Miscellaneous

FARMSTEADS 1241
FARMS AND FARM BUILDINGS 12q
ANIMAL FACILITY, LABORATORY 1247
GREENHOUSES 1251
HORSE BARNS 1252
NORSE STABLES 1255
RIDING SCHOOLS 1261
KENNELS 1265
NATURE CENTER 1265
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

FARMSTEADS FARMSTEADS

is, small animals or a small number of animals Zone planning applies to both cash grain and climates . But, the house is SE of the livestock,
may not seriously degrade family living . A live- livestock farms. A grain farm can become a live- so some winter winds will carry odors to the living
stock unit close to the house is convenient for stock farm and vice versa, so allow for both grain area . If possible, plan the house further west or
active management of maternity and nursery units and livestock in your master design, to protect southwest and the livestock center further north-
or for care of pet or hobby animals . future growth, efficiency, and sale value. Adjust- east.
ing to changes in health, labor supply, or econom- In Fig. 2b a straight drive would permit north
ics can be difficult unless space is available for and northwest winds to blow directly toward the
Zone 4-Malor livestock Facilities A large unit, expanded and new facilities . court. The layout can be improved by exchanging
whether confined to a building or on drylot, cre- the house and machinery centers and using the
ates demand for adequate space, drainage, Farmstead and Main Road alternate drive location shown.
ZONE PLANNING For a farmstead with a family living area, place Zone 2-Machinery Center Shop, storage, and waste management, access, loading facilities, In general, study prevailing wind directions .
the house at the center of the planning zones . related services that are relatively quiet, dry, and
Zoning, as in Fig . l, is a useful tool in planning feed distribution, and other services. It also cre- The illustrations in Fig. 2 show some of the prob- Position the house so that fewest winds blow to-
For a farmstead without a house, the farm court odorfree are in Zone 2 . Consider screening the
new or remodeled farmsteads after the general ates noise, dust, traffic, and odors. Space for lems encountered in designing o farmstead plan. ward it from the rest of the farmstead during
is usually the center, because vehicles, materials, center from family view.
site has been selected . Although 100-ft-wide expansion is usually important . Locate major live- Prevailing winds are assumed from the NW or the times of the year when dust, noise, odors,
and labor tend to work from the court . These Much of the driveway and farm court may be W in winter, and from the NW, SW, and SE in
zones are shown, wider ones are often desirable . stock production in Zone 4 or beyond . and insects are problems. Using the zones as de-
100-ft bands are activity zones, and they help in Zone 2 . Put fuel and chemical storage toward Moving away from the old farmstead is fre- summer . scribed, locate the other activity areas.
locate major activity areas, help preserve a desir- the outer edge--near the machinery, but remov-
quently the most economical, as well as satisfac- Fig. 2a shows space between buildings, an ade-
able family living environment, and they encour- ing odors, fire danger, and some hazard to chil-
tory, way to solve major expansion problems. quate court, and a good windbreak for windy
age spreading the farmstead out, leaving space dren perhaps 200 ft from the home .
for present operations and future expansion . See
Figs . 1 and 2 . Zone 3-Grain, Feed, and Some Livestock These
areas cause dust, noise, traffic and odor, and
Zone 1-Family Living Lawns, recreation space, are therefore moved another zone further from
flower and vegetable gardens, and guest parking the house .
are close to the house . Protect Zone 1 from noise, Grain and feed handling and processing re-
odor, and dust as much as possible . quire electric power and good vehicle access . But,
keep heavy equipment, large dryers, and fire haz-
Farmstead Planning Handbook, Midwest Plan Service, ard away from the house . Zone 3 is a compromise .
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1974 . Small animal units may also be in Zone 3 ; that

1 a . Four planning zones .

2a . Farmstead west of the road . 2c . Farmstead north of the road .
If the road is busy, or if a tree windbreak is between the
house and the road, set the house back further than Some winter winds carne from the NW . Locate the A yood ,elation between house, wuullneak, Iweslo<;k
100' house as far west, and the livestock area as tar north, C(`nter anr1 roam ~')'id i5 cosy with this layout
as practical .

1 b . Example: Livestock enterprise north of the road .

Major centers, living, Iivestock . Secondary centers : ma-
chinery, grain . One driveway serves all centers ; a
separate drive could serve a new large livestock unit .
The living area can be screened trom other areas, yet it
is convenient for family use, visitors, and observation .
Leave space near all areas for expansion .

tc . Example: Grain enterprise north of the road .

Major centers. living, grain . Locate machinery and supply
areas for convenience and accessibility .

26 . Farmstead south of the road .

Fig . 1 Farmstead planning zones. Zones help the
planner organize each activity relative to all other Note that a curved drive avoids a straight cut through
the windbreak . Moving the house further south and the
activities, and to allow for each planning factor for 2d . Farmstead east of the road .
livestock area NE is desirable . An alternate drive loco
each activity. Each zone is 100 ft wide-less space
may lead to crowding, and wider zones ore often hen makes a good layout if the house and machine As in 2c, good layout is easy, assuming drainage and
center can be reversed . other factors purrrut 111
.1 arrangement .
desirable . The areas of the zones as shown are : Zone
1 = 0,7 acre; Zone 2 = 1 .6 acres ; Zone 3 = 2.3 acres ;
Zone 4 - 2 .8 acres . The first three zones include most Fig. 2 Farmstead and main road relationships. Only major activity centers ore illustrated . Location within
basic buildings and equipment and use about 4 .6 the farmstead area is also determined by many other factors, such as drainage, electric and water
acres. lines, sewage system, and topography.
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
FARMS AND FARM BUILDINGS FARMS AND FARM BUILDINGS

without increasing the distance that has to be

traveled from one building to another. Lights
near the center of the yard will illuminate the
approach to all buildings and lots (Fig . 4) .
The service yard should have direct access
to fields and to the road . Where the service
yard or lanes enter fields, cattle guards can
often be used to advantage instead of gates .
Notice the grate in the lane that discourages
cattle from crossing, but does not prevent
walking or driving a vehicle over it .
All buildings should be arranged so that they The service yard's dimensions, of course,
can be reached by truck . The service yard and depend on the size of the farm and the number Fig. 4
drives should allow plenty of room for traffic. of enterprises . Eighty feet or eight poles is the
Buildings can be planned so that there are minimum width needed where vehicles are to
large doors with plenty of head room and no be turned around, and a greater width is better .
interior posts . If buildings are planned this The yard may be square, rectangular, L-
way then a tractor with a blade can clean live- shaped, or of any other shape-just so it re-
stock buildings and loading and unloading can mains uncluttered. Gravel or crushed rock is
be a mechanical operation instead of back- desirable where traffic is heaviest . Other areas
breaking labor. Figure 1 shows traffic flow . should be sodded to improve the appearance .
A good farmstead plan takes advantage of
natural influences . The sun's movement from
east to west warms three sides of buildings Machinery Center
if they are laid out square with the compass. Keep farm machinery in a central storage build-
Some buildings-such as corncribs, two-row ing rather than distributed around the farm-
central farrowing, and stanchion barns need stead in driveways, small sheds, or leantos of
the warmth or light of the sun on both the east livestock buildings . An advantage of the ma-
and west . For that reason they should be built chinery center is that it is more convenient
with the long axis north end south. Poultry for making repairs and servicing equipment.
laying houses and one-row farrowing houses If the automobile is kept there, the building
usually face south and have most of the win- should be closer to the house than would other-
dows on the south side (Fig . 2) . wise be desirable .
Buildings can usually be placed so that they Sometimes the machinery center may be
Fig. 1
will shield workers and animals from winter located along the lane to the fields . This is
wind without making it any harder to do the desirable if space in the farmstead area is
chores . Putting major openings and windows limited or if all machinery traffic is confined
on the south and east will trap the sun's heat to lanes within the farm . The warehouse type
and, thus, give additional protection from the of building (with end doors) can be set just to
cold . The sun will also help to dry out livestock one side of the lane . The side-opening type
buildings where too much moisture is often a of structure needs to be at least 30 ft or 3 poles
problem. from the lane for convenience in getting in and Fig. 5
Service yards, barn lots, and farm structures out (Fig . 5) .
require well-drained locations . The service Unless room is allowed for expansion,
area should, of course, drain away from the future shelter space may have to be separate.
farmhouse. Raised ground is ideal for a farm- A location that will allow an extension on one
stead setting--giving scenic advantages as well end is desirable .
as good drainage-but a gentle slope in one
direction can often be developed effectively .
Grain Center
Rolling land can add interest to a farmstead
setting . And, if it is properly handled, it need Usually grain is stored at the farmstead, al-
not interfere with the efficiency of operations . though some grain farms have cribs in a field
An arrangement that follows the contour of the near a good market road . Storage at the farm-
land will make maintenance easier and will stead reduces the chance of loss by theft
improve appearance . Sometimes it may be and is also more convenient if a substantial
necessary to reduce the slope or improve drain- amount of grain is fed on the farm (Fig . 6) .
age by grading. A spot within the service yard is best
Fig. 2
preferably near one side where there is ample
Living Center room for the use of elevators, trucks and wag- FIg. 6
ons. The grain center should be accessible
The farmhouse should be fitted into its sur- without opening pates.- If natural drying is
roundings . Sunlight, direction of prevailing depended upon, a location where sunlight and
summer and winter winds, views (both those air can reach the walls of cribs is important.
that already exist and those that can be devel- The grain center itself may be a crib, a com-
oped), and location of the public road and drive- bined crib and granary, or one or more grain
way should all be considered (Fig . 3) . bins . Elevating, filling, and emptying equipment
If the doors are on the east or the south side can be arranged so that all grain is stored at
of the garage, you will have less trouble with ground level . Bins may be placed either in a
snow than if they are on the north or west . circle around an elevator or in a straight line
along the service yard border (on livestock
farm, they may be next to the feeding area) .
Form Service Yard
When the grain center is combined with a
A farm service yard makes it easy to get from feeding center, space should be allowed for
one activity center of the farmstead to another. a structure to house feed-processing equip-
It reduces the number of gates necessary-or ment . If the grain center has been properly
does away with them entirely . It provides room related to the feeding center, the feed can be
to maneuver farm machinery and helps make easily fed to the livestock .
the whole farmstead look more unified . The
space in the yard gives some fire protection
Feeding Center
From Farm Arrangements, published by On livestock farms the grain storage and pro-
the Boy Scouts of America . Fig. 3 cessing center that has been described should Fig. 7
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
FARMS AND FARM BUILDINGS FARMS AND FARM BUILDINGS

be one of the units making up the feeding cen-

ter. Shelters for one or more classes of live-
stock, storage units for feed and bedding, lots,
and feeding floors would also be included .
Putting grain storage close to these other struc-
tures will, of course, save labor. Precautions
against lightning and spontaneous combustion
will help to take care of any increased fire
hazard (Fig . 7) .
In arranging the feeding center, take into
account both sunlight direction and the direc-
tion of prevailing winds. Protection from winter
wind is, of course, important--at the same time
sheltered areas should get as much sunlight
as possible . The center should be located so
that the prevailing summer wind carries live .
stock odors away from the living area .
Structures for storing hay, silage, and bed-
ding should be easy to get to from the service
yard . Filling them will then be more convenient .
For greater convenience, arrange the feeding
area so that it does not have to be entered when
grain is being unloaded for storage. Fig . 8
Paved feed lots are highly recommended.
Feed lots for both cattle and hogs are best
located near the feed storage and processing
center . This is not always possible, however,
when existing arrangements are being adapted
for modern feeding equipment. In such a situ-
ation a mechanical conveyor or a blower-pipe
arrangement might be used to move feed to
bunks some distance away from the immediate
feed center .

