Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology Research Article

Published online 2022 April Vol. 15, No.1 (2022)

Microbiological Analysis of Greywater Treatment Using

Constructed Wetlands and Phytoremediation Technology

K. Neetha Delphi Mary1*

Department of Civil Engineering
Salem College of Engineering and Technology, Salem 636111, Tamil Nadu
neethak81@[Link]

N. Muralimohan2
Department of Civil Engineering
K.S.R College of Engineering, Namakkal-637215, India
muraling83@[Link]

P. Vijayalakshmi3
Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, Ambattur, Chennai
vijayalakshmitnpcb@[Link]

Received 2022 February 2; Revised 2022 March 20; Accepted 2022 April 24
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) investigates how recent worldwide problems in
environmental challenges, energy, food supply, economic downturn, and financial instability are
linked and affect water. Water scarcity is becoming a greater threat to our global economy, lifestyle,
and, potentially, humanity's survival. The growth of technology was the primary reason behind this.
People now are so focused on developing new things that they have disregarded conserving water.
The most crucial factor was that the environment's ecology was severely harmed. There are a lot of
technologies for finding the availability of water, but none for water conservation. As a result of this
work, it is hoped that a method for preserving water will be developed in the future. At least 1% of
those who view this document will get knowledge on how to mitigate water shortages. Population
expansion is one of the factors contributing to water scarcity. For this investigation, the researchers
picked and recycled residential wastewater. The effluent was created by bathing, dishwashing, and
laundry water. Greywater was a term that refers to a certain sort of water. This greywater was
gathered in a collecting tank, transmitted to a storage tank, and processed with phytoremediation
technology in vertical and horizontal wetland construction tanks with gravel and sand as the filter

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medium. In terms of plant adaptability and filtering, this process was performed. The goal of this
investigation was to discover if recycled treated water might be used for bathing, farming, and other
household uses. This study looks at the vertical and horizontal water flow processing in plants. This
water filtration aids in the understanding of the importance of water and soil purity. The research
reveals (the existence of significant microorganisms in processed greywater, illnesses, or diseases
produced if viruses and bacteria are not effectively eliminated until the appropriate usage
requirements are met). The article indicates that while the plant technology used is effective in
reducing chemical, biochemical, and physical water factors, biological factor removal efficiencies
were unfeasible.E. coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
Shigella spp. were among the bacteria identified in this study. The only way to get rid of bacterial
colonies is to use appropriate disinfection procedures. Some compounds were also employed for
human medical reasons. The microbiological impact was shown in the outcome and discussion
form.
Keywords: Greywater, Constructed wetlands,Phytoremediation,Microbes, Diseases,Disinfection.

1. Introduction:

Greywater management was not only necessary for a healthy and safe living environment, but this
also has a lot of repurposing ability. Treated greywater is recycled for many purposes in a
decentralized fashion all over the world; [1-3] the most common application in poor countries is for
farming. The total quantity of freshwater available on the earth far outnumbers human needs. The
oceans contain approximately 97 percent of the overall sources of water on Earth, with the residual
3% appropriate for direct extraction; however, the quantity of water available for human
consumption is estimated to be one-tenth of that remaining 3%. [4-6] Water was transported
unevenly in time and space, leaving some geographical areas without access to it. One of the most
significant components of water usage, which involves use for residential needs, food safety, and
other sectors for growth, was biological existence. [7] Acute water shortage, as well as over-
exploitation of water resources, impact many parts of the world, resulting in the slow degradation
of natural resources and significant levels of water pollution due to anthropogenic influences.. [8]
Water scarcity affects around 800 million people today, with the figure expected to rise to 3 billion
by 2025. As a result of industrialization, urbanization, and population growth, water resources are
evident; however, will existing water sources be adequate to fulfill the ever-growing expansion
sustainably? Where will the extra water required for human activity come from? To address these

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challenges, this question demands actions and solutions. A look into greywater treatment can help
in this situation.

World population growth has increased in the last 100 years, with a growing movement toward
urbanization. [9] It is vital to provide sufficient water and sanitation facilities to these people, not
only for hygienic purposes but also for political and economic security. The Millennium
Development Goals (MDG) will not be achieved without effective urban administration and the
implementation of regional water stress planning processes. [10] A sustainable freshwater and
sewage system management should be developed in human settlements, with the municipal,
city, and Metropolitan governments playing a key role in providing adequate sanitary and sewage
inside their domains (UNESCO, 2006).Human excrement from laundry and bathing contaminates
greywater. Greywater contamination, both microbial and chemical, causes a risk to human health,
which is predicted to rise as microbial contamination rises. It's critical to understand that greywater
has the ability to spread disease.

