Greenhouse Effect
• The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface.
Gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat from the sun,
which keeps the Earth warm enough to support life. Human activities, such
as burning. Fossil fuels, are increasing the concentration of these greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, leading to a more intense greenhouse effect and
global warming.
Element in Greenhouse
(carbon dioxide),(nitrous oxide), and (methane)
Acid rain
•”Acid rain” is a broad term to describe several ways that acids fall out of the
atmosphere. A more precise term is acid deposition, which has two parts:
wet deposition and dry deposition.
Wet deposition
• refers to acidic rain fog, and snow as this acidic water flows over and
through the ground, it effects a variety of plants and animals
Dry deposition
• refers to acidic gases, and particles about half of the acidity in the
atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition.
What is pH?
• Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe chemicals, just like hot and
cold are two extremes that describe temperature. Mixing acids and bases
can cancel out their extreme effects, much like mixing hot and cold water
can even out the water temperature. A substance that neither acidic nor
basic is neutral.
• The pH scale measures how acidic or basic substance is. It ranges from 0 to
14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is
basic. Each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next
higher value.
Ozone Layer Depletion
The ozone layer is a gaseous cover in the earth’s atmosphere that serves as
a shield against dangerous ultraviolet radiation.
• Ozone depletion
• Decreasing of ozone layer
• Causes: CFCs molecules – prevalent in styrofoam, refrigerant and more.
• Effect: Skin cancer, cataracts and other harmful effect to living organisms
Soil Erosion
•It is a process in which the top fertile layer of soil is lost. Due to soil erosion,
the soil becomes less fertile. The top layer of soil is very light which is easily
carried away by wind and water.
Erosion Process
• process of erosion breaks all the things such as our land and surrounding
surfaces that we are living in. Denudation comes due to the course of this
kind of breaking down of the land, followed by the weathering. The gravity of
the earth also contributes to the erosion caused by wind, water, ice and of
course, gravity.
Cause of Erosion
• Overgrazing. When insufficient amounts of grass litter are left for the soil,
the soil organisms die and the soil loses fertility. Sparse cover lets raindrops
erode the surface. It is a common practice that leads to desertification.
•Agriculture. Most agricultural practices are harmful to the soil.
• Industrialization. Industries can pollute soils, mining operations do.
• Fuelwood
• Deforestation
Erosion by Water
• Soil erosion by water is the result of rain detaching and transporting
vulnerable soil, either directly by means of rainsplash or indirectly by rill and
gully erosion
Erosion by Wind
• Wind erosion is a dynamic physical process leading to soil degradation that
occurs when strong winds blow on loose, dry, bare soils. Fine, fertile soil
particles are often removed during wind erosion.
Rainsplash
• Splash erosion resulting from raindrop impact is the first stage of the
erosion process and is mainly responsible for the detachment and migration
of soil surface aggregates
Various remedies to combat erosion on grassland and hilly terrain
1. Riparian fencing: by fencing waterways, cattle won’t trample river
banks and natural vegetation can regrow. Also tree planting on river
sides helps. Make sure the flat land is not part of the river’s flood zone.
2. Shelter belts: shelter belts provide roots at the boundaries of the field,
sheltering the soil, supplying organic matter.
3. Grassed waterways: a very effective protection of shallow water ways
is to grass them over. Grass leaves bend over in the current, protecting
the soil. Note that grass needs sunlight, so shelter belts must be
placed on the correct side. Make grassed waterways wide and shallow
to slow the water down and to prevent it from rilling and then gullying
the waterway. Avoid spraying and mow regularly.
4. Spaced tree planting: trees provide deep roots that hold the soil; cycle
deep nutrients and lost nutrients, provide organic matter and more.
Trees must compete with highly metabolizing grassland, thus should be
fast growing and deciduous.
Noise Pollution
• unwanted or offensive sound that unreasonably intrude into our daily
activities
Major Noise Pollution
1. Road traffic
2. Cost of transport noise
3. Neighborhood and Domestic noise.
Water Pollution
•There are many. Causes for water pollution but two general categories
exist: direct and indirect contaminant sources.
Direct contaminants sources include efffluent outfalls from factories,
wineries, waste treatment plants etc.
Indirect contaminants sources include contaminants that enter the water
supply from soils/ prundwater systems and from the atmosphere via
rainwater