Dairy Center
Fig . 12
Dairy structures (loose-housing or stanchion
barn systems) should be on the side of the
service yard closest to lanes and pastures .
The most compact system uses the stan-
chion barn . Usually, the long axis of the barn
is north and south so that sunlight will strike to locate the milk house so that a minimum of feeding area . Direct access to the well from roofs are steep enough to keep snow from
the service yard is desirable but not necessary . accumulating . Poultry and livestock sensitive
both sides of the building . Exceptions, how- piping is required .
ever, present no serious difficulties . The milk The leader supplying electricity to the pump to heat should not be kept in these buildings
house or milk room is preferably located near should come directly from the meter . In laying during the summer .
the middle of the stanchion area and on the
Poultry Center out the water system, it is important to keep For satisfactory protection, trees should be
service yard side. Sometimes a short driveway The following suggestions are made for typical lines as short and straight as possible . A pipe- in three rows 14 ft apart . A permanent fence
from the service yard to the milk room may be faun poultry enterprises--not commercial line run straight to the barn from the storage around the windbreak is essential to keep out
necessary. For efficiency in feeding, the silo Fig . 9 poultry establishments (Fig . 10) . tank, with side branches to the poultry house, livestock and poultry . It should be at least 6
and feed room should also be about halfway Provide a definite poultry center rather than hog house, pastures, shop, and garden is prac- ft from the rows of trees, making the total
from each end of the stanchion lines-usually allow a run-of-the-farmstead arrangement . As tical in most situations (Fig . 11 ) . minimum width 40 ft or 4 poles . Length of the
A modern sewage disposal system consists windbreak depends largely upon the size and
on the side opposite the milk room . Where a general rule, it should be where the prevail-
possible, the silo and feed storage should be ing summer wind will carry odors and feathers of the house sewer, septic tank, and a disposal shape of the farmstead . It is often desirable
accessible from the service yard, but this is away from the living area rather than toward field . The sewer line from the house to the to extend the windbreak 5 to 10 poles past
less important than access to the milk room it . Other than that, the location will depend septic tank, as well as the line to the distribu- the area needing protection .
if a choice must be made (Figs. a and 9) . on the system of handling the flock . tion box, must be watertight and rootproof . While the windbreak will ordinarily follow
The loose-housing system consists of sev- Adult stock should be confined to the house The disposal area should be on open ground, the straight lines of field and lot boundaries,
eral units: a feeding area and hay storage, a or at least kept in a fenced yard . If you use a generally out of range of tree roots . a diagonal or curved line may sometimes be
poultry yard, you may wish to rotate it with desirable . For example, where the land surface
bedded area and bedding storage, a milking
unit with feed bin, and a milkhouse. It is less the garden . This system has advantages for slopes sharply to the northwest away from the
Windbreak farmstead area, planting the trees on the con-
expensive to build but takes more space. These sanitation as well as for productive gardening .
units should be arranged to allow sunlight in But never apply poultry manure during the Good planning guards against winter winds . tour will place them higher on the slope, giving
the bedded area while shielding the space from gardening year . Because the winter wind is normally from the earlier protection . Or it may be possible to
winter wind . An L-shape arrangement can often When poultry is confined, the house should northwest, the windbreak of trees should be avoid a poorly drained area with a curve or
be formed with one side of the L made up of be readily accessible from the service yard . planted on the north and west sides of the diagonal arrangement .
Often a good location is next to the border of farmstead (Fig . 12) . For the best protection, the windbreak
the bedded area and bedding storage . The other
the service yard, provided there is enough On level or nearly level land, the ideal dis- should be continuous end uninterrupted . So if
side would consist of the feeding area and hay
space to allow for future expansion of the tance between windbreak and areas requiring possible, access to fields on the north and west
storage . Sometimes the location of the ser-
poultry house . the most protection such as house, livestock should be at either end of the windbreak . If a
vice yard may make a straight-line arrangement
desirable, although such an arrangement gives Unless the operation is large enough to jus- shelter, and feeding areas--is about 150 ft or lane through the windbreak is necessary, open
less wind protection than the L-shape. Doors tify storing feed within the poultry house, the 15 poles . The maximum distance is 300 ft or gaps should be avoided, especially at the criti-
to hay and bedding storage should be acces- house should be fairly close to the feed center. 30 poles . Since the zone of noticeable protec- cal northwest corner . If the lane logically fits
A southern exposure that will admit the maxi- tion is equal to about ten times the height of here, and principal traffic is to the north, the
sible from the service yard or from a lane lead-
mum amount of sunlight is also important . the trees, they would have to be 30 ft high north-south strip should extend about 5 poles
ing to the yard .
The bunker silo is supplied and packed by Water should be piped into the house . before giving protection to areas 300 ft away . beyond the east-west strip . This arrangement
At the same time the windbreak should not will protect the opening from all winds of
tractor . Silage is protected by a waterproof
covering that is rolled back gradually to per- be closer than 5 poles to commonly used areas, the northwest quarter except those in the
Power, Water, and Sanitation Facilities and 8 or 10 poles would be better . Snow may north .
mit feeding all across one end.
The milking unit should be located between A well located in the living area of the form is accumulate in the immediate lee of the wind- If it is necessary to have a gap at some point
the bedding and feeding areas . To reduce steps, desirable from a sanitary standpoint, since break, particularly during the early years of along the strip, the corner section should be
the milk house should be near the milking the house should be on the best-drained area planting . Also, air movement in summer is poor farther from the farmstead than the end sec-
unit . With pipeline equipment, it is important Fig. 10 of the farmstead . You may, however, prefer a as soon as the trees grow tall enough to give tion . This arrangement is advantageous for a
location closer to the center of water consump- protection . Buildings infrequently used in win- farmstead that narrows toward the east or
tion or between the house and the livestock ter may stand near the windbreak, provided south .
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