The following aspects are critical to minimizing the risk to human health and preventing a nuisance
from greywater reuse:

1. Greywater systems should discharge greywater below ground level unless it has been
processed and disinfected to an acceptable standard.
2. There should be no cross connection with a potable water source.
3. Greywater should not be permitted to enter any stormwater drainage system.
4. Greywater will not be used in a way that could cause direct interaction with vegetables or other
food plants.
5. It is used to irrigate fruit trees that do not come into contact with greywater.
6. Mosquito reproduction must not be allowed in any component of the greywater system,
including conveyance, processing, storage, and soil application.

The fundamental concept of today's centralized water transportation networks for urban areas in
developed nations dates back more than a century. Since then, the networks were continuously
extended to incorporate more urban areas, as well as adapted to meet changing requirements of the
consumers serviced, as well as environmental and health issues. [11-12] Furthermore, because these
web servers have a prolonged technical lifetime and significant sunk expenditures, they are highly
technologically dependent. Even if the conventional urban water and sanitation plan are sufficient
to meet the needs of an expanding globe, it is questionable whether it meets environmental criteria
in general.

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1.1. Greywater

Greywater is waste that has not been tainted by toilet water. It's high-strength, low-strength
wastewater with a wide range of applications and reuse options. The composition of greywater
varies depending on lifestyle, fixtures, and climatic conditions. [14-16] Greywater recycling is an
old technique that is still used in regions where water is scarce. This technique, if given the
recognition it needs, can help avoid the exploitation of freshwater supplies and contamination
caused by the discharge of untreated greywater into freshwater systems. [17] It could be utilized as
a supplement to present water sources in places where there is a significant water deficit or when
the climate is desert. Greywater which has been reused can be used for a range of water-intensive
actions, including flushing toilets and gardening, and can be used for both potable and non-potable
uses. [17] The main challenges with greywater recycling were issues with global health concerns
and insufficient technology for the reuse option. [18] Many researchers have studied greywater's
characteristics in terms of fittings, living patterns, and settlement type.

1.2. Greywater composition:

The content of greywater varies, and it is usually a representation of one's lifestyle and also the type
and chemical selection used in laundry, cleaning, and bathing. The water quality origin and the type
of distribution network have an impact on the greywater quality. There will be significant changes
in greywater composition from location to location and over time, which could be due to
differences in water demand against the amount released. Some compounds in the transportation
and storage network can deteriorate chemically and biologically, which could affect the
composition. [19] Greywater contains a substantial amount of rapidly biodegradable organic
materials and some essential elements, which are primarily produced by homes. Organic bacteria
such as salmonella, E. coli, faecal coliforms, basic hydrochemical elements, and also nitrates and
their compounds, phosphorus and its derivatives, xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs), and
xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs), are among them. BOD (mg/l), COD (mg/l), TSS (mg/l),
P(total), N(total), Total coliforms (MPN/ml), E. coli (MPN/ml), P(total), N(total), Total coliforms
(MPN/ml), Total coliforms (MPN/ml), Total coliforms (MPN/ml), Total coliforms (MPN/m

1.3. Treatment and reuse

Greywater includes wastewater from baths, bathrooms, washers, dryers, and handwashing sinks that
is low in pollutants, but does not contain wastewater from the flushing toilets system or the kitchen.
[20] Greywater contains pollutants and germs from cleaning activities in personal and home care,

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and also a range of pathogenic and other waste items that people often want to get rid of.
Differences in greywater quality should be taken into account when defining appropriate risk-based
reuse standards.

To enhance home cleanliness and sanitation in the sewer, it is normal to practice and also a societal
assumption that tap water is available and the wastewater was released to a sewer. As the
population rises, however, greater demands will be placed on limited water resources, resulting in
rising expenses. [21] It may be difficult to create water supply catchments and appropriate central
sewage treatment, especially in major metropolitan regions. Household greywater from isolated
sewage facilities can therefore be regarded as a potential source, possibly saving up to 35 percent of
water and being reused on-site for gardening, flushing toilets, and washing, depending on the type
of greywater and the level of purification. [22]

