the cel! wall and ren, agi (iv) Chloroplast will be present in the protoplasm outside the vacuole. (v) Cell wall. 131. A plant cell kept in a drop of water was examined under the low wea’ Power magnification of a microscope, as shown alongside, (i) What would you do to bring this cell back to its original stoplasm: condition? Coll wall (ii) What scientific term is used for such condition? Cell membrane. (iii) Draw the same cell if it is kept in a strong sugar solution. Ans. (i) Put the cell back into a drop of water for some time. Deplasmolysis occurs: (ii) Flaccid. (iii) Plasmolysed cell. gytoplasm Nuclous con wan ‘Strong sugar solution Coll membrane Gell in strong sugar solution 132. A thin strip of epidermal cells from the fleshy scales of an onion bulb was examined in a drop 9 under amicroscope. All the epidermal cells looked alike and the figure alongside represents one} The thin strip was then transferred to a drop of strong sugar solution and re-examined microscope after about five minutes. (i) Make a sketch of one of the epidermal cells, as it might appear after immersion in strong sugar solution. Label any two parts which has undergone a change. ) (ii) Give the scientific term for the change shown in Q. (i) above. (iii) What would you do to bring this cell back to its original condition? (iv) Give the scientific term used for the recovery of the cell as a result of the step taken in Q. ‘Ans. (i). See figure. ee (ii) Plasmolysis. (iii) We would immerse this cell into fresh water, i.e., hypotonic solution. (iv) Deplasmolysis.493. The diagram given below represents a plant cell after being placed in a strong: diagram and answer the questions that follow : i \ is Biel 2 (i) What is the state of the cell shown in the diagram? (ii) Name the structure that acts as a selectively permeable membrane. (iii) Label the parts numbered 1 to 4 in the diagram. (iv) How can the above cell be brought back to its original condition? Mention the scientific term for recovery of the cell. (v) State any two features of the above plant cell which is not present in animal cells. ‘Ans. (i) The cell shown in the diagram is in flaccid [plasmolysed] state. (i) Plasma membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane. (iii) 1. Cell wall 3. Plasma membrane 2. Strong sugar solution 4, Nucleus (iv) If this flaccid or plasmolysed cell is placed in water, its protoplasm again swells up and cell can retain back its original condition. This recovery of the cell is called deplasmolysis. (v) Inplant cell, cell wall, a large vacuole in the centre and chloroplasts are present which are not seen in an animal cell. 134. Given below is an experimental demonstration. Molecules of water) KMnO, Crystals (Which phenomenon has been demonstrated in the given figure? (i) Whats solute and what is solvent in the above experiment? (iii) Define the phenomenon in Q. (i) above. Gv) Give one example from your daily life experiences based on this principle. Ans. (i) Diffusion. (ii) KMn0, crystals represent the solute and water is solvent, (iii) The movement of the molecules of a substance from the region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration until a st: ate of equilibrium is achieved in both the regions, Gy) Ifa bottle of scent or spirit is opened in one comer of a closed room, of the room. its smell can be felt in eyery partSats " 3 an LINN Be Beer aa dive ference Tao A anc B the eve of guid inne the fanneds HESS UH HEHE BALL SGT " and in B the water tumsred. ‘Study the given observations and answer thee GUSTS! @ Name the procs by which red ink moresin. A and Which type of pressure forces the water MORTARS HBO, the water level? & ‘Where does this process occur in plants and animals? ‘ Ge) What material could be usa as semi permandie membrae? Ans. @ Osmoss. @ Osmotic pressure (Gi) In plants in the root cells and in animals in the RBC, ‘Cellophane paper, it bladder, etc. See means solvent. powanis thistle Rawat ang @ Whatcan you say about the size of the holes in the membrane, if it is to behave aS Semi PH ‘membrane between these two? (iii) In which direction will there be a net movement of solvent molecules? Ans. (i) ‘The size of the holes in the membrane is large enough to allow only the solvent pat icles throught. But solute particle cannot pass through it, Thus, the membrane acts