ANIMAL FACILITY, LABORATORY ANIMAL FACILITY, LABORATORY

corners, or utility penetrations . Materials b. Ideally, a system should permit individual and of relative humidity within 5 percent, using
should be acid or solvent resistant, capable of adjustments within i'2 ° F for any temperature 100 percent fresh air at all times, may be re-
withstanding scrubbing with detergents and within a range of 85 ° to 85'F . The relative quired for certain experiments . Such controls
disinfectants . The wells must be capable of humidity should be maintained year round may be essential, for example, where precise
withstanding water under high pressure . Pro- within a range of 30 to 70 percent, according environmental studies are in progress. Record-
vision should be made to protect walls from to the needs of the species being maintained . ing devices for temperature end humidity
damage by movable equipment . A mechanical ventilation system is necessary should be installed in such rooms, together
in most indoor facilities to meet these require- with a failure alarm system that may control
6 . Ceilings Ceilings formed by the concrete ments . Air conditioning is highly recommended utilities and air supply . The sensing elements
floor above are satisfactory if properly since it promotes environmental stability . should be placed et approximately the average
smoothed, sealed, and painted . Furred ceilings Temperature and humidity should be controlled level of the animal cage floors,
animal quarters . Durable, waterproof, fire- individually in each animal room or groups of d. If smell animals (for example, dogs and
The physical condition and design of animal elude such activities as cage washing and of plaster or fire code plasterboard should be
resistant seamless materials are most desirable sealed and painted with a washable finish . Ex- rooms serving a common purpose . The animal rabbits) are housed outdoors with no access to
facilities to a great extent determine the effi- sterilization, storage, diagnostic laboratory
for interior surfaces . Points and glazes, in facility end human occupancy areas should indoor facilities, provisions to aid their natural
ciency and economy of their operation and and office activities, receiving and quarantining posed pipes and fixtures at ceiling level are un-
addition to being highly resistant to chemical desirable, especially in nonhuman primate be ventilated separately . The system should temperature regulation are essential . When the
greatly influence standards for animal care . of animals, end refuse disposal .
A well-designed, properly maintained facility 2. Where an animal facility is 1,000 sq ft or solvents, cleaning agents, and scrubbing, rooms, because of the problems created by provide frequent changes of room air without ambient temperature falls below 50 ° F, some
should be highly resistant to high-pressure drafts . Ten to fifteen changes per hour are form of shelter end clean nesting materials
is an essential element in good animal care . less in size, it may be possibly to carry out the escaped animals .
service functions in an area that serves other sprays and impact . recommended . There should be no recircula- should be provided . Materials such as shav-
tion of room air unless it has been filtered to ings, straw, or paper can be used . When the
activities as well . However, a separate facility 7 . Ventilation, Temperature, and Humidity Control
Functional Areas should be available for washing and sanitizing 1 . Corridors Corridors should be at least 7 ft a . Effective ventilation is necessary to main- remove contaminants . An acceptable alterna- ambient temperature exceeds 85 ° F, shade
wide to permit easy flow of personnel end tain a low concentration of atmospheric con- tive is to provide zone control with limited re- must be available and animals should be able
The design, scope, and size of an animal facil- animal cages .
equipment . The floor-wall junction should be circulation of room air . Operation of the system to burrow or lie on materials several degrees
ity depend on the nature of the research activ- 3. In a facility up to 10,000 sq ft in size, taminants, such as odors or microorganisms,
separate rooms or areas should be provided cowed to facilitate cleaning . Provisions should to regulate room temperature end to promote at 74 " -!' 4 ` F and 50 ± 20 percent relative cooler than the surrounding air .
ities to be conducted therein, the number of
be made for curbs or guardrails or for bumpers comfort . Important factors for proper ventila- humidity, using 100 percent fresh air during
animals to be housed, the requirements, for for the following service activities :
temperate weather and 50 percent fresh air 8 . Power and Lighting The electrical system
flexibility in the housing of different species, a. Receipt and quarantine of newly received on equipment to protect the walls from dam- tion are temperature, humidity, and air move-
age. Exposed corners should be protected by ment . The ability to maintain odorless facili- during periods of temperature extremes is ac- should provide ample lighting, sufficient power
its physical relationship to the rest of the insti- animals
b. Receipt and storage of animal food and reinforcing them with steel, or another durable ties depends upon the number and species of ceptable for situations where routine housing outlets, safety provisions (such as explosion-
tution, and its geographical location . The fol-
lowing functional areas are considered essen- supplies, including refrigeration material up to a height of 6 ft . Corridors leading animals housed, and the sanitation practices, of animals is the primary requirement . proof outlets in rooms where volatile, ex-
c. Cleaning, sanitizing, and storage of cages to dog kennels should be provided with a noise as well as upon a properly designed ventila- c . Maintenance of e given room temperature plosive anesthetics may be used), and water-
tial in a modern animal facility :
trap such as a double-door entry lock . Where- within even closer tolerances, such as ± 1 ° F, proof outlets where water is used in cleaning .
1 . A separate building, a separate wing, one and equipment tion system .
or more floors, or separate rooms where ani- d. Incinerator or protected area for refuse ever possible, access to utilities such as water-
mals can be housed apart from areas of human a. Lavatory facilities for personnel lines, drainpipes, and electrical connections
occupancy . A sufficient number of animal f. Office for supervisory and administrative should be through service panels or shafts
rooms or areas are required to assure sep- personnel located in the corridors outside the animal
aration of species when necessary, or isolation g. Laboratory facilities rooms.
Suggested Space for the Routine Housing of Laboratory Animals
of individual projects ; to provide for the re- 4. In institutions having several separate
ceipt, quarantine, and isolation of animals; animal housing facilities, or one large area, 2. Animal Room Doors Animal room doors Overall size Housing
and to provide for their routine and special- which total more than 10,000 aq ft, rooms or should swing toward the corridor only if there Number
area/animal
(inches) of
ized housing . areas should be provided for all of the service is a recessed vestibule . They should be at least Weight or Type of
2 . Specialized laboratories or areas contig- functions listed in item 3 above. In addition, 42 in . wide and no less than 84 in . high to per- Species age housing Width Depth Height animals Sri ft Sq in .
uous with or near the animal housing areas for clinical laboratory facilities should be provided mit easy passage of racks and equipment. The
3 8
activities such as surgery; necropsy ; intensive for the diagnosing of animal diseases . doors should fit tightly within the frames and Dogs' . . . . . . . . Up to 15 kg Pen or run 48 72
postsurgical care ; radiography ; preparation of Some duplication of service areas may be re- sills, and the frames should be completely 15 to 30 kg Pen or run 48 72 2 12
special diets; and the diagnosis, treatment, quired if the animal facilities are widely dis- sealed to provide a barrier against the entrance Over 30 kg Pen or run 48 72 1 24
and control of laboratory animal diseases . If persed . or harboring of vermin . Metal or metal-covered Up to 15 kg Cage 36 32 32 1 8
radioisotopes, toxic substances, or pathogens doors are preferable . They should be equipped 15 to 30 kg Cage 48 36 36 1 12
are to be used, special facilities or areas must with kickplates and be self-closing . Recessed
Physical Relationship of Animal Facilities to handles are recommended. Viewing windows
Over 30 kg Cage Refer to footnote 1
be provided . 1 3
Research or Teaching Laboratories are desirable . Cats . . . . . . . . . . . . Up to 4 kg Cage 18 24 24
3. Receiving and storage areas for food, 4
Over 4 kg Cage 24 24 24 1
bedding, supplies, and equipment. Animal housing areas support research and
3-6 2-4
4. An office for the administration, super- teaching laboratories . Good animal husbandry 3. Exterior Windows Exterior windows and Group cage 36 48 72
vision and direction of the facility . and human comfort require physical separation skylights are not needed in the animal rooms if or pen
5. Showers, sinks, lockers, and toilets for of animal facilities and human occupancy areas adequate ventilation and lights are provided . Nonhuman Up to 1 kg Cage 18 10 18 1-2 0 .8-1 .2
personnel. such as offices and laboratories . This can be If windows are provided, it is preferable that primatest 1-3 kg Cage 24 18 24 1-2 1 .5-3
6. An area for washing and sterilizing equip- accomplished by locating the animal quarters they be nonopening, without sills or horizontal 4-6 kg Cage 24 24 30 1-2 2-4
ment and supplies . in a separate wing or on a separate floor in a surfaces where dust can collect, of an in- 30 36 1 6
6-10 kg Cage 30
Depending upon the volume of work, a well- multistory building, or by providing a separate sulating construction (in areas of temperature 1 7 .5
Over 10 kg Cage 36 30 48
equipped cleaning area includes facilities such building for animal housing. A one-story extremes), and sealed with a material that will
18 24 16 1-2 1 .5-3
as a cage-washing machine; a bottle- or glass- building for animal housing permits the most withstand repeated washing and disinfecting . Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . Up to 4 kg Cage
If windows are opened for ventilation pur- 24 16 1 4
ware-washing machine ; a rack-washing ma- efficient and economical animal care opera- 4-5 kg Cage 24
chine or area ; a waste can-washing machine tion, since vertical transport is avoided ; how- poses, effective screening is essential . Guinea pigs . . . . . . . Up to 350 g Individual 8 12 8 1 96
or area ; a utility sink ; an autoclave for equip- ever, this may be the least desirable choice for cage
ment, food, and bedding; and separate areas the research workers because of inaccessi- 4. Floors Floors should be smooth, water- Over 350 g Individual 12 12 8 1 . . . 144
for holding soiled and clean equipment. bility to their laboratories . Efficiency and proof, nonabsorbent, nonslip, wear resistant, cage
T. An incinerator capable of burning all economy in utilization of the research workers' acid and solvent resistant, capable of being Group cage 14 20 8 2-4 . . . . . . 70-140
Up to 350 g
animal waste and refuse, or facilities for safe time must be considered in planning animal scrubbed with detergents and disinfectants, 2-4 90-180
Over 350 g Group cage 18 20 8
and sanitary storage of such waste prior to facilities . Careful planning should make it pos- and capable of supporting racks, equipment,
8 12 8 1-6 16-96
removal . sible to locate the animal areas adjacent to or and storage areas without gouging, cracking, Hamsters . . . . . . . , Individual
8. An area suitable for food consumption near the laboratory areas ; but they should be or pitting. Depending upon the functions cage
should be provided if personnel regularly eat physically separated from the laboratories by carried on in specific areas, the materials Group cage 14 20 8 Up to 10 . . . . 28 or
in the facilities that house animals. barriers such as entry locks, separate corri- specified should be of a monolithic nature or more
dors, or separate floors . should have a minimum of joints . Some mate- Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-250 8 Individual 8 12 8 1-3 32-96
Many institutions have recently acquired and rials that have proven satisfactory are ter- cage
Service Areas in Relation to the Total Size of developed farm type facilities . These are useful razzo, cupric oxychloride cement, smooth
14 20 8 4-10 . . . . 28-70
the Animal Facilities hard-surfaced concrete, neoprene terrazzo, Group cage
for conditioning, isolation, quarantine, and 12 5 5-10 . . 10-20
and special hardened rubber-base aggregates . Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 g Smell group 8
1 . An area or areas equal in square feet to at long-term housing and maintenance of large 11-22
A continuous waterproof membrane should be Large group 12 18 5 10-20
least 25 percent of the animal housing space domestic animals .
should be set aside for the service functions provided . Where sills are installed at the en- cage
of the animal facility . The service functions in- trance to the room, they should be designed Chickens . . . . . . Individual 8 18 21 1 1
Construction Guidelines so as to allow for the passage of equipment. (adultl$ cage
Maintenance costs as well as initial construc- 24 2-4 1 .5-3 .0
Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and Group cage 36 24
Care, National Institute of Health, Department tion costs should be considered when selecting 5 . Wells Walls should be monolithic, water-
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, building materials, and these materials should proof, painted, glazed or smooth, free of cracks
D C , 1968 facilitate efficient and hygienic operation of the or imperfect junctures at the door, ceiling,
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

ANIMAL FACILITY, LABORATORY ANIMAL FACILITY, LABORATORY

9 . Drainage All waste fixtures and equipment particular attention should be paid to this de- that it can be kept clean end free of vermin . 12 . Facilities lot Washing and Sterilizing Equipment e . Insulation of walls and ceilings where consideration must be made for their restraint
should be connected to soil and waste pipes tail in planning animal facilities . Adequate space for storing equipment is es- and Supplies An area for washing end sterili- necessary . and confinement .
through traps . If floor drains are used, the sential . This is an effective way to prevent zation is essential to keep equipment physically f . Ventilation with installation of proper
drainpipes should not be less than 4 in . i n 10 . Storage Areas : Food and Bedding, Refuse, Equip- clutter in animal rooms . All storage areas clean, reduce obnoxious odors, minimize the vents and provisions for dissipation of steam.
Space Recommendations for Laboratory Animals
diameter . In heavy-use areas such as dog ken- ment In areas where delivery schedules are should be kept clean . spread of infectious diseases, and provide for g . Access doors of sufficient width to assure
nels, drains at least 6 in, in diameter are rec- reliable, the amount of space required for food the comfort of experimental animals . Washing free movement of equipment . The size of a cage, pen, or run, and the number
and bedding storage can be held to a minimum . 11 . Noise Control Noise, both from the animals and sterilizing are best done outside of the of animals to be housed in each, are matters of
ommended . A flushing drain, much like an
ordinary toilet bowl, set in the floor, is an ef- The best utilization is achieved by maintaining and animal-care routines, is inherent in the animal rooms in an area specifically designed professional judgment . The recommendations
Large Animals
operation of animal facilities . Noise may be for the purpose and centrally located, if pos- in the preceding table are based on the beat
fective aid in the disposal of solid waste . A constant turnover .
Bulk supplies of food and bedding should undesirable because of its effect on personnel sible . Consideration should be given to such For general purposes, large animals are de- available information concerning reason-
porous trap bucket to screen out solid waste
not be stored in animal rooms . A separate area and on the animals themselves . Inasmuch as factors as : fined as domestic animals, such as horses, able space allocations for the routine housing
provides an effective alternative to removal
or room should be available in which food and background and "operational" noise are an a . Location with respect to animal rooms, of animals in experiments . They are included
of solid materials through the drain . All drain- sheep, cows, goats, and pigs .
bedding can be stored off the floor on pallets, environmental factor in the control of animal traffic flow that separates "clean" and "dirty" Conventionally, these animals are housed in here as a guide, recognizing that it is impos-
pipes should have short runs to the main, or
racks, or carts . A continuing pest control pro- experiments, they should be considered in the areas, elevators, ease of access, and disposal pens and barns . Even when ambient tempera- sible to delineate cage sizes with greater pre-
they should be steeply pitched from the
opening . When drains are not in use they gram is essential . It is most desirable for the design of animal facilities . of waste . tures fall below freezing, most large animals cision due to varied research requirements . As
storage areas to be verminproof . Ordinarily, species such as rats, mice, b . Soundproofing . prefer to remain outdoors if adequate feed, has been implied the adequacy of the housing
should be capped and sealed to prevent any
Food storage areas should be physically guinea pigs, cats, and hamsters do not create c . Utilities such as hot and cold water, water, bedding, and shelter are available . system must be under continuous review .
backflow of sewer gases . Lockable drain
separated from refuse areas. Temperatures in a disturbing amount of noise in animal facili- steam, floor drains, and electric power. The housing of large, domestic animals in More detailed housing standards for laboratory
covers are useful in preventing use of the
drains for disposal of materials which should the storage rooms may be the ambient tempera- ties . Noise from a monkey colony can be d . Proximity to cage and equipment storage an urban research facility will parallel in many animals are available from the Institute of
be swept up and removed by other means . ture . However, it is good practice to hold troublesome, and, invariably, dogs are the areas . It is essential to provide separate respects the housing of other laboratory ani- Laboratory Animal Resources, National Acad-
Floor drains are not essential in animal packaged animal feeds (pellet rations) at 50" F cause of unwelcome noise . Barking is dis- holding areas for soiled and clean equipment . mals . Because of their size, however, special emy of Sciences-National Research Council .
or less . Refrigerated storage should be avail- turbing to personnel working inside and out-
rooms for species such as rats, mice, or
able for meats, fruits, vegetables, and other side of the animal facilities. It may also pose
hamsters . Floors in such rooms can be main-
perishable items . important public relations problems if there
tained satisfactorily by wet vacuuming, or by
sweeping and mopping with appropriate disin- Separate storage for animal waste and dead are residences near the laboratory.
fectants or cleaning compounds . The recom- animals is essential . Refuse storage areas The physical separation of human and animal
mended minimum pitch of floors, where floor should preferably be kept below 45' F to re- occupancy areas is the best way to minimize
drains are used, is 'A in . per foot . Proper duce putrefaction of waste or animal carcasses . all disturbances to laboratory personnel from
Obnoxious materials should be covered or the sounds of animals and animal-care rou-
pitching of the floor is an essential element in
establishing good drainage in animal rooms ; packaged . The area should be constructed so tines .