1.4. Greywater system in developing countries

The Greywater System is being re-evaluated. In response to the problem of progressive water
control depletion, several countries have aggressively developed greywater technology and
regulations, as well as adapted them to home and agricultural applications. For example, in Los
Angeles, 13 percent to 65 % of greywater gathered from private households is used for irrigation.
In a Brazilian family, using processed greywater to flush toilets lowered water consumption by 29–
35 percent. Home water use accounts for 67 percent of total usage in Malaysia, and greywater
recovery for toilet flushing can cut water usage by 30 %. The operating ratio of waste-water areas
in Southern Korea is 26.5 percent, based on the delivery of 200 billion tons of greywater. The
Japanese government does not provide incentives for people to install greywater systems in their
homes. However, 70 percent of Japanese advocate the use of recycled water or rainfall because they
are well conscious of the necessity to save water and since water costs are quite high in urban areas.
China's rapid economic growth has resulted in a water deficit, which the government has addressed
through many initiatives, including rules requiring greywater treatment and reuse for large-scale
institutional and residential constructions.

1.5. Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation was an environmentally friendly biological wastewater treatment technology that

can be used to clean kitchen wastewater. Macrophytes eliminate pollutants in this way. Pollutants,
as well as water and other nutrients, are absorbed by plants. The contaminated mass does not
degrade, but rather accumulates in the plant's shoots and leaves. This is a cost-effective and organic

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wastewater purification approach. The plants eliminate contaminants from wastewater by absorbing
nutrients and breaking down inorganic and organic materials. The removal ability of wetland plants
is determined by the plant type, sewage quality, root development rate and thickness, and nutrient
absorption. The growth of the root system is linked to the oxygen-carrying ability and water
conductivity of the root system. Plants that are adapted to the local environment and have a rapidly
developing root system have better financial values and decontamination performance. [26]To
eliminate, absorb, or filter pollutants from water and soil, found naturally or genetically altered
plants are used.

Figure 1:Phytoremediation

The plants were chosen specifically for the conditions at the wall's location, and they are simple to
maintain. One plant grows well in low-light conditions, while the other does not. Other important
elements that influence plant development include air moisture and workplace temperature. When
coupled with the widest possible plant choice, the system looks after itself.

1.7. Biological Health issue using greywater

The health risks associated with greywater reuse are mostly unknown due to the absence of
quantitative hazard research. Moreover, no evidence linking greywater recycling to real health-care
challenges such as disease epidemics was discovered. The wide variance in greywater reuse
legislation between countries is most likely due to these factors. To avoid potential ecological and
health problems, greywater should be managed appropriately. The quality of raw greywater varies
greatly, and it frequently contains pathogens (Table 1). Typically, after bioremediation of
greywater, a fall in microbial levels is noted, followed by a further decrease after disinfection. The
pathogens Norovirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, and Campylobacter have specified the permitted
limit values of these pathogens in sewage and greywater, as well as the pathogen-reduction
standards. These pathogens are all linked to gastrointestinal illnesses, and they're frequently
employed as model pathogens in studies of health concerns in wastewater, greywater, and treated

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water. Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica (the latter of which could
cause cutaneous infection) have all been detected in greywater. (30). The major health risk
associated with greywater recycling is the chance of ingesting small to large amounts of greywater
through numerous exposure pathways, which can result in mild to severe gastrointestinal disorders.
[23] To evaluate the risk to human health connected with various water recycling techniques, the
quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) technique is frequently utilized. It consists of
four distinct steps: pathogen hazard detection and quantification; exposure analysis, which defines
how and to what extent individuals may arrive into contact with pathogens; dose-response
modeling, which calculates the possibility of illness based on exposure to different doses of
pathogens; and risk assessment designs, which determines the annual potential of disease. The goal
of this paper is to determine the viability of the plants used and to develop a method to remove the
essential microorganisms current in treated and raw greywater using efficient strategies so that the
decontaminated water could be used again for numerous residential uses without posing any health
risks to humans.

1.8. Parameters affecting the characteristics of greywater

The composition of greywater is determined by many elements, such as the water's supply and
installation, and also the quality and kind of water supply, like piped water or groundwater well.
Lifestyle, customs, and the usage of chemical goods are examples of domestic chores. Bathroom,
kitchen sink, laundry wash, or hand basin are examples of installations from which greywater is
obtained. The amount of water consumed in regards to the number of pollutants expelled Biological
and chemical deterioration of chemical substances inside the transport system and during
preservation has a significant influence. During the storage and transit of greywater, chemical
reactions might occur, resulting in changes in the water's chemical makeup. Elevated concentrations
of microorganisms, such as faecal coliforms, may result from biological growth. This could result in
the formation of new inorganic and organic molecules as metabolites from partially decomposed
substances in the greywater. This microbial development will be aided by the existence of nutrients
like ammonium/nitrate, phosphate, and organic waste.

