PREPARED BY: BHUMIKA GOYAL
BPR&D
The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) was formed on 28 August 1970 with
the aim of the Government of India for modernizing the police forces. It is highly developed as a
comprehensive, consultancy association. The Government of India formally settled the BPR&D
under the Ministry of Home Affairs with the essential goal of modernization of police force:
• to take direct and dynamic enthusiasm for the issues;
• to advance a rapid and systematic study of the police issues;
• To apply science and technology in the strategies and procedures followed by police.
The Bureau was built up with the accompanying two divisions at first: Research, Statistics and
Publication; and Development.
Training is a fundamental and developing prerequisite to enhance the competency of police force
in the nation. The forensic science administrations uncompromising and worked under the
Development Division became over a period and a different Directorate of Forensic Sciences
under the BPR&D appeared in 1983. Further in 1995 Government of India chose to depend
issues identifying with Correctional Administration Work to the BPR&D so issues identifying
with jail and usage of considered jail reforms can be taken up by the Bureau in a firm way. Amid
the year 2008, the Government of India further chose to make National Police Mission to be
under the official authority of BPR&D in order to change the police strengths in the nation into
convincing device for maintaining the internal security and deal with the difficulties in future, by
providing them with the essential material.
A different division for modernization has been set up inside the domain of BPR&D, for the
concern of modernization of police in India.
The Modernization Division is required to stay up to date with modernization in the usage of
science and advancement to police work in India and different nations, and focus on new
strategies and approaches with a perception to advance the presentation of suitable hardware and
systems in police work in India to improve its operational skill. The Modernization Division is
going by Director, an officer rank of the Inspector General of Police.
The Modernization Division at BPR&D consists of Modernization Wing which is headed by the
officer rank of DIG and other one is Technological Development Wing.
The Technological Development Wing is consisting of the subsequent sub wings: -
• Transport and Traffic Wing;
• Life Sciences Wing;
• Weapon Wing;
• Uniform Accouterments Wing;
• Building and Design Wing;
• Electronics Wing;
• Explosive and Ballistics Wing.
Each of the above mentioned Wing is headed by a Principal Scientific Officer.
Beside this, the BPR&D at present consist of four sections that is – Research, Development,
Training and Correctional Administration.
1. RESEARCH DIVISION: Research division attempts the analysis and investigation of crime
and issues of general nature influencing the police. It likewise incorporates the studies identified
with the issues worried to the policing in India. The distinctive viewpoints and subject secured
for the examination are as following:
• Trend and causes of crime.
• Enhancing crime-preventive measures, their effectiveness and relationship with crime.
• Organizing, strengthening, administration, methods, procedures and techniques of the police
forces and their modernization, police act and manuals.
• Improving the methods of investigation, utility, and results by introducing scientific aids and
punishment.
• Statistical analysis of trends of crime.
2. DEVELOPMENT DIVISION: Police in democratic country like India need to be reviewed
time to time for better services for the public. The Development division reviews the
functioning of various types of instrument used by the police forces in India and development
of new equipment in the following fields:
• Arms and Ammunition
• Riot Control Equipment
• Traffic Control Equipment
• Police Transport
• Miscellaneous scientific equipment and scientific aids to investigation Application of
computer technology in various fields of police work.
• Police publicity and police publicity files, police weeks and parades.
3. TRAINING DIVISION: To develop the police force with the updated equipment, laws,
procedures and all, it is needed to be provided with adequate in-service updating training to
the police personnel.
4. CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION DIVISION: Research and studies of prison
department is also being done by BPR&D, at correctional administration division. This division
specially aims at to: Examine and study of prison statistics and problems of general nature
affecting Prison Administration. Incorporation and distribution of relevant information to the
States in the field of Correctional Administration. To evaluate training programmes keeping in
view the changing nature of social conditions, introduction of new scientific techniques and
other related aspects. To set up an Advisory Committee to guide the work relating to
Correctional Administration.
CBI- Central Bureau of Investigation
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating agency of the Government of
India. It came into existence in April, 1963 through a resolution of Government with a motto of
“Industry, Impartiality and Integrity”. Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of
Union Government enjoys the overall control on CBI. The resolution of 1963 created one
investigative and five other divisions of CBI namely: Investigation & Anti- Corruption Division
(Delhi Special Police Establishment); Technical Division; Crime Records and Statistics
Division; Research Division; Legal and General Division; and Administration Division.