Suggested Space for the Routine Housing of Laboratory Animals (Continued)

Overall size Housing

(inches) Number Arealenimel
Weight or Type of - -- of
Width Depth Height animals Sit ft Sq in .
Species age housing

30 30 15 5-7 . . . 130-180
Pigeons . . . . . . . . . 0 .5-0 .8 kg cage
6 10 6 1-2 . . . . . 30-80
Small birds . . . . . . . . 100-130 8 Cage
24 30 6 24 . . . . 30
100-130 g Group cage
42 56 1
Cattle (adult) . . . . 350 kg Stanchion
450 kg Stanchion 45 60 1

550 kg Stanchion 48 64 1

650 kg Stanchion 51 BB 1
750 kg Stanchion 54 72 1
550 kg Pen 120 144 . . 1 120
120 168 . . 1 140
850 kg Pen
750 kg Pen 120 180 1 150

50-75 kg Pen 48 72 1 24
Cattle (calves) .
1 yt-10 mo Group pens . . Up to 10 20-25
Over 10 Group pens . . . . . . Up to 10 30-40

mo
Loose . . . . . 50-80
Cattle (adult) . . .
housinuT
. . 500-750 kg Tie stall 66 96 . . 1 44
Horses . .
Pen 144 144 1 144
. 500-750 kg
Sheep and
15-22
goats . . . Pen
Female with
young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pen 20-30
Pen 1 20-30
Adult male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hogs
Pen 1 25-40
Adult sow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sow with
1 48-88
pigs . . . Pen
Pen 1 30-80
Adult boars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . ' . 6-12
1B-45 kg Pen
12-16
45-100 kg Pen
As a further general guide, the cage
These recommendations may require modifications according to the body conformations of particular breeds .
from the tip of the nose to the base
dimensions should be : la) the height of the dog at the withers, plus at least 6 in . (height) ; IN the length of the dog
of the tail, plus at least 6 in . (width and depth) . .
t These recommendations may require modifications according to the body conformations of particular species
*Provide ample head room to stand erect without crouching .
~ Loose housing is outdoor housing that includes an open shed for shelter .
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

GREENHOUSES HORSE BARNS

Properly designed, constructed, and arranged ings . Broadly speaking, horse barns are designed at a time . The use of all-pelleted feed lessens
horse buildings and equipment give increased ani- to serve (1) small horse establishments that have storage-space requirements .
A greenhouse must be so designed that it storage areas should be avoided because lying ground has a tendency to flood during mal comfort and performance, greater efficiency one to a few animals, (2) large horse-breeding
plants are sensitive to ethylene . If greenhouses thawing out periods. in the use of feed, and less expenditure of labor establishments, or (3) riding, training, and board- Large Horse-Breeding Establishments Large es-
admits the greatest possible amount of avail .
are to be near other buildings, avoid if possible And for obvious reasons greenhouses should in the care of horses . Also, attractive barns add ing stables . tablishments need specially designed buildings for
able light .
The structural system, therefore, must be dark paved surfaces and heat-absorbing walls, not be located adjacent to playgrounds or to the beauty of the landscape . In serving these Various types and sizes of stalls and sheds different purposes. They are as follows :
minimal in bulk, yet strong enough to support which contribute to summer heat buildup . Low- playing fields . purposes, barns need not be elaborate or expen- are used in horse barns . However, in all types 1 . Broodmare and foaling born, This can be
the weight of the glazing system . Site selec- sive . except the breeding shed, ceilings should be 9 a rectangular building either with a central aisle
tion, building orientation, and roof pitch must ft high and doors should be S ft high and 4 ft and a row of stalls along each side or with two
all be considered with this in mind . While the wide . The breeding shed should have a ceiling rows of stalls back to back surrounded by an
BUILDINGS
glazing medium selected must be capable of 15 to 20 ft high and a door wide enough to alley or runway, i .e  of the "island" type . Most
high light transmission, it must also be of a The primary reasons for having horse buildings permit entrance of vehicles . broodmare stalls are 12 ft square, although they
weight and kind and be framed so that break- The recommended plans for different kinds of may be up to 16 ft square . A stall 16 ft square
are (1) to provide a place in which to confine
age is a minimal hazard . horse barns are as follows . is desirable for foaling . A broodmare barn needs
horses and store feed and tack and (2) to modify
A greenhouse is a transparent structure and
cannot be insulated, so solar heat gain and heat Greenhouse Guidelines the environment by controlling temperature, hu- an office for records; toilet facilities; hot water
midity, and other factors. Small Horse Establishments These horse barns supply ; veterinary supply room; tack room ; and
loss are factors that must be considered . In Greenhouse
Function of are for housing pleasure horses or ponies or rais- storage space for hay, bedding, and grain .
spite of the difficulties inherent in the type of
Greenhouse greenhouse design ing a few foals (Fig . 1) . Box stalls should be 12 2 . Stallion barn . This barn provides quarters
structure, temperature and humidity must be Types and Sizes of Horse Barns
controlled to within a degree and a half in some for use by operation considerations ft square and tie stalls should be 5 ft wide and for one or more stallions . It should have a small
Needs for housing horses and storage of materials
cases . Then, too, plant requirements vary from 10 or 12 ft long . tack and equipment room, and it may or may
vary according to the intended use of the build-
dawn to dusk to dawn, and from one stage of High Growing and/or maintaining smell Space-10 sq ft per student enrolled in Build the stalls in a row and provide a combina- not have feed storage . The stalls should be 14
plant growth to another . school number of plant specimens for obser . course . Requires consistent, day-to-day tion tack and feed room for units with one or ft square .
A temperature control system specifically vation . control of enviro nment . two stalls . Use separate tack and feed rooms Provide a paddock near the barn or, if possible,
Breeding and Raising Horses, Agriculture Handbook
designed for horticultural applications (rather #394, U .S . Dept . of Agriculture, Washington, D .C .,
for units with three or more stalls . Generally, not adjacent to it . The paddock can be any shape,
than conventional heating end cooling systems) Vocational ` Providing basic experience in com- Space-20 sq ft per student enrolled in 1972. more than a 1-month supply of feed is stored but each side should be at least 300 ft long .
must be installed in the greenhouse to create school mercial crop production, course . Greenhouse should be small-scale
and maintain correct environmental conditions edition of commercial operation with three
in a consistent manner . separate temperature zones : 50-55° min .,
There must be a means of introducing fresh 60° min ., & B5+° min .
air into the greenhouse on demand, and
circulating it in an even pattern so that tempera- Liberal arts Growing and/or maintaining plant Space-10 sq ft per student using dept Of-
ture and humidity levels are uniform through- college, university specimens . Simple research projects ten greenhouse is part of Science Building
out the house . involving small number of plants . complex end must conform to other architec-
Instead of simple fenestration the green- ture or site . Many configurations p ossible.
house must be supplied with some type of
ventilating sash and/or a system by which air Agricultural Simulating commercial production of Space-100-1- sq ft per student in dept . Lay-
is introduced by negative pressure and dis- colleges plant materials. Propagating and fin- out, f4cilities, equipment, controls should be
tributed through transparent ductwork, such ishing zones . One or more crops, such designed for horticultural applications and
ventilating systems being thermostatically con- as cut flowers, pot plants, vegetables, equal to those used by commercial growers .
trolled . ornamentals, etc .
Greenhouses are sometimes used for other
purposes than plant production alone . Some Scientific Complex research projects involving Space-Varies frOm 250 sq ft up per growth
are also teaching labs, research stations, or research numerous plants, multiple comport- chamber or compartment, depending on type
display houses . Some must have greater degree ments for separate climates, precise of research.
of aesthetic appeal then others, or conform to date recording . May require separate
existing architecture .
cluster of working greenhouses for
While good light exposure, unpolluted air,
major research projects .
and free-draining soil areall basic requirements
of a plant-growing environment, greenhouses Public Display of plant collections . Usually Space- 1 Y, acres per million population .
often have to be sited on crowded campuses conservatory provides three climates-tropic, temper- Provide 40,000 sq ft working greenhouses
and in industrial areas . to 20,000 sq ft display area . Display build-
ate, arid . May require separate cluster
While the greenhouse designer does not
of working greenhouses for plant pro- ings are enhanced by acrylic glazing, de-
always have a free choice when it comes to
site selection, some requirements are indis- duction . Municipal conservatories of- sign-oriented structural systems . Criteria for

pensable . ten grow plant materIals for all civic working greenhouses same as for commer-
For instance, the greenhouse site should not planted areas, cial .
be shaded by buildings or trees . Good natural
Commercial Actual production of plant materials. Space-40,000 sq ft min for profit . Glaze
exposure is preferable to a site where hills cut
off late afternoon sun . A windbreak 100 or growing operation May include all stages from piopage- with glass, fiber glass, combination, use
more feet away in the direction of the pre- ting to finishing of single or multiple sloping or curved roof profile. Provide 1,000
vailing wind can help reduce heating costs . crops. sq ft service area for 6,000 sq ft growing
Avoid sites downwind of a heating plant or area, Maximum environmental control IUSti-
incinerator stack, or where toxic fumes from tied on basis of increased profitability . Sin-
chemical laboratories can be drawn into the gle or multiple units, compartmentalized or
greenhouses . Proximity to fruit or vegetable
open ridge end furrow .