1.9. Nutrients in greywater

In developing nations where phosphorus-containing detergents are not yet outlawed, washing
detergents are the principal cause of phosphates detected in greywater. According to the study,
greywater has a normal N/P ratio of 2, which is significantly lower than the N/P ratio of roughly 10
which is optimal for plant nutrient absorption. If greywater is utilized for irrigation, this is critical.

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Unless the plants can receive nitrogen from other resources, nitrogen becomes the limiting
ingredient, resulting in sub-optimal phosphorus absorption.

2. Materials and Methods:

2.1 Materials

2.1.1 Greywater treatment plant Design.

In Salem, Tamilnadu, a greywater reuse system was erected in a residence with three families and
ten people. Greywater is generated at a rate of 750-1000 liters per day. The processing plant has a
five-number horizontal and vertical flow-created wetland tank, a 1000-liter collection tank, a 1000-
liter retention tank, and a one-horsepower sewage motor. The "Manual on constructed wetland as an
alternative technology for sewage management in India" (department of biotechnology, ministry of
science & technology, central pollution control board, ministry of environment, forest & climate
change, Government of India) [27] was used to design the horizontal flow constructed wetland tank
(HFWC) of size L74 cm*B 32 cm* H 58.5 cm and the vertical flow constructed wetland tank
(VFWC) of size L 51cm*B 21 cm* H80 cm The filter medium of HFWC and VFWC tanks are
coarse silex, coarse sand, 20mm gravel, and 40mm gravel. The VFWC and HFWC individual
wetland units receive respective main lines, sublines, and control valves from the retention tank. In
the pilot-scale treatment technique, the greywater reuse plant was set to batch flow, and in the
combined treatment method, it is set to constant flow. Below is a diagram of a greywater treatment
facility with vertical and horizontal flow constructed wetland tanks. Figure 2 shows the greywater
treatment plant with horizontal and vertical flow constructed wetland tanks

Figure 2: Greywater treatment plant with horizontal and vertical flow constructed wetland
tanks observed.
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2.1.2 Selection of phytoremediation plants

Phragmites australis, Canna indica, Cyperusrotundus, Cyperus pangorei, and Typha angustifolia
were used to remediate greywater using phytoremediation technology. Because of their high
development rate and resistance to a variety of environmental situations, these plants were chosen
as phytoremediation agents in this research. Naturally or genetically produced plants that filter,
absorb, or remove toxins from greywater have been chosen. Figure 3 shows the photographic view
of Canna indica, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus Pangorei, Cyperus rotundus, and Phragmites australis

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Figure 3:Photographic view of(a) Canna indica (b)Typha angustifolia (c) Cyperus Pangorei
(d) Cyperus rotundus
(e)Phragmites australis, from left to right.

2.2 Method
Greywater was collected and treated in this technique from the bathroom, kitchen, and laundromat.
(Samayamanthula Dhanu Radha et al., 2019; Mohamed Radin et al., 2018; Samayamanthula Dhanu
Radha et al., 2018) (28). The greywater contains the greatest amount of chemical, physical, and
microbiological colonies, all of which must be eliminated for greywater to be reused effectively. A
single vertical unit and a horizontal unit were filled with unprocessed greywater till the freeboard of
the tanks was reached, and the units were emptied fully after a 12-hour retention time. After
Evaporation, the water was obtained in a container to analyze the initial measurements.

2.2.1 Pilot-scale Treatment Method

The three phytoremediation plant samples were cleaned in water to eliminate foreign pollutants and
immersed in an aloe vera pulp mixture to add micronutrients for improved growth before being
planted in the five HFWC tanks and five VFCW tanks. For the 90-day study period, the greywater
was irrigated once every 24 hours. Total suspended solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), Electrical conductivity (Ec), Chloride as Cl-, Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Bio-Chemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Sulphate as SO4 -, and the existence and minimization of five distinct
kinds of bacteria were measured at intervals of 30,45,60,75, and 90 days at a retention time of 12

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hours by gathering water specimens. Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the microbiological results
acquired and flow chart representation is shown in figure 4.

