Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Lecture - 02
 The SI system has seven base units

The other physical quantities, such as speed, volume, density, etc., can be derived from these
quantities.
 Mass and Weight

Mass of a body is the amount of matter weight is measure of the gravitational

present in it attraction on the body.

The mass of a body does not vary as its Varies with distance from the center of the
position changes. earth

weighing is one way of measuring mass

The basic unit of mass in the SI system is the kilogram

The mass of a substance can be determined accurately in the laboratory by using an
analytical balance
Volume

Volume is the amount of space occupied by a substance.

SI system, volume has units of m3

 Temperature
Three common scales to measure temperature

K is the SI unit

5
℃ = (℉ − 32)
9
9
℉ = ℃ + 32 𝐾 = ℃ + 273.15
5

It is interesting to note that temperature below 0 °C (i.e., negative values) are possible in
Celsius scale but in Kelvin scale, negative temperature is not possible.
Exemplar - 2

A measured temperature on Fahrenheit scale is 200 °F. What will this reading be on
Celsius scale?

(i) 40 °C (ii) 94 °C (iii) 93.3 °C (iv) 30 °C

Answer - 93.3 °C
 Density

Density is the mass of an object divided by its volume

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

SI unit of density

Density of a substance tells us about how closely its particles are packed

If density is more, it means particles are more closely packed.

Velocity Force

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

Acceleration Pressure

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
 Scientific Notation

2 g of the element hydrogen 2 g of the hydrogen gas

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000

Mass of one hydrogen atom

0.00000000000000000000000166 g

N × 10n

N = 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
0.00016 1.6 × 10–4 Decimal has to be moved four places to the right

232.508 2.32508 ×102 Decimal had to be moved to the left by two places
Exercise – 1.15

Match the following prefixes with their multiples:

Prefix Multiples

Micro 106

Deca 109

Mega 10-6

Giga 10-15

Femto 10
Exercise – 1.18

Express the following in the scientific notation:

(i) 0.0048 4.8 × 10–3

(ii)234,000 2.34 × 105

(iii) 8008 8.008 × 103

(iv) 500.0 5.000 × 102

(v) 6.0012 6.0012

Addition and Subtraction

6.65×104 + 8.95×103 = (6.65 + 0.895)×104 = 7.545 × 104

2.5×10-2 - 4.8 × 10-3 = (2.5 – 0.48) × 10-2 = 2.02 × 10-2

Multiplication and Division
2.7 × 10−3 2.7
(5.96 × 105) × (6.9 × 108) = ( 5.6 × 6.9 ) (105+8) = (10-3-4)
5.5 × 104 5.5
= ( 38.64) × (1013) = ( 0.4909) × (10-7)

= ( 3.864) × (1014) = ( 4.909) × (10-8)

(9.8 × 10-2) × (2.5 × 10-6) = ( 9.8 × 2.5 ) (10-2-6)

= ( 24.50) × (10-8)

= ( 2.450) × (10-7)
Exercise – 1.27

Convert the following into basic units:

(i) 28.7 pm 28.7 × 10-12 m 28.7 × 10-1 × 10-11 m 2.87 × 10-11 m

(ii) 15.15 pm 15.15 × 10-12 m 1.515 × 101 × 10-12 m 1.515 × 10-11 m

10 +3
(iii) 25365 mg 25365 × 10-3 g 25365 × 10-3 × +3 g
10

25365 × 10-3 × 10-3 × 10+3 g

25365 × 10-3 -3 kg

25365 × 10-6 kg

2.5365 × 10-2 kg
Exercise – 1.21

Fill in the blanks in the following conversions:

106 mm = ………..
1 km = ……….. 1015 pm

1km = 1000m 1km = 1000m

1km = 1000 × 1 m 1km = 1000 × 1 m

10−3 10−12
1km = 1000 × −3 m 1km = 1000 × −12 m
10 10

1km = 1000 ×103 ×10−3 m 1km = 1000 ×1012 ×10−12 m

1km = 103 ×103 mm = 106 mm 1km = 103 ×1012 pm = 1015 pm

Exercise – 1.21

Fill in the blanks in the following conversions:

10 -6 10 6
1 mg = ……….. kg = ……….. ng

1mm = 10-3g 1mm = 10-3g

1mm = 10-3 × 1 g 1mm = 10-3 × 1 g

10+3 10−9
1mm = 10-3 × +3 g 1mm = 10-3 × −9 g
10 10

1mm = 10−3 ×10−3 ×103 g 1mm = 10-3 ×109 ×10−9 g

1mm = 10−3 ×10−3 𝑘𝑔 = 10−6 𝑘𝑔 1mm = 10-3+9 ng = 106 ng

Exercise – 1.21

Fill in the blanks in the following conversions:

10-3 10-3 dm3
1 mL = ……….. L = ………..

1 L = 1000 mL 1 L = (10 cm)3

1 1 L = (10 × 10-2 m)3
L = 1 mL
1000

10−3 L = 1 mL 1 L = (10 × 10-1 × 10-1 m)3

1 L = (10 × 10-1 𝑑m)3

1 L = (1𝑑m)3

1 L = 1𝑑m3
Exercise – 1.22

If the speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m s–1, calculate the distance covered by light in 2.00 ns.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
3.0 × 108 m s–1 =
2.00 ns

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
3.0 × 108 m s–1 =
2.00× 10−9s

3.0 × 108 m s–1 × 2.00 × 10−9s = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

6.00 × 108−9 m = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

6.00 × 10−1 m = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.600 m
Accuracy Measure of the difference between the experimental value and true value

Precision Refers to how closely two or more measurement of same quantity

For example, if the true value for a result is 2.00 g

student ‘A’ takes two measurements and reports the results as 1.95 g and 1.93 g.

These values are precise as they are close to each other but are not accurate.

Another student ‘B’ repeats the experiment and obtains 1.94 g and 2.05 g as the results
for two measurements.

These observations are neither precise nor accurate.

When the third student ‘C’ repeats these measurements and reports 2.01 g and 1.99 g
as the result, these values are both precise and accurate.