Hobby Growing and/or maintaining small Space-100 sq ft min . Smell prefabricated

gardening plant collections, forcing bulbs, rooting bldg . with environment package provides
seedings, etc . neat-appearing, horticulturally adequate
The Greenhouse Design Manual, Ickes- unit.
Braun Glasshouses, Inc ., Deerfield, Ill ., 1971 . Fig . I Horse barn floor plan . Barn has two box stalls, a feed room, and tack room.
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

HORSE BARNS HORSE BARNS

delivery of feed and bedding, and removal of Labor-saving construction This requisite is a must ment with which to provide hay, concentrates, hood of car accidents from animals getting an
3. Barren more barn . Use on open shed or produces . Body heat production varies according
in any commercial horse establishment. Also, minerals, and water without waste or hazard to roads, and (7) add to the attractiveness and dis-
rectangular building that has a combination rack to body weight, rate of feeding, environmental manure .
where horses are kept for pleasure, unnecessary the horse . Whenever possible, for convenience tinctiveness of the premises .
and trough down the center or along the wall . conditions, and degree of activity . Under average
Dryness Barns should be on high ground so labor should be eliminated in feeding, cleaning, and safety, feed and water equipment should Large pastures in which the concentration of
Provide storage space for hay, grain, and bed- conditions, a 1,000-Ib horse produces about
water will drain away from them . and handling . be located so it can be filled without the caretaker horses is not too great may be fenced with woven
ding . Allow each animal 150 sq ft of space. 1,790 British thermal units (Btu) per hour, and
entering the stall or corral . wire . The mesh of the woven wire fence should
4. Weanling and yearling quarters. Either am a 1,500-Ib horse about 2,450 Btu per hour . A Feed and water equipment may be built-in or
Expandable design Barns should be designed so Healthful living conditions Healthy horses are be small so horses cannot get their feet through
open shed or a barn with stalls may be used . horse breathes into the air approximately 17 .5
they are easy to expand if and when the time better performers; therefore, barns should be easy detached . Because specialty feed and water it . Corrals, paddocks, and small pastures require
Both weanlings and yearlings may be kept in lb, or 2.1 gal, of moisture per day.
comes. Often a building can be lengthened pro- to keep clean so they will provide healthful living equipment is more sanitary, flexible, and suitable, stronger materials. The deficiencies of board and
the same building, but different age and sex Until more experimental information is availa-
vided no other structures or utilities interfere . conditions . many horsemen favor it over old-style wood man- pole fences are: They must be kept painted; they
groups should be kept apart. When stalls are ble, the following environmental control recom-
gers and concrete or steel tanks. Bulk-tank feed splinter, break, and rot; and they are chewed
used, two weanlings or two yearlings may be mendations, based on confinement systems used
Rodent and bird control Feed and tack storage storage may be used to advantage on large horse by horses .
kept together . Stalls should be 10 ft square . for other classes of animals, may be followed . Water and electricity Water and electricity
should be available and convenient to use . areas should be rodent- and bird-proof . establishments to eliminate sacks, lessen rodent Until recently, conventional metal fences of
5. Breeding shed. This should be a large, and bird problems, and make it possible to obtain steel, aluminum, wrought iron, chain link, or cable
roofed enclosure that has a laboratory for the Temperature A range of 45 to 75' F is satisfac- Suitable corrals and paddocks Horse barns feed at lower prices by ordering large amounts. had one or more deficiencies . But metal fences
veterinarian, hot water facilities, and stalls for Controlled environment Barns should be built to
tory, with 55' considered best . Until a newborn should have well-drained, safe, fenced corrals or have greatly improved in recent years.
preparing mares for breeding and for holding modify winter and summer temperatures ; main-
foal is dry, it should be warmed to 75 to 80' . paddocks adjacent to them. If this is not possible, Table 1 lists the materials and specifications
foals. The shed should be 24 ft square . tain acceptable humidity and ventilation ; mini- FENCES FOR HORSES
This can be done with a heat lamp . the corral or paddock should be nearby . commonly used for horse fences .
6. Isolation quarters. These quarters are for mize stress on the horses' nerves ; and protect
horses from rain, snow, sun, and wind . Good fences (1) maintain boundaries, (2) make
sick animals and animals new to the form. Use Humidity A range of 50 to 75 percent relative horse training and other operations possible, (3)
a small barn that has feed and water facilities humidity is acceptable with 60 percent preferred .
FEED AND WATER EQUIPMENT
and an adjacent paddock. Stalls should be 12 Reasonable cost Initial cost is important but dur- reduce losses to both animals and crops, (4) in-
ability and maintenance should be considered, The design of feed and water equipment should crease property values, (5) promote better rela-
ft square .
Ventilation The barn should have as little mois- as well as such intangible values as pride and fill the basic need for simple and effective equip- tionships between neighbors, (6) lessen the likeli-
Riding, Training, and Boarding Stables For this ture and odor as possible, and it should be free satisfaction in the buildings and advertising value.
purpose, the quarters may consist of (1) stalls from drafts . In a properly ventilated barn, the
ventilation system should provide 60 cubic feet Adequate space Too little space may jeopardize
constructed back to back in the center of the
per minute (cfm) for each 1,000 Ib of horse in the health and well-being of horses, but too much
barn with an indoor ring around the stalls, (2)
winter and 160 cfm per 1,000 Ib of horse in space means unnecessary expense .
stalls built around the sides of the barn with the
ring in the center, or (3) stalls on either side of summer. In summer, satisfactory ventilation usu-
ally can be achieved by opening barn doors and Storage areas Storage space for feed, bedding,
a hallway or alleyway and the ring outdoors .
Box stalls should be 10 to 12 ft square and tie by installing hinged walls or panels near the ceil- and tack should be provided in the building where
stalls should be 5 ft wide and 10-12 ft long . ing that swing open . they are used .

Environmental Control Requisites of horse barns Attractiveness An attractive horse barn in-
creases the sale value of the property . A horse
Animals perform better and require less feed if Whether a new horse layout is built or an old
barn will have aesthetic value if it has good pro-
they are raised under ideal conditions of tempera- one is altered, all buildings, fences, corrals, and portions and is in harmony with the natural sur-
ture, humidity, and ventilation . Environmental trees should be placed according to a master
roundings .
control is of particular importance in horse barn plan, for once established, they usually are diffi-
construction because many horses spend most of cult and expensive to move. The arrangement
should make the best possible use of land and MInImum fire risk The use of fire-resistant materi-
the time in a stall . The investment in environmental
should require little walking by attendants when als gives added protection to horses . Also, fire-
control facilities must be balanced against the
caring for horses . retarding points and sprays may be used .
expected increased returns because there is a
point where further expenditures for environmen- All horse barns should meet the following requi-
tal control will not increase returns sufficiently sites . Safety Projections that might injure horses
to justify added cost . should be removed. Feeding and watering equip-
Before the building is designed, it is necessary Accessibility Barns should be on an all-weather ment should be arranged so attendants need not
to know how much heat and moisture a horse roadway or lane to facilitate the use of horses, walk behind horses .

TABLE 1 Horse Fences

Size of rails, Number of rails, Distance

boards, or Fence boards, or between
Post and fencing Post length
and poles and height poles and posts on
material centers
diameter gage of wire mesh of wire

Inches Feet
3 rails __________ 10
Steel or aluminum 7% ft -------------- 10 or 20 ft . long ______-___ 60
10
posts and rails .' 7% ft ---------------- 10 or 20 ft . long -___---___ 60 4 rails ----------
72 4 rails ---------- 10
8% ft -------------- 10 or 20 ft . long -_________
7% ft . ; 4 to 8 in ____ 2 x 6 or 2 x 8 in . boards ___ 60 4 boards -------- 8
Wooden posts and
5 boards ________ 8
boards . 8% ft. ; 4 to 8 in ____ 2 x 6 or 2 x 8 in . boards ____ 72

Wooden posts and 7% ft. ; 4 to 8 in ____ 4 to 6 in . diameter 60 4 poles _________ 8

poles . 8% ft. ; 4 to 8 in ____ 4 to 6 in . diameter ____-__ 72 6 poles _________ 8

Wooden posts and 7% ft. ; 4 to 8 in _-__ 9 or 11 gage staywire ______ 66 to 58 I 12-in . mesh ----- 12
woven wire'

'Because of the strength of most metal, fewer rails and posts are necessary than when wood is used .
' Use 1 or 2 strands of barbed wire-with barbs 3 to 4 inches apart-on top of the fence .
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
HORSE STABLES NORSE STABLES