Figure 4:Flow chart representationof Pilot-scale Treatment Method

2.2.2 Combination Treatment Method

Typha angustifolia from the HWCT tank and Cyperus rotundus from the VFCW tank is regarded as
the most practicable plants to show greater removal efficiency % of chemical and physical water
factors based on the results and findings from the pilot-scale research. To treat domestic greywater,
a combined treatment system with a VFWC tank with Cyperus rotundus and an HFWC tank with
Typha angustifolia were installed, with filter media such as coarse silex, coarse sand, gravel 40mm,
gravel 20mm, granular coconut-based of 900 iodine value activated carbon filter, and a disinfection
component. Once every 24 hours, the greywater constant flow cycle was performed. For a 90-day
trial, greywater from the active carbon filter unit outflow was collected and tested. The water
variables were examined in the same way that the pilot-scale treatment process was tested. At Insitu
and in the laboratory, the observation variables were collected at intervals of 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90
days with a 12-hour retention time. Table 6 shows the results of the biological testing and flow chart
representationis shown in figure 5.

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Figure 5 Flow chart representation of Combination Treatment Method

3. Results and Discussions:

The treated wastewater from the 5 HFWC and VFWC was collected and examined to determine the
efficiency of the processing beds and the practicality of using plants in greywater treatment. The
purity of greywater was assessed both after and before treatment, and the findings were compared to
the baseline value. The following are the observations made.

The most viable plants from the five HFWC and VFWC tanks were improved using the pilot-scale
treatment procedure. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total suspended solids (TSS), Electrical
conductivity (Ec), Chloride as Cl-, Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD), Sulphate as SO4 - were removed more efficiently by Typha angustifolia from HFWC tanks
and Cyperus rotundus from VFWC tanks, followed by Phragmites australis, Cyperus pangorei, and
Canna indica

Phytoremediation has the potential to eliminate inorganic and organic adulterants, according to both
the Pilot-scale procedure and the Combination Method of treatment, but its capacity to separate or
disengage microorganisms is regarded to be crucial to human safety is still being investigated. The
plant treatment strategy resulted in the least amount of microbial colony decrease. The poor plants'
treatment in filtering the germs on their roots resulted in a lower elimination of E. coli and
salmonella (Marleni Ni Nyoman Nepi et al 2020). (29). In the raw greywater, E. coli was found in
the range of >800 to >1600 MPN/100ml, Salmonella was found in the range of 11 to 25 MPN/1 lit,
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Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found in the range of >7 to >8 CFU/100
ml, and Shigella Spp was found in the range of >5 CFU/100 ml. After the trial period, all 5 plants
and combinations of plants were seen, however, there was no substantial lowering by
phytoremediation method till the completion of the experiment. The treated water must be
disinfected using any effective means so that bacteria-free greywater may be used for a variety of
secondary purposes without producing human illness.

Name of Units Init Canna indica (H)P1(Days) Init Canna indica (V)P1(Days)
S. the ial ial
N Bacteria
30 45 60 75 90 30 45 60 75 90
o

1 E. coli MPN/10 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16
0ml 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

2 Salmonell MPN/1l 11.0 11.0 11.0 13.0 11.0 11.0 18 1 18 22 18 17

a Spp tr 8

3 Staphyloc CFU/10 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7
occus 0 ml

aureus

4 Pseudomo CFU/10 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7
nas 0 ml
aeruginosa

5 Shigella CFU/10 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5
spp 0 ml

Table :1 Results showing biological Analysis of Canna indica (H & V)

S. Nam Units Initi Phragmites australis (H)P2(Days) Initi Phragmites australis

N e of al al (V)P2(Days)
o the 30 45 60 75 90 30 45 60 75 90
Bact

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eria

1 E. MPN/ ˃160 ˃160 ˃165 ˃160 ˃165 ˃160 ˃160 ˃160 ˃155 ˃160 ˃16 ˃160
coli 100ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0

2 Salm MPN/ 10 10 12 10 14 10 14 14 14 16 14 13
onell 1ltr
a Spp

3 Staph CFU/1 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7
yloco 00 ml
ccus

aureu
s

4 Pseu CFU/1 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7
domo 00 ml
nas
aerug
inosa

5 Shige CFU/1 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5
lla 00 ml
spp

Table: 2 Results showing biological Analysis of Phragmites australis (H & V)

S. Name Units Initi Typha angustifolia (H)P3(Days) Initi Typha angustifolia (V)P3(Days)
N of the al 30 45 60 75 90 al 30 45 60 75 90
o Bacteri
a

1 E. coli MPN/1 ˃160 ˃160 ˃165 ˃165 ˃160 ˃160 ˃160 ˃162 ˃160 ˃160 ˃165 ˃
00ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 16
00

