CHAPTER@2 The Skeletal System: Bone TissueThe Skeletal System: Bone Tissue ‘Functions of Boneandthe'SkeletalSystem 2.Structure of Bone 3.Histology of Bone Tissue 4.Divisions of The Skeletal System 5. Types of Bones 6.Bone Surface Warkings 7.Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 8.Bone Formation. 9.Fracture and Repair of Bone INTRODUCTION © Bone tissue is a complex and dynamic living tissue. It continually engages in a process called bone remodeling—the building of new bone tissue and breaking down of old bone tissue. Inthe early dave of snace exnlaratian vouna healthy men in nrime. | INTRODUCTION Bone tissue is a complex and dynamic living tissue. It continually engages in a process called bone remodeling—the building of new bone tissue and breaking down of old bone tissue. In the early days of space exploration, young, healthy men in prime physical shape returned from their space flights only to alarm their physicians. Physical examinations of the astronauts revealed that they had lost up to 20% of their total bone density during their extended stay in space. The zero-gravity (weightless) environment of space, coupled with the fact that the astronauts travelled in small capsules that greatly limited their movement for extended periods of time, placed minimal strain on their bones. In contrast, athletes subject their bones to great forces, which place significant strain on the bone tissue. Accomplished athletes show an increase in overall bone density. How is bone capable of changing in response to the different mechanical demands placed on it? Why do high activity levels that strain bone tissue greatly improve bone health? This chapter surveys the various components of bones to help youPhysicians. ESS Physical examinations of the astronauts revealed that they had lost up to 20% of their totaKbone density during-theirextended'stay in space. « Thezero-gravity (weightless) environment of space, coupled with the fact that the astronauts travelled in small capsules that greatly limited their movement for extended periods of time, placed minimal:strainion their bones. In contrast, ject their bones to great forces, which place significant strain on the bone tissue. Accomplished athletes show an increase irfoverall bone density) + « How is bone capable of changing in response to the different mechanical demands placed on it? Why do high activity levels that strain bone tissue greatly improve bone health? This chapter surveys the various components of bones to help you understand how bones form, how they age, and how exercise affects their density and strength. 1.FUNCTIONS OF BONE AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM'UNCTIONS OF BONE AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM e Abone is an organ made up of several different tissues working together: bone (osseous) tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue. The entire framework of bones and their cartilages constitute the skeletal system. ¢ The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders is referred to as osteology . The skeletal system performs several basic functions: = . Support. The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles. 2. Protection. The skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury. For example, cranial bones protect the brain, and the rib cage protects« Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pi bones to produce movement. © This function is discussed in detail in next video—{Tet 45) 4, Mineral homeostasis (storage and release). * Bone tissue makes up about(18% of the weight of the human body. * It stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone. * Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body's calcium. ¢ On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other parts of the body.TENE 5. Blood cell production. Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers. It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones, such as the hip (pelvic) bones, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae (backbones), skull, and ends of the bones of the humerus (arm bone) and femur (thigh bone). In a new-born, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis. With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow. . Triglyceride storage. Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. e The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.2.STRUCTURE OF BONE fe and functions of each part of a long bone. We will now examine the structure of bone at the macroscopic level. e Macroscopic bone structure may be analysed by considering the parts of a long bone, such as the humerus (the arm bone) shown in Figure. « Along bone is one that has greater length than width. © Atypical long bone consists of the following parts: . The diaphysis (= growing between) is the bone’s shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone. The epiphyses (= growing over; singular is epiphysis) are the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The metaphyses (meta- = between; singular is metaphysis) are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. © In agrowing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphvsis of the bone to arow in lenath.of a long bone, such as the humerus (the arm bone) shown in Fig haa * (ANORGIBGHe is offéltfist has jgreatemlenoth thaniwictha Bs « Atypical long bone consists of the following parts: IN ) 1. The diaphysis (= growing between) is the bone’s shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone. 2. The epiphyses (= growing over; singular is epiphysis) are the proximal and distal ends of the bone. 3. The metaphyses (meta- = between; singular is metaphysis) are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. e In agrowing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length. o When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 14-24, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line. 4. The articular cartilage ¢ isa thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone©” (growth) plate, a iayer ofhyaiine cartlage]that allows the %@iaphiysis pf the bone to grow in tena. o Whena bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 14-24, e cae in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the js known as | 4. The articular cartilage isa thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints. * Because articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage is limited. 5. The periosteum (peri- = around) * is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.It is composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells. Some of the cells enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length. e The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. « The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers, thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix. 6. The medullary cavity (medulla- = marrow, pith), or marrow cavity, ¢ is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults. ¢ This cavity minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the dense bony material where it is least needed. ¢ The long bones’ tubular design provides maximum strength with minimum weight. 7. The endosteum (endo- = within) is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. ¢ It contains a singeteyeretvereterminrecteeree small amount ofperiosteum into the bone chanis }x the periosteum into_ the bone €xtracellular matrix.) 6. The medullary cavity (medulla- = marrow, pith), or marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults. e This cavity minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the dense bony material where it is least needed. « The long bones’ tubular design provides maximum strength with minimum weight. Fie Pea Qe 7. The endosteum (endo- = within) ee « is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. * It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.