is felt unwise to reduce a box below 10 by 10 The eventual size must therefore be discussed
ft, a pony's box today may need to serve for a and agreed with the client . Its position should
horse tomorrow . Stalls should be a minimum of be as near as possible central to the group of
6 ft wide and 9 to 10 ft long . loose boxes it serves .
By PETER C. SMITH, Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects The basic layout of the buildings containing
the boxes will depend on economic considera- Sick Box
tions as well as on site conditions . It is prob-
ably true to say that most stables erected at At least one sick box is essential in large
the present time consist of a simple line of establishments and it is obviously of great
Fig. 1 Loose box. advantage to include one in the plans of even
boxes, each opening directly into the open air,
as shown in Figs . 1 and 2 . small stables . In the main it is intended for
Reasons for the Provision of Stables dation as the grooms will either be working in the most enthusiastic horse owner will object This is the simplest form of layout and quite the accommodation of an animal suffering from
the stables or exercising the horses during the to the smells of his stable yard being carried practical. Depending on the number of boxes an infectious disease and therefore requiring
Before considering the planning and construc- to be isolated from other horses . It may in fact
working day. When staff accommodation is re- into his drawing room . needed, they may be extended around a yard
tion of stables in detail, a greeter appreciation be used by any horse needing quiet and pos-
quired it should, preferably, be placed near to or a number of yards. The detail can be im-
of the fundamental requirements might be sibly specialized treatment.
the stable buildings . proved by extending the roof to give an over-
gained by considering briefly the reasons for Layout and the Main Requirements of the Stable The box should be placed well away from the
providing stables . A horse living out in its hang along the open side . This gives a covered
Group walk and helps to protect the horses and stables but, as a sick animal requires to be
natural surroundings has no need of protec- Principal Requirements of Stables The units making up the whole of the stable visited more often than a healthy one, the posi-
tion from the weather providing it has a suf- grooms from rain and excessive sunlight .
The basic needs controlling the design and buildings will vary not only in relationship to It will thus be possible to carry out most of tion must be related to the convenience of
ficiency of good food . The thickness of the those in charge of him. If possible, place it in
construction of stable buildings may be the size of the establishment but also to the the work affecting the boxes under cover from
coat during the winter months, the natural oils such a position that although isolated the horse
enumerated as follows : needs of the owner . The requirements for a the elements . This covered way should be ex-
in the skin and the fact that the animal may Fig. 2 Section .
can see the other horses . Remember that
1 . Dryness stable to accommodate, say, 20 horses without tended to connect to the adjoining buildings
move about freely, are all adequate protection horses are gregarious animals, so the patient
2. Warmth any existing ancillary buildings and allowing of the group. Avoid supporting posts as these
from inclement conditions . A horse living will be happier and probably make a quicker
3. Adequate ventilation but with freedom for a staff of five grooms living out or at least can form a hazard .
under such conditions, however, is fit only recovery if he does not feel completely isolated
from droughts separately accommodated will be as follows : A more expensive layout is to have the boxes
for the lightest work . from the world.
4. Good drainage 1 . Twenty loose boxes inside a building with the adjacent passage
A horse in full work needs to be fit and to The box should be bigger than the usual box
5. Good lighting, both daylight and artificial '2 . One sick box contained within the curtilage of the external
be kept clean. To obtain this condition re- by about 50 percent. It would be wise at this
6. Adequate and suitable water supply 3. Feed room walls, as shown in Fig. 3 .
quires the removal of surplus fat, a clipped planning stage to remember that the roof must
4. Hey store This layout is often found in the more
coat and regular grooming . Thus not only is the be made sufficiently strong to support a sling
5. Straw store or storage for alternative elaborate layouts built during the last century.
coat lightened but cleaning and grooming take Siting of Stables litter attachment .
away a large proportion of its natural protec- Ancillary buildings should be built so that they
Consideration must first be given to the ground 6. Feed store connect to the stables internally throughout
tive oils . A horse in this condition cannot
upon which the stables are to be constructed . "7. Washing and cleaning room, incor- the whole range, subject to the conditions Feed Room
satisfactorily live out and artificial methods of
Ideally the ground should be naturally well porating drying facilities imposed by fire precautions. The advantages
protection must be provided, by means of The feed room is intended to house the bins
drained, i .e. chalk or gravel, and should drain 8. Saddle and bridle room (tack room) of designing in this manner are that :
blankets and stables . Stables have, therefore, containing the feed for daily use, as opposed
away from the buildings . Clay, which retains 9. Utility box or boxes depending on the 1 . The ventilation of the building may be
to provide to a great extent the protection to to the feed store which will contain the sacks
water, is unsuitable and if stables have to be organization of the stable better controlled and draughts thus reduced
the animal which has been removed by the re- Fig. 3
of food or the containers if bulk storage is
erected on such land the water holding capacity '10. Litter drying shed to a minimum. A suitable form of mechanical
quirements of work end cleanliness. used . In small establishments it might com-
of the site must be broken down and the water 11 . Manure bunkers ventilation may be installed.
dispersed by drainage . "12 . Office, in some cases only bine with the feed store or in fact be formed
2 . Work may be carried out under better
Individual Requirements of Stable Buildings The buildings containing the horses must 13 . Lavatory accommodation as a recess out of the stable building, though
conditions and with greater comfort. this minimum arrangement is not recom-
be protected from northerly or easterly winds . `14. Sitting-room for grooms 3 . Easier maintenance of warmth .
It must be appreciated that the requirements mended . The size will depend not only on the
The doors and windows of the boxes or stalls "15 . Garage or covered area for motor horse 4 . Quieter than open stabling, which can be
of no two owners will be the same. Discounting number of horses it serves but also on the
should therefore face in a southerly direction . box and/or trailer an important factor where stables are built
the differences in sizes and accommodation client's arrangements for buying feed . A farmer
On a confined site this aspect may not be ob- In many cases this accommodation will be near to main roads, railways, or in other areas
needs of the various establishments and the might grow his own and, for instance, send
tainable in which case protection must be reduced by the omission of those items with a high noise level.
purpose to which they may be put, it will be sufficient for a week's supply across to the
afforded by other buildings or a belt of suitable marked ", particularly in small establishments . Where site conditions are restricted, the
found that many owners have fixed ideas on room from his main store, after carrying out
trees. The relationship of the various units must be boxes may be double banked as shown in Fig.
the running of their stables which may mate- any treatment needed . Some clients who buy
Protection should also be made against the carefully considered both in respect of relation- 4 or more economically with a central passage
rially affect the design . It is important there- from merchants will have regular weekly or
prevailing wind of the area blowing directly ship to each other and to the site and surround- as shown in Fig . 5.
fore to discuss with the owner, not only his fortnightly deliveries .
into doors and windows . Consideration of the ing buildings . A groom should be allowed to It will be appreciated that there are many
accommodation needs but his routine to be It is in this room that the feeds are prepared
prevailing wind, however, must be related to concentrate his energies on the horses and not possible variations in layout which can be
carried out daily. Information on the furnishing each day and it must be positioned close to and
each individual site, as the contours of the be unnecessarily taxed by the necessity to incorporated in the design to satisfy the needs
needs of each unit will also be required . preferably directly connected with the loose
landscape surrounding the site and the relation- carry bales of hey and straw and sacks of feed of the client and site conditions while at all
Many stables will be erected as an adjunct to boxes.
ship of the site to woods, buildings, etc., will great distances. Even in these days of mechani. times conforming to the basic requirements of
an existing house and the accommodation of The equipment to be contained in the feed
have a direct bearing on the effect of the wind zation there are few stables, particularly small each unit .
the buildings will depend on the ancillary ac . room consists of separate bins for oats, bran,
upon that site. Therefore get to know the site ones, which can afford to install expensive
commodation for both staff and storage already barley, nuts, chaff, etc. (the bin requirements
conditions and plan accordingly. handling equipment. Care must therefore be
available on the site . If the buildings are to be Utility Box will depend on the method of feeding the
Although protection from the winds is taken to minimize the handling of heavy mate- horses and will often vary from one establish-
erected in conjunction with a new house, full
necessary, there should be a free circulation of rials end a lot can be done In this respect by In all stables, of whatever size, it is an advan- ment to another) ; a sink provided with hot and
staff and storage accommodation may be Fig . 4
needed within the stable buildings . The provi- air around the stables, so a site hemmed in by careful planning . tage to provide, for the want of a better name,
cold water; a bucket filling tap to each service ;
sion of storage will also depend and very on the trees and buildings is quite unsuitable . Avoid a "utility" box. Such a box may be used for a and wall racks on which to hang sieves,
siting the buildings on top of a hill or in any variety of purposes, clipping, grooming,
method of running the stables ; if for instance Layout of the Loose Boxes and Stalls shoeing, washing, and the treatment of cuts,
measures, brooms, and buckets. Few small
they are to be attached to a farm, the farmer other very exposed position. To the opposite establishments will install machinery for
extreme, avoid hollows which catch the water First consideration must be given to the layout etc. Small establishments of the type illustrated bruising oats, chaff cutting, etc., but large
might grow his own hay and leave it in the
and are invariably frost pockets during the of the loose boxes and stalls ; but before pro. in Fig. 6 may need only one, larger establish- establishments may require these machines,
stacks to be cut as required . In such a case the
winter months . ceeding with the design, the detailed planning ments more . Figure 7 shows an arrangement and if so allowance must be made for them in
provision of a hay store would not be necessary
Stable buildings should be positioned well requirements of the client must first be ascer- which may be used with advantage in all estab- the design . Most merchants nowadays will
or would be of minimum size, say enough for
away from adjoining houses, and there is little tained . Most clients will require loose boxes lishments, irrespective of size . In this estab- carry out any processing required before
one or at the most two weeks supply.
doubt that most local authorities will insist on for both horses and ponies, but some may went lishment the management was based on one delivery, so the need for machinery will be rare .
Staff accommodation will very enormously .
this requirement as a condition of their con- stalls or a proportion of each . Stalls are seldom groom to three horses and a utility box has
Most large establishments will have some staff
sent . used nowadays and many existing buildings been provided for the use of each groom. In
living in and the provision of bed-sitting rooms
Ease of access to the stables is usually an containing stalls are being converted to loose this box all the various activities mentioned Feed Store
or flatlets may be needed . Many small estab-
important consideration with owners who look box accommodation. Stalls have many disad- above, are carried out with greater efficiency
lishments are run by the client and his family, This store should open directly into the feed
after their own animals, with only daily help . vantages as compared to loose boxes, their and cleanliness .
with help from local girls who will travel to room and the storage areas for hay and straw
This will be appreciated by anyone who has had only advantages being in economy of construc- The box, on the basis shown (ratio 1 ;3), need
and from the stables each day. Small establish- should adjoin it . The necessity for this room
a sick animal in stables, requiring frequent tion and labor. not be larger than the normal loose box. When,
ments will seldom require any staff accommo- will depend on the supply factors mentioned
visits during the day and night. Care must be For design requirements, 12 by 12 ft may be however, it is provided for a greater ratio it
should be related to the number of horses in the last paragraph dealing with the feed
taken, in these circumstances, to ensure that taken as a suitable size for each loose box. This
likely to be accommodated within it at one time . room . Many small establishments will not need
The Design & Construction of Stables, J .A the prevailing wind does not carry the smells size will comfortably house a 16 .0-17 .0 hh. Fig. 5
Allen & Co ., Ltd., London, 1967 . of the stable into any part of the house. Even hunter . Ponies may require a lesser size, but it
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
HORSE STABLES HORSE STABLES

Fig . 6 Fig . 7

the necessity of passing through the tack room . such an arrangement is quite satisfactory . The good supervision over the stable yard and over
: , separate store and will combine the feed 2 . Fir needles also affect the size of the room . Some like the It should be fitted with a large and deep sink size and cubic content of the bunkers will de- the delivery of goods . In riding schools super-
storage with their hay and straw storage . 3 . Peat tack of each horse grouped together, others pend not only on the number of horses accom- vision over riders passing in and out of the
or sinks, depending on size, and each sink
4 . Sand (not sea sand) prefer to separate their saddles, bridles, modated but also on the routine which each yard must be allowed for.
should be provided with a constant supply of
5 . Sawdust girths, etc . hot and cold water. Facilities may be required individual stable will follow regarding the
Hay end Straw Stores In addition to the storage of tack this room
6 . Wood shavings for washing and drying blankets, sheets, and disposal of the manure . Some establishments
usually accommodates the medicine cabinet Mounting Block
The stores should be situated next to the feed In some cases combinations of these materials other clothing . will have contracts for weekly collection or
store, with easy access to the feed room and to are used, i .e ., sawdust and peat . and poison cupboard . Most stables will require a mounting block.
Saddle room horses will also be needed . The even at lesser intervals. Stables attached to
the loose boxes . Hay nets will generally be The main essentials for the storage of any In some establishments a bit case may be client may have these, in which case they must farms will often deposit the manure daily at the This should be positioned at the side of the
filled in the bay store and then be taken of these materials are the same as discussed required, the size will be dependent on the be measured and due allowance made for them . permanent stacks or in pits so that it may be stable yard but should not obstruct the free
direct to the boxes . If hay racks are fitted, the for straw. They must be kept in a dry and well number, types and sizes of the bits to be stored .
If new ones are allowed for, the size required allowed to rot down and be used by the farmer use of paths or drives . A horse is mounted
bales will then be taken direct to the boxes ventilated building . Peat is usually stored Chests for clean blankets, sheets and other should be agreed with the client and details on his own land when required . from the near side and there should be ade-
before breaking and dividing into the racks . either in bales or in bulk and sawdust and clean clothing are usually provided in the tack obtained from the proposed manufacturer . quate free space to be able to lead the horse
Straw will be required at the boxes baled, and wood shavings in sacks . Fern leaves and fir room . These may be formed as built-in chests Bridle cleaning holders will also be required . up to it in a straight line and ride off in a
the bales are then broken before dividing be- needles are generally stacked in bulk and re- or standard chests may be obtained and space Weighing Machine straight line after mounting . No horse will
These are suspended in suitable positions from
tween the boxes and spread to form the beds . quire to be frequently turned . for them along the walls allowed . A weighing platform will sometimes be re- stand still to be mounted if its nose or tail is
the ceiling and may be of either a fixed length
Small quantities of hay and sometimes straw This description of the requirements of the or of a telescopic type . Each must be fixed in quired particularly in large establishments . The close to an obstruction.
will be required in the feed room, but most will tack room has assumed throughout that a weighing machine should be positioned at the
Saddle and Bridle Room such a position that a clear area all round is
be taken direct to the loose boxes . separate washing and cleaning room will be allowed for cleaning purposes . entrance to the stables, preferably next to the Fences and Gates
This room, now more generally referred to as provided . In most establishments the tack The only other items required in this room office .
the tack room, should be positioned close to room will be required to serve both purposes, are suitable cupboards and drawers in which Fencing and gates adjacent to or surrounding
Storage for Other Forms of Material Used as and preferably directly connected to the loose in which case the fittings and services dis-
to store the cleaning materials . the stable yard and those surrounding pad-
Litter boxes under cover . In a large layout more than cussed below must be incorporated in the tack Office docks should be of stout construction . The
So far only straw has been considered for use one room may be required (see Fig . 8) . room . Large establishments and most riding schools more usual type of fencing is post and rail .
The size will depend on the number of horses Manure Bunkers
as litter . There are many other materials used, will require an office for the manager. In most Gates should have a clear opening of at least
many being individual to certain parts of the it serves and to the purposes for which those The storage provision for manure must be cases it will require to accommodate a desk, 10 ft (12 ft is better) and hand gates should
Washing and Cleaning Room
country where local supplies are available . The horses are used . The needs will vary from one positioned well away from the area of the loose chairs, filing cabinets and stationery cupboard . be 4 ft clear opening to allow the easy passage
storage of these alternative materials must be establishment to another but the client should It is of considerable advantage to provide this boxes but will require to be easily accessible A room of about 100 to 150 sq ft will be ample of horse and rider .
considered . be able to give the necessary information to the room in any establishment, however small . It from them . It must be adjacent to a road or in most cases. A telephone, which should be Gates will frequently be used by mounted
These main alternatives may be enumerated architect for his present and possible future should open directly out of the tack room and drive to facilitate collection . fitted with external bells, will be required . riders so they should be fitted with hunting
as follows : needs . have an external door off the stable yard so that The usual formation is of open bunkers, and The office should be positioned to command latches to facilitate opening.
1 . Fern leaves The layout requirements of the client will all dirty tack, etc ., may be taken into it without
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