as the semi-pen (i) Solvent molecules will pass through the membrane in both directions. Since solvent mole Present on both the sides they will strike the semipermeable membrane and pa through! (iii) There is a net movement of solvent molecules from the place of its higher chemical pote Place of its lower chemical potential, from let to right.Abworytion by noone | 83 sand Ac acca npeipemenianer pumeeult a and then answer the questions that follow : (i) Name the process. (ii) Define the above named process. (ii) What would you observe in the experimental set up after an hour or so? (iv) What control experimentcan beset up for the above experiment? (v) Keeping in mind the root hair cell and its surrounding, name the part that corresponds to (1) Concentrated sugar solution, (2) Cellophane, (3) Water in the beaker. (wi) Name any other substance that can be used instead of Cellophane paper in the above experiment, (vii) Mention two advantages of this process to the plant. s.(i) Osmosis. (i) Transfer of water or solvent molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane is called osmosis. iii) Level of sugar solution rises in the stem of thistle funnel, whereas water level in the (iv) Anon-permeable membrane can be used in place of Cellophane for a control experiment, (v) (@) Root hair cell sap corresponds to concentrated sugar solution. (2) Cell membrane of root hair cell corresponds to Cellophane. (3) Soil solution corresponds to water in the beaker. beaker falls. (vi) Goat’s bladder or pig’s bladder. (vii) (1) Helps in water absorption. (2) Helps in opening and closing of stomata, thus facilitating gaseous exchange. . A.complete ring of bark was removed from a tree in spring. The tree continued to live in summer but a swelling appeared on the bark above the ring while the bark below shriveled up (Refer to figure alongside). Answer the questions given below : (i) Account for the swelling in the bark above the ring. (ii) Account for the shrinking of the bark below the ring. (iii) Name the tissue that distributes food in plants. (iv) Name the tissue that distributes water in plants. (v) Whatis the role of a bark ina plant? (i) The phloem has been removed from a part of the ring. The food prepared by leaves comes down through phloem, but since the phloem is cut off, the food gets collected in the upper part of the ring and hence the swelling appears, (i) The food prepared by leaves is not able to pass on downward as the phloem has been removed, which resulted in the shrinking of the bark. iii) Phloem. iv) Xylem. v) Bark protects trees from the attack of fungi and insects, against loss of water by evaporation and Swelling Shrivelied bark Spring Summer against variation of external temperature. 4 candidate in order to study the process of osmosis has taken 3 potato cubes and put them in 3 different eakers containing 3 different solutions. After 24 hours, in the first beaker the potato cube increased in ize, in the second beaker the potato cube decreased in size and in the third beaker there was no change n the size of the potato cube. The following diagram shows the result of the same experiment :SIZE REMAINS SAME. ‘i \d 3. (Give the technical terms ofthe solutions used in beakers, 1,2 an eam (ii) In beaker 3 the size of the potato cube remains the same. Explain esis (Gi) Write the specific feature ofthe cell sap of root hairs which helps in absorption of w (iv) What is osmosis? : cine? (v)_ How does a cell wall and a cell membrane differ in their permeability? Ans. (i) Beaker 1: Hypotonic solution Beaker 2 : Hypertonic solution Beaker 3 : Isotonic solution (ii) In beaker 3 the size of potato cube remains the same because of isotonic solution wi concentration of solutes as that of potato cells. So water is neither lost nor gained by the: (iii) Cell sap of root hairs is much more concentrated than the soil solution and this causes into the root cells. (iv) Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration’ of their lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. (v) Cell wall is freely permeable while cell membrane is selectively permeable. 