The CBI originally dealt with corruption cases pertaining to Central government employees. By
1994, the CBI had three investigative divisions namely Anti-Corruption Division, Economic
Crimes Divisions and Special Crimes Division. In 2001, as per the direction of the Hon’ble
Supreme Court the name of Legal Division was reconstituted as Directorate of Prosecution. The
Sports Integrity Unit has been added in the CBI, in 2014, its main objective is to look into the
matters pertaining to sports frauds, deal with malpractices in sports and coordination with sports
federations and law enforcement agencies. At present CBI consists of eight divisions namely:
1. Anti-Corruption Division
2. Economic Offences Division
3. Special Crimes Division
4. Directorate of Prosecution
5. Administration Division
6. Policy & Coordination Division
7. Central Forensic Science Laboratory
8. Sports Integrity Unit
The administration of the CBI is under the control of Director whose rank is equivalent to that of
Inspector General of Police in the state.
CBI is an apex body designed to preserve values in public life and to ensure health of national
economy by checking the cases of corruption and bribery and economic offences. It is an elite
force playing an important role in combating corruption by bringing those who are guilty behind
the bars. The investigating officers serve in all the major investigation in the country. The CBI is
the organization held high in esteem by Public, Parliament, High Courts and Supreme Court. It
has been investigating cases related to major crimes in the country having inter-state and even
international ramifications. It also performs intelligence functions pertaining to Anti-corruption
crimes, Economic crimes and special crimes.
It has a major impact on the political and economic life of the nation. Major cases of national
importance are often assigned to CBI because of its credibility. The Anti-Corruption Division of
the CBI has handled cases against Chief Ministers, Ministers, Secretaries to Government,
Officers of the All India Services, CMDs of Banks, Financial Institutions, Public Sector
Undertakings, etc. CBI investigations have a major impact on the political and economic life of
the nation. The following broad categories of criminal cases are handled by the CBI:
1. Cases of corruption and fraud committed by public servants of all Central Government
Departments, Central Public Sector Undertakings and Central Financial Institutions.
2. Economic crimes, including bank frauds, financial frauds, Import Export & Foreign
Exchange violations, large-scale smuggling of narcotics, antiques, cultural property and
smuggling of other contraband items etc.
3. Special Crimes, such as cases of terrorism, bomb blasts, sensational homicides,
kidnapping for ransom and crimes committed by the mafia/the underworld.
IB- INTELLIGENCE BUREAU
The Intelligence Bureau (IB) is India's internal security and counterintelligence agency under
the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was founded in 1887 as the Central Special Branch. Until 1968,
it handled both domestic and foreign intelligence after which the Research and Analysis Wing
was formed specifically for foreign intelligence; following that, the IB was primarily assigned
the role of domestic intelligence and internal security. Tapan Deka is the current director of the
IB, since June 2022.
The IB is a constitutional body under the Schedule VII of the Constitution of India. The Union
List within Schedule VII includes "Central Bureau of Intelligence". The IB functions under the
Ministry of Home Affairs and is headed by a Director of the Intelligence Bureau. According to
the Government of India, IB is a civilian organization without police powers.
The director has the authority to brief the Prime Minister when necessary. The organization
operates at both state and national levels. Most of the intelligence collection is handled by Group
C officers, including Security Assistants and Junior Intelligence Officers and Group B officers,
such as Assistant Central Intelligence Officers. Higher-level coordination and management are
carried out by Group A gazetted officers, such as Deputy Central Intelligence Officers, Assistant
Director, Deputy Director, Joint Director, Additional Director, Special Director and the Director.
At the state level, IB officers are part of the State Special Bureau and report to a Central
Intelligence Officer, who acts as the intelligence advisor to the Governor. The IB maintains field
units and headquarters, usually under the control of Joint or Deputy Directors.
Shrouded in secrecy, the IB is used to garner intelligence from within India and also execute
counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism tasks. The Bureau comprises employees from law
enforcement agencies, mostly from the Indian Police Service (IPS) or the Indian Revenue
Service (IRS) and the military. However, the Director of Intelligence Bureau (DIB) has always
been an IPS officer. In addition to domestic intelligence responsibilities, the IB is particularly
tasked with intelligence collection in border areas.
All spheres of human activity within India and in the neighborhood are allocated to the charter of
duties of the Intelligence Bureau. The IB was also tasked with other external intelligence
responsibilities from 1951 until 1968 when the Research and Analysis Wing was formed.
Understanding of the shadowy workings of the IB is largely speculative. Many times even
members' family members are unaware of their whereabouts. The IB also passes intelligence
between other Indian intelligence agencies and the police. The bureau also grants the necessary
security clearances to Indian diplomats and judges before they take the oath. On rare occasions,
IB officers interact with the media during a crisis.
The IB operated a counterintelligence programme to prevent the CIA from gathering information
about the preparations and activities related to the Indian nuclear weapons project, before the
Pokhran-II nuclear tests.