HORSE STABLES HORSE STABLES

note walls . In the first place remember that in its natural position, and the second school the hay note . Two rings per box or stall are
the stables are designed to accommodate prefers the rack at high level, about 5 ft to the generally considered to be adequate ; if hay
horses of varying types and tempers ; not only top from floor level . Five foot is recommended racks are used, one will often be sufficient .
as a maximum height (t) to facilitate filling Rings for tying up should be fixed et about
is the comfort and safety of the horse to be
considered but also the safety and conven- the rack and (2) to prevent dust and seeds 5 ft to 5 ft 6 in . high ; one should be positioned
ience of the staff . getting into the horse's eyes while feeding . close to the hay rack or hay net folder or ring .
This will enable the horse to eat its hay while
being cleaned or treated .
Hay Rack Provision of Water

Hay racks may be combined with the manger Horses must be provided with adequate fresh Salt Lick Holder
or may be separate racks which should be and clean water at all times . The commonest
securely fixed to the wall . Standard racks may method is to provide it in a bucket. An alterna- Many owners like to have a block of salt per-
be obtained of suitable sizes and types . The tive is to fit a 2-gal automatic drinking trough . manently available for each horse to lick, and
position of the rack and its height should be suitable containers may be obtained for the
special blocks which are manufactured for
agreed with the client as there are essentially Rings this purpose . The holder should be fitted over
two schools of thought on this subject . One
Rings will be required for both boxes and stalls or to one side of the manger and at a height
school maintains that it should be at low level,
the horse thereby eating as near as possible for tying up and in some cases for supporting of about 5 ft .

Fig. B Tack room . Fig. 9 Detail of loose box.

Accommodation for Motor Boxes end Trailers Lavatory accommodation will be required in 4. Rings for tying up
most schemes, and if the establishment is 5. Salt lick holder
Most small stables will require accommoda- likely to be used by the public, provision 6. Electric lighting point
tion for one trailer and many will own their should be made for both sexes. The larger 7. Electric power point
own motor box. Provision may be required for riding schools may in addition require changing
these vehicles, either by a completely en- and shower rooms for use by their clients. Manger
closed building, or by an open sided shelter. Residential riding schools should have ac-
Normal garage provision should be made, commodation for both clients and staff con- The manger is a container for the horse's food,
though large establishments with more than venient to the stables . is usually of metal, and should be fixed to the
one motor box may require a workshop for a wall of the box at a height of about 3 ft from
mechanic and an inspection pit. Often repairs the floor. Standard mangers may be obtained
will be carried out at the local garage . Loose Boxes
constructed of galvanized steel, vitreous enam-
Ensure that there is adequate space for For the requirements of the sketch plan the at, earthenware or stainless steel; they are
turning, for lowering ramps both side and size of the box was given as 12 by 12 ft . This designed to fit along the face of a wall or in
rear, and for loading and unloading the horses . size is adequate, but may be increased up to the corner. The latter material is recommended,
As mentioned in the case of the mounting 16 by 16 ft . It need not be increased beyond although expensive, but the eventual decision
block a horse should be brought up to the ramp these dimensions, except in the case of a sick will depend on the clients' requirements and
in a straight line, and plenty of space should box . Some clients may favor a box of rectan- economic considerations . Mangers may be
be allowed, both to ensure this and to deal with gular shape, of say 16 by 10 ft, in which case obtained combined with either a hay rack or
cases of horses difficult to box. the bedding will be positioned to cover the area a water trough . Those combined with a water
well away from the external door (Fig . 9) . trough are not recommended as they allow a
Staff Accommodation horse to feed and drink at the same time . This
Stable Furniture and Services practice is not good for the animal's digestion
Few small establishments will require accom- and at the same time usually results in fouling
modation for staff. Where the stables are close Each box or stall will require the following the water.
to the client's house facilities are often pro- items of furniture and services : The usual position for the manger is on the
vided within the house itself . 1 . Manger far wall from the door . Before deciding if this
In large establishments some permanent 2. Hay rack or ring for hay net position is the best it is proposed to consider
living-in staff are usually employed . 3. Provision for water the consequence of fixing the manger to alter-
 Miscellaneous

RIDING SCHOOLS RIDING SCHOOLS

By PETER C. SMITH, Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects

This building is intended for use for school-

ing horses and riders either during inclement
weather or when it is considered necessary
to keep distractions to a minimum and thus
allow horse or rider or both to concentrate
with greater ease on the lesson in hand . This
requirement is of particular importance when
schooling either young horses or novice riders .
Due to the size of the building, it should be
sited on level ground which should be well
drained.
The size of the school will depend upon the
needs of the client . A full-size military school
measures 60 by 180 ft . This allows for three
rides to be instructed at the same time, each
working within a square of 60 by 60 ft . Al-
though the individual clients' ideas may vary
in respect of their own requirements, it is not
recommended that this span be reduced, as it
allows suitable space to longe a horse at the
full length of a longeing rein, which measures
25 ft in length . An alternative size which may
be in more demand nowadays is 66 by 132 ft
(20 m by 40 m) which is the size of a dressage
arena. (See Fig . 1 .)
The lower parts of the walls on all four sides
up to a minimum height of 4 ft should be of
stout construction able to withstand rough
usage and kicking . At the same time it must
be sloped as shown, at an angle of about 12 to
15 " , thus this splay must be formed to pre-
vent either horse or rider from rubbing or
knocking himself against the walls when using
the outside track close to the walls. The splay
will also prevent a horse from rubbing a rider
off or damaging his knees. This lower section
must therefore be lined through, clear of all Fig. 3 Stalls . (a) Plan ; (b) elevation .
posts, piers or other projections, and must
be continuous and unbroken throughout the
length and width of the school . This part of cent to the building so that a hose fitted with at the far end or at the far side of the right- The outstanding need is that of siting in
the wall is often constructed of stout timber a fine spray may be used or a lawn sprinkler hand wall . This arrangement allows the rider relationship to the main stable group. The
or of steel framing and faced on the school fitted . If economic considerations are not too to enter the arena and leave the arena at the building should be placed in a convenient posi-
side with matched boarding . severe, a system of fine shower spray may be correct points . tion to the loose boxes but should be sepa-
This building requires good natural lighting fitted beneath the ceiling in such a manner Entrance doors should be of adequate height rated from them to prevent horses in the boxes
with an even distribution of light over the full that the sprays give an even distribution of to allow a rider to enter while mounted. A min- from hearing the work proceeding in the
area of the floor. water over the floor. If such a system is fitted, imum height of 10 ft is recommended and a school . Horses at rest very often get upset
The floor may be formed by a number of ensure that any exposed pipes at low level minimum width of 8 ft . Sliding doors are often if the school is placed close to them so that
methods. One method is to excavate the area are adequately protected, as detailed for low- used and these are satisfactory providing care they can hear either the voice of command or
within the external walls to a depth of 24 in . Fig . 1 level pipes in the boxes. It will also be neces- is taken in choosing a suitable type of gearing . the horses at work . The building should also
and fill to a depth of 18 in . with birch or hazel sary to provide protection against freezing to Handles should be fitted both externally and be positioned adjoining and easily accessible
faggots tightly packed . The final 6 in . i s then both pipes and fittings . internally, one at about 4 ft high for operation from schooling paddocks as it will be used as
filled with tan. The tan will require to be made The entrance or entrances to the school will from ground level and one at about 7 ft for an extension of these paddocks . A road or
up from time to time as it shakes down in the depend on site conditions, size, and the needs use by a mounted rider. paths should connect it to both boxes and
interstices of the faggots . (See Fig. 2 .) of the client . If a full-size school of 60 by 180 Many schools have a gallery formed along paddocks . A school with natural lighting by
An alternative to the use of tan is sawdust. ft is designed for instructional purposes, three one side of the main side walls for viewing, means of roof lights may be oriented in any
This has the advantage of not "balling" in the doors may be considered desirable, one to each or along both walls . The requirements in direction, but one with windows along the
horses feet, which is one of the disadvantages section of the building . A school likely to be respect of such a gallery should be discussed sides should preferably be sited due north and
of tan. Another disadvantage of tan is that if used for dressage tests will require a door in with the client and his full needs ascertained south longitudinally . (See Fig. 3.)
retained and left in the horse's feet it can cause the center of one end wall and a second either early in the job.
them to heat . The main disadvantage of saw-
dust and wood shavings is the danger of fire .
Peat is probably a more satisfactory finish than
either of the foregoing materials and forms a
very satisfactory floor.
The floor will at times require to be damped .
The most economical method of carrying out
this operation is to provide a standpipe adje-

The Design & Construction of Stables,

Institute of British Architects . J . A Allen &
Co ., Ltd. . London . 1967 . Fig . 2
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

KENNELS KENNELS

By RICHARD U. N . GAMBRILL and JAMES MACKENZIE

in general the kennel should be built on a site are ill, or to raise a few litters of puppies . It is, of course, an indispensable necessity and
where the ground drains well, with proper contains, as shown on the plan, a stove, two should be included in every kennel whether
protection from cold winter winds and with washtubs, a table and a bin for the feed . Each large or small.
the possibility of a cooling breeze in summer . compartment opens into its own cement yard The plan in Fig. 3 represents a somewhat
and all these yards open into a large grass yard different arrangement of a dog kennel . The
A few large shade trees around the kennel
beyond . These compartments are 5 ft square, workroom is placed at the rear with an open
are really a necessity .
which is large enough for any breed of dog passageway between it and the main part of
If possible a kennel should not be built where
up to a setter . the kennels. By leaving open the doors at either
the neighbors can be annoyed by barking at
night. The plan in Fig . 2 represents a very useful end of this passageway, a free current of air
There are two main parts to this kind of arrangement for a private or commercial dog is allowed to pass through at all times, which
kennel, the compartments where the dogs kennel . There is no limit to the number of com- prevents smalls from circulating through the
live, and the workroom where the food is pre- partments that can be built. If different breeds kennels. Two large closets have been provided
pared and the dogs are washed end trimmed of dogs are kept, the compartments on one for bedding and feed . One wing of comport-
up . side can be larger than those on the other. ments should undoubtedly be heated for use
Heat can be carried from the workroom into as a hospital . If this cannot be done conven-
the living quarters . A solid partition can be iently from the boiler in the workroom, a small
The Workroom put across the building below the fourth com- heater can be installed in the wing itself . This
partment . The first part would be heated and plan can be limitless in size, the only disadvan-
This should contain a stove, hot and cold water
contain eight compartments for use as a hos- tage being that the compartments on the north
and e sink . There should also be suitable bins
pital . The remaining compartments would have side have not been supplied with cement yards
or closets for the feed and the bedding, and a
no heat . The workroom contains not only clos- because of the cold in wintertime . These com-
large and well-stocked medicine closet .
ets for bedding, feed and coal, but also a stove, partments, however, can always be used for
It is best to have a floor that can be washed
sink, washtubs and table. A medicine closet whelping pens .
down thoroughly every day, with a drain in the
middle . A large solid table is generally neces-
sary in most kennels on which to place the
dogs for trimming, stripping, etc.
There should be a washtub in the workroom
with a division in the middle to wash dogs end Fig. 2
rinse them afterwards . This is always useful
in all kennels for every purpose. If raw meat
is used, a refrigerator will be found invaluable,
also a meat chopper to mince up the meat .
Many smell kennels use one of the many varie-
ties of canned meat on the market, end these
are most satisfactory and economical in the
long run.