140. The diagram given alongside is of an experiment just at the start. Study the diagram carefully the following questions : A @ What does the experiment demonstrate? (ii) Define the process demonstrated in the syerose ‘experiment. molecules (iii) What changes are observed after a few hours? (iv) Give two examples of a semi-permeable membrane. (v) Which limb of the U-tube contains more concentrated sucrose solution, A or B? 10% sucrose solution: (vi) Why is the membrane separating the two solutions labelled as semi-permeable membrane? Ans. (i) The process of osmosis. (i) Osmosis is a special type of diffusion of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable from region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration, (iif) The level of water in column A will rise along with passag. concentration of water molecules is equal on both sides of (iv) (1) Parchment paper, (2) Egg membrane. (v) Limb A. (vi) It permits only certain molecules to pass through it. ¢ of time and will ultimately st the membrane.original level. (wv) Osmosis is a physiological process where the water molecules or solvent molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane : Fee ee ne Gee ee ee ee eee lo concentration of water or solvent molecules. we 42. Given alongside is the figure of an experimental set up to demonstrate root pressure. (i) Define root pressure. (ii), What change would you observe in the water level after some time? (ii) What role is being played by the root pressure in the given experiment? (jv) Why the oil has been sprinkled on water? ns. (i) The collective force exerted by the cortical cells of the root in forcing water upward into the xylem is known as root pressure. (ii) The water level will rise in the glass tube. (iii) Root pressure is forcing the water up in the stem. (iv) To prevent evaporation of water from the tube. 13. The diagram given below represents the result of an experiment conducted on two freshly taken shoots of a green herbaceous plant. The lower ends are dipped in water. (i) Whatis the aim of the experiment? (ii) Some parts of the stem in both the shoots have been removed. Name the conducting tissue in shoot A and in shoot B, that have been removed. (iii) What are the results of this experiment?86 | 1CSE Question Bank Biology —x Ans. (i) ‘To demotiirte role of pletacia probe to HOWE PPT , ROPES pecs aoe ae een ence Ta.oot DONS 2S (i) Plant A gets water and minerals and synthesizes ts food haven ani, Plant B due to lack of xylem does not get its Supply of 2 : The Ieg 14. The gre given oa dagrammatic epson of FS 00 STS root hair zone. Stdy the same and then answer the questions that (200% (Name the parts indicated by guidelines ‘I’ to ‘5. (ii) Is the root hair cell unicellular or multicellular? (iii) Draw a labelled diagram of the root hair cell as it woul close to it. : i ter molecules from the soil into Ay and (iv) Name the process responsible for the entry of wa! ee (v) What pressure is responsible for the movement of water from roots to above stem of p| 1d appear if some fertilizer is aq | (vi) How is this pressure set up? i Ans. (i) 1. Vacuole (containing cell sap) 4.Cortex cells 2. Soil particles 5, Vacuole in cortical cells. 3. Xylem vessel (ii) Root hair cell is unicellular. (iii) See diagram below. ‘small vacuole Root hair | ‘Shrunken protoplasm | Nucleus fey (iv) Osmosis (v) Root pressure (vi) This pressure is set up due to difference in osmotic gradient. 145. The alongside figure shows a root hair. (i) Label the parts 1 to 4. (ii) Whatis the role of part 4? (iii) Why is the root hair one-celled? (iv) What will happen to the root hair if some fertilizer is added to the soil near the root hair? 3. Cell wall Ans. (i) 1. Nucleus 4. Cell membrane 2. Vacuole (ii) Part 4 is the cell membrane. It is semi-permeable. It allows only water molecules to pass through it.(Name the parts 1, 2, 3. (ii) Name two substances which enter ces enter the root hair? (ii) By what process do these substan: (iv) Account for the different shapes © ns. (i) 1-Nucleus 2—Cell wall 3-Cytopl (i) 1. Water: 2. Minerals Gii) Water by osmosis an (iv) In the Fig. (2), the root hair has to Fig. (b), the root hair has no obstris d minerals by Carries minerals to the plant require - They are needed for healthy plant growth. the root hair. What are their uses? £ root hairs in the two diagrams. lasm of the root hair cell. d for photosynthesis - active transport. pass through the soil partis so it grows straight. ction in water, icles and so they are not straight, In the oo