The IB had mixed success in counterterrorism. It was reported in 2008 that the IB had been
successful in busting terror modules. It alerted the police before the Hyderabad blasts and gave
repeated warnings of a possible attack on Mumbai through the sea before the 2008 Mumbai
attacks. On the whole, however, the IB came in for some sharp criticism by the media after the
relentless wave of terror attacks in 2008. The government came close to sacking top intelligence
officials soon after the 26/11 attacks, because of serious lapses that led to the 2008 Mumbai
attacks.
INTERPOL
The International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL, commonly known as Interpol, is
an international organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control. It is
the world's largest international police organization. It is headquartered in Lyon, France, with
seven regional bureaus worldwide, and a National Central Bureau in all 196 member states.
The NCB, which is fully staffed and operated by the relevant services of the member country, is
the designated contact point for the General Secretariat and other member countries requiring
assistance with transnational investigations, the location and apprehension of fugitives, and other
international enquiries relating to the work of law enforcement. The mandate and the primary
task of INTERPOL is to support police and law enforcement agencies in its 196 member
countries in their efforts to prevent crime and conduct criminal investigations as efficiently and
effectively as possible. Specifically, INTERPOL facilitates cross border police cooperation and,
as appropriate, supports governmental and intergovernmental organizations, authorities and
services whose mission is to prevent or combat crime. In order to carry out its mandate,
INTERPOL provides its member countries and designated partner organizations four core
functions or services:
a. Secure global police communications services
b. Global databases and data services
c. Operational police Support services
d. Training and Development
Interpol provides investigative support, expertise and training to law enforcement worldwide,
focusing on three major areas of transnational crime: terrorism, cybercrime and organized crime.
Its broad mandate covers virtually every kind of crime, including crimes against humanity, child
pornography, drug trafficking and production, political corruption, intellectual property
infringement, as well as white-collar crime. The agency also facilitates cooperation among
national law enforcement institutions through criminal databases and communications networks.
NCRB- NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU
Any organization or agency should be capable of monitoring its own activities. In general terms,
management can be characterized as a process of organizing a set of resources to accomplish
established goals and objectives. Effective management requires information to determine
whether the goals and objectives are being accomplished in a timely and orderly fashion, and
whether the resources are being used efficiently and effectively. The more complex the
organization, the greater will be the need for statistical information, particularly on resources and
resource allocation and on cases and caseloads. To fulfill these aspects National Crime Records
Bureau was set up to collect, analyze and publication of data/statistics of different crimes, prison
statistics and accidental deaths also. Crime records perform a very important task in the scheme
of police working for prevention and detection of crime. The Indian Police, over the years, have
sought to advance the competence of the crime records systems to fulfill their responsibilities
with greater competence and efficacy.
NCRB is divided into six different division and these are as follows:
1. Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS): CCTNS is a Mission Model
Project under the National e-Governance Plan of Govt. of India. CCTNS intend at create a
comprehensive and integrated system for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of
policing through assume the principle of eGovernance and construction of a nationwide
networking infrastructure for development of IT enabled-state-of-the-art tracking system in the
region of 'Investigation of crime and detection of criminals'. An allotment of Rs. 2000 crores
has been made for CCTNS Project. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has
permitted the project on 19.06.2009.
2. Training Branch: One of the goal of NCRB is to provide training in IT and Finger Print
Science for capacity building in Police Forces in the country. Training Branch of National
Crime Records Bureau has been striving hard for achieving this objective. Programmes
conducted in NCRB are attended by officers of all ranks including senior IPS officers from
States / Union Territories as well as from Central Police Organizations and have been very
well received.
3. Statistical Branch: This branch was formed out of the Statistical Section of Bureau of Police
Research and Development (BPR&D) which was one of the four units that were merged in
NCRB at the time of NCRB's creation. Thus, Statistical Branch of NCRB is one of the
founding branches of NCRB. The Branch is headed by Chief Statistical Officer (CSO)
belonging to the Indian Statistical Service (ISS). The CSO is assisted by a Statistical Officer
(SO), and a Junior Staff Officer (JSO).
4. Data Centre & Technical Branch: DCT was formed to ensure the regulation of following listed
activities:
• To build up, update and maintain a secure National Database on crimes, criminals and
property which will make available informed, accurate and timely information on-line to all
State forces and Central agencies for the purpose of improving day-to-day functioning in terms
of crime detection, crime prevention and maintenance of public order.
• To update, maintain and build up a secure database on lost and recovered vehicles and provide
updating facility to all vehicle counters in the country and border check posts. It provides
‘recovered vehicles’ data for NCRB website from the National Databank of stolen/recovered
automobiles.
• To act as a Control Room for the organization round the clock.