Compartments

The size of the compartments or living quarters

for the dogs depends, of course, entirely on the
kind of animal kept . For the sake of conven-
ience in these plans, a compartment 5 ft square
is used in every case ; but this, of course, can
be altered with ease and without in any way
spoiling the plans. The larger the apace the
more comfortable for the dog, end the more
room he has to exercise, but this need not be
carried to excess as he is supposed to be given
proper exercise outdoors . A room 5 ft square
will be sufficient for any kind up to the size
of setters, particularly if only one dog is to be
kept in each room .
Each lodging room should lead into a small
concrete yard, into which the dog can run at
any time, and all these concrete yards should
open into a large gross yard where the dogs
can be exercised together if advisable or sep-
arately when necessary . This, of course, entails
the question of fighting, and that is s matter
of kennel discipline for the owner to decide
himself .

Kennel Layout

The plan in Fig. 1 represents a very simple

kennel with four compartments . It is useful
to have a small kennel of this size near one's
house in which to keep house dogs when they

Sporting Stables and Kennels, Derrydale

Press, New York, 1935 . Fig . t
Fig . 3
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

NATURE CENTER NATURE CENTER

nature center as well as by the physical and bio- . avoiding localized climatic extremes, such as . Entrances, exits, and interior spaces should be
logical characteristics of the site . frost pockets and exposure to high winds and correlated with an overall traffic flow or
The following are general guidelines for the drifting snow circulation plan . Whenever possible, unsu-
siting and design of the interpretive building . . ample space to expand the building should ex- pervised groups or individuals should move
pansion become necessary through the building and over the grounds in
Building Site Locations . security from vandalism, fire, flooding, geologic a one-way pattern .
faulting, and soil subsidence . The design should permit simultaneous use of
Certain basic criteria must be considered when
. accessibility to existing roads and utilities . the building by several groups .
determining the location of the interpretive build-
. Low-profile buildings generally are less
ing. These include:
obtrusive visually than buildings with a high
The modern nature center: activities such as hiking, bird watching, and The Components Overall Building Design Considerations
. soil drainage and slope conditions favorable profile .
photography. But these activities are mainly The Nature Center Planning Division of the Na- for construction . Top priority should be given to designing a . The exterior of the building should be faced
. May exhibit a representative sample of such passive ones and are not stressed or adequately
indigenous cold-blooded animals as snakes, tur- tional Audubon Society believes that a nature . access to the significant interpretive features functional and efficient structure . Some caution with wood or stone that will blend with the
budgeted for, although the situation may be center must have four basic components to func- at the nature center should be exercised so the interpretive building natural surroundings .
tles, fish, or amphibians but generally avoids otherwise in some public parks.
warm-blooded animals because of the care they tion effectively: . an esthetic setting will not turn out to be an impractical archi- . Energy costs are mounting each year, and all
. Combines the policy elements of both park and . avoiding biologically significant areas tectural oddity. efforts to minimize this expense should be incor-
require and the excessive expense of maintain- . An adequate noturalresource base representing
resource management agencies . Many centers
ing them properly. Most centers stress the im- a broad diversity of natural habitats . This may
are zoned so that a percentage of the land
portance of observing wild creatures in their require as little as twenty acres or as many
base is left natural while other sections are des-
native habitats . as hundreds of acres.
ignated for habitat manipulation-controlled
. Avoids large and expensive dioramas normally burning, mowing, tree planting, and harvesting . . Physical facilities, including roads, trails, indoor
found in the traditional museum and favors sim- and outdoor displays, a maintenance building,
Each area serves to demonstrate the responses
ple, inexpensive, readily changeable displays of nature when left alone or "managed" by equipment, and an interpretive building .
which invite visitors to see, handle, smell, or . Programs, which should be varied, inspirational,
man.
listen-displays they can become directly in- . Is staffed by professional naturalists and highly instructional, and recreational in scope.
volved with . . And people, including a staff of professional
qualified amateurs whose job it is to develop,
. Has areas inside its interpretive building desig- present, and administer the various programs and volunteer teacher-naturalists, administra-
nated as classrooms . Compared with an ordi- offered at the center. tive and maintenance personnel, and the visiting
nary school classroom, they are quite informal public .
. Extends its services to a broad cross-section
in design and use. Basically, they are intended of the community by scheduling activities away
to orient visitors-the philosophy at most cen-
from the nature center proper. These may in- THE INTERPRETIVE BUILDING
ters being that the outdoors is the primary class-
clude regular radio and TV appearances, arti-
room . The interpretive building functions as the focal
cles in newspapers, seminars for middle man-
. Is designed for a wide variety of recreational
agement business executives, workshops for point for administrative and program activities
teachers and natural resource managers, guest at the nature center . A stop here will help to
lectures, or testifying on local or regional envi- orient visitors and make them aware of what the
ronmental issues . The influence of the modern center has to offer.
Guidelines for Interpretive Building Design, edited by
Richard J. Manly, National Audubon Society, New York, nature center extends beyond the nature center The design of the interpretive building should
1977. itself . be influenced by the programs envisaged for the

Fig. 2 Cincinnati Nature Center, Sponsoring agency: Cincinnati Nature Center Association; Architect. Harry
fiw I IrAerpretirw+s 6aW'"1 desire cessa- Hake and Partners, Architects and Planners, Cincinnati, Ohio 45206.
 Miscellaneous

NATURE CENTER

group activities . Therefore restrooms should be . Some individuals think a photographic

porated in the design . The interpretive building
should be a model facility for illustrating the designed to accommodate peak visitor traffic darkroom is an unnecessary frill in the
to prevent such occurrences . interpretive building . Many nature centers,
conservation of energy . The following features
should be considered : . Access to the restrooms from outside the however, have built very exciting and successful
interpretive building should be provided for nature photography programs around their
Siting the building where it will be
protected from environmental extremes- individuals or groups visiting the nature center darkrooms.
after normal closing hours, when interior access . If the interpretive building is going to
high winds, frost pockets, full sun
Thermal windows will be impossible . successfully service a broad cross section of the
. A reference library and reading room can be community, it will have to be designed with
Efficient insulation
Natural draft ventilation to minimize or elimi- a great asset to the center's education program the special requirements of small children, the
and, under certain situations, can serve as an aged, and the handicapped in mind . For
nate the need for air conditioning
Maximizing the use of natural lighting auxiliary meeting room . example, ramps should be constructed in
. An important source of income for a nature conjunction with or in lieu of stairways; special
The development of alternative energy
sources at the center by using solar, water, center is a bookstore and specialty shop where water fountains, sinks, and toilet fixtures should
or wind power . visitors have the opportunity to purchase natural be installed ; and exhibits should be built so
history books, field guides, checklists, bird they can be seen (touched, heard, and smelled,
Interior Building Design Considerations feeders, and other items consistent with and in some cases) by all visitors .
useful to the outdoor education program. This . Large windows can create a feeling of openness
. The exhibit area in the interpretive building will
feature should be located where it is readily and intimacy with the outdoors . On the other
be a central attraction for most of the visiting
accessible to visitors, yet it should not conflict hand, excessive and/or large windows:
public . It should :
Have a flexible and efficient traffic flow with the internal traffic flow or be on audible Limit opportunities for wall displays .
distraction to anyone elsewhere in the building . Make darkening rooms for audiovisual
pattern to provide easy access from the main
. Some nature centers have wisely incorporated programs difficult.
building entrance, through the exhibits, and
space for a "mud" or "wet" room in the Raise the cost of heating and cooling if they
on to other key segments of the building or
basement of the interpretive building . There are are not thermally insulated.
outside to the trail system .
Be provided with ample usable wall and floor a number of obvious advantages to this Create a hazard to migrating birds, which
arrangement: have a tendency to crash into them and often
space for exhibits and displays .
Be well lighted and ventilated . It provides o specific place for participants are killed by the impact. (Attaching hawk
to clean up after a messy outdoor program. silhouettes to individual window panes or
Have a roomy and uncluttered appearance.
. Permanent staff members should have It helps minimize janitorial problems . hanging them loosely under the eaves of the
individual offices or work areas which afford It provides an additional storage area for roof will lessen this problem.)
them a reasonable degree of privacy, program equipment, such as dip nets, Modern carpets can withstand very heavy use,
snowshoes, and hip boots. add a dimension of decorative warmth and,
Additionally, many interpretive buildings have
. Work space for designing and building exhibits most importantly, muffle sounds . Carpets should
space allocated specifically for use by the
and displays is an absolute necessity. Because be given priority as a floor covering in the
volunteer staff .
of noises, noxious smells, dust, and hazards exhibit area, auditorium, classrooms, and
. Centers that anticipate a large school
attendance need several classrooms in the from flammable materials, it is recommended library.
interpretive building . These rooms will provide that these activities be carried out in a separate . Electrical outlets and lighting fixtures often are
maintenance building . If this is impossible, the neglected in the design of the interpretive
space for orienting classes that arrive
simultaneously before they move outdoors, and work area should be located in a section of building, only to later become a troublesome
the interpretive building where it will not distract problem, particularly in the exhibit and
indoor activities can be held in them in case
of inclement weather. from the programs in progress or pose a safety classroom areas. Nowadays, many structures
or fire hazard . are being equipped with movable light fixtures
. If the nature center program will include
activities for large audiences, an auditorium . Lack of adequate storage space seems to be installed on tracks mounted on the ceiling .
equipped with the necessities for lectures or a universal complaint about most interpretive Continuous-track electrical outlets also are
audiovisual presentations will be required . buildings. Therefore, provision for plenty of available today and are preferred to standard
. Inadequate restroom facilities can cause undue storage space should be a prime concern in fixtures .
program delays and foreshorten scheduled all planning and design phases .