2 Salmone MPN/1l 15 15 12 15 15 15 17 19 17 22 22 17
lla Spp tr

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3 Staphyl CFU/10 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7
ococcus 0 ml

aureus

4 Pseudo CFU/10 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7
monas 0 ml
aerugino
sa

5 Shigella CFU/10 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5
spp 0 ml

Table:3 Results showing biological Analysis of Typha angustifolia (H & V)

S. Name of Units Init Cyperus Pangorei (H)P4 Initi Cyperus pangorei (V)P4
N the ial (Days) al (Days)
o Bacteria 30 45 60 75 90 3 45 60 75 90
0

1 E. coli MPN/10 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃15 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16 ˃16
0ml 00 00 00 85 90 00 00 00 75 95 00 00

2 Salmonell MPN/1lt 12 12 12 19 23 19 21 25 27 21 23 21
a Spp r

3 Staphyloc CFU/10 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7
occus 0 ml

aureus

4 Pseudomo CFU/10 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7
nas 0 ml
aeruginosa

5 Shigella CFU/10 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5
spp 0 ml

Table:4 Results showing biological Analysis of Cyperus pangorei (H & V)

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S Name Cyperus rotundus(H)P5(Days) Cyperus rotundus(V)P5 (Days)

Initia
. of the Initia
Units l
N Bacte l 30 45 60 75 90 30 45 60 75 90
o ria

˃
MPN/1 ˃160 ˃160 ˃165 ˃169 ˃160 ˃160 ˃160 ˃160 ˃160 ˃165 ˃162
1 E. coli 16
00ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2
00

Salmo
MPN/1
2 nella 13 13 13 17 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14
ltr
Spp

Staph
ylococ CFU/1
3 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7
cus 00 ml
aureus

Pseud
omon
CFU/1
4 as >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7
00 ml
aerugi
nosa

Shigel CFU/1
5 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5
la spp 00 ml

Table:5 Results showing biological Analysis of Cyperus rotundus (H & V)

S. Name of the Units Initial Combination of Typha angustifolia (H)+Cyperus

No Bacteria rotundus(V) with Activated carbon Filter (Days)

30 45 60 75 90

1 E. coli MPN/100ml ˃800 ˃800 ˃807 ˃800 ˃800 ˃774

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2 Salmonella MPN/1ltr 25 30 30 27 25 25
Spp

3 Staphylococcus CFU/100 >8 >9 >8 >6 >9 >7

aureus ml

4 Pseudomonas CFU/100 >7 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7

aeruginosa ml

5 Shigella spp CFU/100 >5 >5 >5 >6 >5 >5

ml

Table:6 Results showing biological Analysis of Combination of Typha angustifolia

(H)+Cyperus rotundus(V) with Activated carbon Filter (Days)

[Link] of disinfection
Disinfection was a chemical or physical procedure that eliminates all kinds of microbial life. It is a
tried and true method of eliminating waterborne illnesses. Disinfectants are utilized in this process,
which acts by breaking germs' cell walls or interacting with their metabolism. Although the water
produced by the phytoremediation technique in this study does not meet the quality criteria (Friedler
Eran et al 2011), disinfection action is needed to eradicate the pathogenic bacteria (31). To test the
disinfection action, a beaker sample trial of 1 percent, 2 percent, and 3 percent sodium hypochlorite
was introduced to 1 liter of untreated greywater. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, E. coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella Spp colonies had low clearance efficiency at these quantities.
Finally, Sodium Hypochlorite (4 percent) W/V available chlorine was included, which entirely
eradicated the selected critical greywater bacteria. The treated greywater was then suggested for
organic farming, washing hands, flushing toilet, and other secondary purposes without any risks.

5. Conclusion
In this study, a substantial amount of recovered greywater was discovered to be utilized as an
alternative water supply in households, however, the intake is heavily influenced by safety and
health concerns. This research looked at how effective it was. With phytoremediation technology,
the chemical, biochemical, and physical properties of Typha angustifolia from the HFWC tanks and
Cyperus rotundus from the VFWC tanks were decreased to the agreed-upon standard range.
Phytoremediation can remove inorganic and organic adulterants, but it also has the power to
separate or detach pathogens that are regarded vital. The important greywater microbes E. coli,
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Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella Spp were
completely removed utilizing a decontamination unit with the addition of sodium hypochlorite (4
percent) W/V available chlorine and the treated greywater was then recommended for washing
hands, organic horticulture, flushing toilet, and other secondary utilizes without any risks.

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