5. Central Finger Prints Bureau (CFPB): The Central Finger Print Bureau came into being in
1955 in Calcutta (now Kolkata) under the administrative control of the Intelligence Bureau. In
1973 the administrative control was transferred to CBI and it was in July, 1986 that the CFPB
was finally placed under the administrative control of the newly formed National Crime Records
Bureau. At the Central Finger Print Bureau, all the questioned documents involving disputed
Finger Prints are examined and opinion given regarding their identity or otherwise. The service
is free of charge for all Government agencies. In case of private agencies or individuals, the
documents should be routed through Govt. agencies.
6. Crime Records Branch (CRB): The main function of this Division is to collect, compile and
disseminate information on Crime, Criminal, Missing persons and Property in respect of various
offences on the basis of monthly returns from State / UT Police authorities. Data stored is used
for co-ordination of lost and recovered property/persons viz. Motor vehicles, Firearms and
Missing Persons. These results are communicated through post/email to the various District SPs.
NICFS
The National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (NICFS), a premier institution for
Criminology, was set up in 1972 under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It has been renamed as
“Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science”
(LNJN NICFS) on October 3, 2003 and continues to function as the country’s nodal institution
for training of all senior functionaries of the Criminal Justice System in the twin fields of
Criminology and Forensic Science, as well as for research related to these fields.
Now, it is the campus of the National Forensic Sciences University and an Institution of National
Importance under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India as recognised by
an act of the Parliament of India. It is one of the Central Police Organization (CPO) of the
country. It specializes in teaching criminology, cybersecurity, digital forensics and forensic
science and is located in New Delhi, India. The institute was established by Government of India
in 1972 within the Bureau of Police Research and Development following recommendations of
the University Grants Commission (UGC).
OBJECTIVES:
1. To act as national Institute towards advancement of the subjects of Criminology and
Forensic Science towards this end to provide and undertake research in Criminology and
Forensic Science.
2. To act as a center of in-service training of officers in police, judiciary and correctional
services and also others engaged in the Criminal Justice System and its allied fields and to
provide facilities for certificate and diploma courses in the various subjects.
3. To act as a reference body in the fields of Criminology and Forensic Science for all
National as well as International institutions and provide all types of information to workers
engaged in the various studies in these fields.
4. To promote International understanding and goodwill by providing facilities for training
and research in Criminology and Forensic Science to other countries.
RAW- RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS WING
RAW is the primary external intelligence agency of the Republic of India. After Sino-Indian War
in 1962 and Indo-Pakistan War in 1965 Government of India feels the necessity of an external
intelligence agency, which can fill the loop and holes of information gathered by Intelligence
Bureau (which was dealing both internal and external intelligence). The primary function of
R&AW is collection of external intelligence and counter-terrorism. In addition, it is responsible
for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations and persons to
advise Indian policymakers. R&AW is an effective and one of the primary instruments of India’s
national power. The headquarters of RAW is at New Delhi.
India’s external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), as we know is
doing a great job now but it has long faced allegations of meddling in its neighbors’ affairs.
From the beginning of its foundation in 1968, primarily it focus to counter China’s influence,
over time it has shifted its focus to India’s other traditional rival, Pakistan. RAW and Pakistan’s
spy agency ISI, the Inter Service Intelligence; have been engaged in covert operations against
one other for over three decades.
The main objective of any intelligence agency is to collect intelligence and information. The
prime objective of RAW is also to collect intelligence. It collects information via espionage,
psychological warfare, subversion, sabotage and assassinations. It also maintains collaboration
with other countries and their intelligence agencies e.g. it is having contacts with FSB of Russia,
NDS the Afghan agency, Israel’s Mossad, the CIA of America and MI6 of England have been
well-known. RAW has been active in obtaining information through countries like Afghanistan,
the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Myanmar and Singapore. Though initially RAW was intended
for collecting intelligence at nearby India's national border but later on it maintains a strong
presence in all fields of intelligence gathering.
There are following objectives of RAW:
• To monitor the activities which have a direct bearing on India's national security and the
formulation of its foreign policy like political, military, economic and scientific developments
in countries.
• To monitor the political and military developments in adjoining countries, which have direct
bearing on India’s National security
• Anti – Terror Operations and neutralizing terror elements posing a threat to India.
• To gather intelligence on leadership, capabilities and organization of various insurgency groups
operating in adjacent states that pose a national security or integrity threat.
• To control and limit the supply of military hardware to Pakistan, from mostly European
countries, America and more importantly from China.
The head of R&AW is designated Secretary (Research) in the Cabinet Secretariat which is under
direct command of Prime Minister, reports on an administrative basis to the Cabinet Secretary,
who reports to the Prime Minister. But generally the Secretary (Research) reports to the National
Security Advisor daily. The control of the Cabinet Secretary over the RAW is limited to
administrative and financial matters, with very little say in operational and policy matters. An
Additional Director is responsible for the Office of Special Operations and intelligence collected
from different countries processed by large number of Joint Secretaries.
