CHAPTER IV

DIFFERENTIATION
Derivative is the limiting value of the change in the dependent variable divided by the
change in the independent variable. The process of finding the derivatives is differentiation.

If x is a variable and y is another variable, then the rate of change of x with respect to y is
given by dy/dx. This is the general expression of derivative of a function and is represented as
f'(x) = dy/dx, where y = f(x) is any function.

Definition

If then

The differential coefficient is also called the derivative and is sometimes denoted by the
symbol or when there is no doubt about the dependent variable. The differential

coefficient of f(x) is written generally as or or

4.1. DIFFERENTIATION RULES

The basic differentiation rules that need to be followed are as follows:

 Sum and Difference Rule

 Product Rule
 Quotient Rule
 Chain Rule

Sum or Difference Rule

If the function is the sum or difference of two functions, the derivative of the functions is
the sum or difference of the individual functions, i.e.,

If f(x) = u(x) ± v(x)

then, f'(x) = u'(x) ± v'(x)

Product Rule
As per the product rule, if the function f(x) is product of two functions u(x) and v(x), the
derivative of the function is,

If then,

Quotient rule
If the function f(x) is in the form of two functions [u(x)]/[v(x)], the derivative of the function is

If, then,

Chain Rule
If a function y = f(x) = g(u) and if u = h(x), then the chain rule for differentiation is defined as,

4.2. STANDARD FORMS

Differential coefficient of

Let y be equal to When x receives an increment let denote the corresponding

increment in y.
 Then .

for all values of n

Differential coefficient of

Let y be equal to When x receives an increment let denote the corresponding

increment in y.
 Then .

Differential coefficient of

Let y be equal to When x receives an increment let denote the

corresponding increment in y.

Then .
Substitute for .

As

Differential coefficient of

Let y be equal to When x receives an increment let denote the

corresponding increment in y.

Then .
Differential coefficient of

Let y be equal to When x receives an increment let denote the

corresponding increment in y.

Then .
Differential coefficient of

Let

Then .
4.3. General theorems on differential coefficients.

The differential coefficient of a constant is zero.

Let

Then since an increase in the value of x produces no change in the value of a

constant.

Differential coefficient of the product of a constant and a function.

Let where c is a constant and u a function of x.

Let and be the increments in y and u respectively corresponding to an increment in x.

Then .

Hence the differential coefficient of the product of a constant and a function is equal to
the product of the constant and the differential coefficient of the function.

Differential coefficient of a sum or difference.

Let where u, v, w are functions of x.

Let , and be the increments on y, u, v and w respectively corresponding to an

increment in x.

Then
When we have

Hence the differential coefficient of the sum of a finite number of functions is equal to
the sum of the differential coefficients of those functions.

Examples

1. Find if

Solution

2. Find the differential coefficient of the function with respect to x.

Solution
3. Differentiate with respect to x.

Solution

4. Differentiate with respect to x.

Solution

5. Differentiate with respect to x.

Solution
6. Differentiate with respect to x.

Solution

7. Find the derivative of .

Solution
8. Find the derivative of

Solution

9. Find the derivative of

Solution
10. Differentiate

Solution

11. Find the derivative of .

Solution
12. Find the derivative of

Solution

13. Find the derivative of find

Solution
 14. Differentiate w.r.t. x.

Solution

4.4. Function of a Function Rule or Chain rule

15. Prove that where y is a function of u and u is a function of x.

Solution

Let be a small increment in x and and be the corresponding increments in u

and y respectively. As and

Consider

16. Find the derivative of

Solution
 Let ; is required.

= where

and =7

= =7

17. Differentiate w.r.t x.

Solution

Let ; is required.

Let where

and
18. Find the derivative of

Solution

Let ; is required.

= where

and =a

= =a

19. Differentiate w.r.t x.

 Solution

Let ; is required.

Let where

and

20. Find (i) (ii) (iii)

Solution

(i) Let where ; is required.

and
(i) Let ; is required.

Let where

and

(ii) Let ; is required.

 Let where

and

21. Differentiate the following with respect to x.

(i) (ii)

Solution

(i) Let ; is required.

Let where
 and

(i) Let ; is required.

As x is in the power, by taking on both sides,

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

22. If , find

Solution

Let ; is required.

By taking on both sides,

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

23. Find the derivative of where a is a constant.

Solution

Let ; is required.

By taking on both sides,

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

24. Find the derivative of

Solution
 Let ; is required.

25. Differentiate with respect to x.

Solution

Let ; is required.

26. Find
 Solution

4.5. Differentiation of implicit functions

27. Find if (i) (ii)

Solution

(i) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

 (ii) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

28. Find if

Solution

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

Value of a derivative at specified values of x:

29. If find and

Solution

f(x) can be written as follows after simplification:

By differentiating both sides,

When x=5,

When x=10,
4.6. Successive Differentiation

If y is a function of x, its derivative is some other function of x. is called first

derivative. The derivative of is called second derivative and is denoted by

That is,

30. If show that .

Solution

Let

where

and

By chain rule,
Similarly,

Consider,

Q.E.D.
31. Find the second derivative of and its value when .

Solution

Let

where

and

By chain rule,

Differentiating again,

Let
 where

and

By chain rule,

When x=5, its value=