NOTE:
● Submission of notebook for chapter Life processes (Topic : Transportation)
is on 18/7/25.
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SACHDEVA MILLENNIUM SCHOOL
BIOLOGY NOTES
CLASS X
CHAPTER 1: LIFE PROCESSES
TOPIC: TRANSPORTATION
It is a life process in which substances are absorbed and transported to other parts
of the body.
Transportation in animals:
In unicellular and multicellular animals, cells receive nutrients and oxygen by
diffusion through cell surface. Complex multicellular animals, they need internal
transportation system or circulatory system
Transportation in Human being
In human being transportation known as circulatory system or pulmonary circulation.
Components of circulatory system are:
Body fluids (Blood, lymph), blood vessels, heart
Blood is a red coloured fluid connective tissue, which circulates in our body. It
contains a red colour pigment haemoglobin which carries O2 and CO2 throughout the
body.
The components of blood are Plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets.
PLASMA: The colorless fluid part of blood is called plasma. It contains 90 % water
and other dissolved substances such as proteins, digested food, common salt, waste
products, enzymes, hormones ions.
Blood Corpuscles :
RBCs (Erythrocytes) :
RBCs have respiratory or oxygen carrying pigment, haemoglobin. Haemoglobin
readily combines with oxygen and forms an unstable compound, oxyhaemoglobin.
Haemoglobin performs a very important function of carrying oxygen from lungs to the
body cells. These are circular in shape and do not have nucleus. They are produced
in bone marrow. The total life span of RBCs is 120 days around.
WBCs (leucocytes): White blood cells fight against disease and infection. We
Because they produce antibodies. Cells are also known as soldiers of the body. They
are spherical and irregular in shape. WBCs contain nucleus.
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES): These are tiny fragments of special cells formed in
bone marrow. They do not contain nucleus. Platelets help in coagulation of blood
(clotting of blood).
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD:
● It carries oxygen from lungs to the body parts.
● It carries carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs ● It carries digested food
from small intestine to the body parts. ● It carries hormones.
● It carries waste product from liver to the kidneys.
● Blood regulates body temperature.
BLOOD VESSELS:
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARTERIES VEINS AND CAPILLARIES
ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES
Thick, muscular and Thin, less elastic Very thin, single layer of
elastic cells
Narrow lumen Wide lumen Very narrow
Valves are absent Valves are present Valves are absent
Carry blood from heart to Carry blood from body Connects arteries to
the body cells cells to the heart veins
Carry oxygenated blood Carry deoxygenated
(except pulmonary blood (except pulmonary
artery) vein)
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
(DRAW THE DIGARAM OF HUMAN HEART FROM TEXT BOOK)
Heart: Heart is a muscular organ, which is composed of cardiac muscles.
It is so small that, it can fit inside an adult’s wrist. The heart is a pumping organ which
pumps the blood.
The human heart is composed of four chambers, viz. right atrium, right ventricle, left
ventricle and left atrium.
Heart is enclosed in a sac called pericardium.
Pericardial fluid present between the two membranes, protect heart from injury and
friction.
SEPTUM separates the right and left side of the heart.
DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
In human beings, there is a phenomenon called double circulation that occurs, which
is an efficient way. The heart pumps the blood, and through the various blood
vessels, it travels to different organs and then comes back again to the heart. Now,
this flow of blood in humans occurs in two pathways called the pulmonary pathway
and the systemic pathway.
Pulmonary circulation from heart to lungs for the oxygenation of deoxygenated blood.
Systemic circulation for the supply of fully oxygenated blood to all body organs. ed
double circulation.
This system ensures that the deoxygenated blood (blood carrying carbon dioxide)
from the right side of the heart goes to the lungs, where gaseous exchange occurs.
Blood gets filled with oxygen from the lungs and carbon dioxide is given out to the
lungs (from where it leaves the body). The oxygenated blood then travels from the left
side of the heart to all other parts of the body.
The double circulation seen here ensures that there is no mixing of oxygenated blood
and deoxygenated blood. There is also an efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells
and a greater rate of blood flow in the body.
HEART BEAT: One rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart is called heart beat.
The rate of heart beat is 72 -72 times per minute.
PULSE: The expansion of an artery each time the blood is forced in to it , is called
pulse.
BLOOD PRESSURE: The pressure at which blood is pumped around the body by the
heart is called blood pressure.
Systolic pressure: the maximum pressure at which the blood leaves the heart through
main artery (aorta) during contraction. It is 120mm hg
Diastolic pressure: the minimum pressure in the arteries during relaxing phase of the
heart. it is 80mm hg.
HYPERTENSION: Blood pressure above 120-130 mm hg is called hypertension. It is
caused due to narrowing of arteries.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
It consists of lymph, capillaries, vessels, nodes or glands
Lymph : It is a yellow coloured filtered blood, that squeeze out from the capillaries.
LYMPH VESSELS: Lymph capillaries join to form lymph vessels in which lymph flows.
LYMPH NODES: These are formed of lymphatic tissues. Lymph nodes produces
lymphocytes which helps to kill pathogens.
It consists of 2 parts:
1) plasma
2) lymphocyte cell
Plasma is a fluid matrix somewhat similar to blood plasma and contain protein
molecules, digested fats, germs, fragments of dead cells. The lymphocyte cells fight
against infection.
The lymph is called extracellular fluid that squeeze out from the capillaries. because it
lies outside the cells, flows in one direction ie from tissue to heart.
Function
1) It helps in distribution of nutrients and oxygen to bode tissues.
2) It carries carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste from tissue to the blood.
3) Its lymphocytes destroy pathogens.
TRANSPORTATION IN OTHER ANIMALS:
Mammals have 4 chambered heart.
Amphibians have 3 chambered heart.
Reptiles have 3 chambered heart.
Fishes have 2 chambered heart.
Blood pressure :is a pressure exerted on the wall of blood vessels due to contraction
of left ventricle.
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS:
Plants have specialized vascular tissues for transportation of substances. There are
two types of vascular tissues in plants.
Xylem: Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and minerals. It is composed
of tracheids, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
Tracheids and xylem vessels are the conducting elements. The xylem makes a
continuous tube in plants which runs from roots to stem and right up to the veins of
leaves.
Carry water and minerals from the leaves to the other part of the plant.
Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of food. Phloem is composed of
sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and bast fibers. Sieve tubes are
the conducting elements in phloem.
Carries product of photosynthesis from roots to other part of the plant.
Ascent of sap: The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to different
plant parts is called ascent of sap. Many factors are at play in ascent of sap and it
takes place in many steps. They are explained as follows:
Root pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very thin. Water from soil enters the
root hairs because of osmosis. Root pressure is responsible for movement of water
up to the base of the stem.
Capillary action: A very fine tube is called capillaiy, water, or any liquid, rises in the
capillary because of physical forces and this phenomenon is called capillary action.
Water, in stem, rises up to some height because of capillaiy action.
Adhesion-cohesion of water molecules: Water molecules make a continuous column
in the xylem because of forces of adhesion and cohesion among the molecules.
Transpiration pull: Loss of water vapour through stomata and lenticels, in plants, is
called transpiration. Transpiration through stomata creates vacuum which creates a
suction, called transpiration pull. The transpiration pull sucks the water column from
the xylem tubes and thus, water is able to rise to great heights in even the tallest
plants.
TRANSLOCATION
Transport of food: The transfer of food from leaves to different parts of the plant is
known as translocation.
STEPS OF TRANSLOCATION:
Food prepared in mesophyll leaves pushes dissolved food in to sieve tubes of
phloem.
Moreover, the flow of substances through phloem takes place in both directions, i.e.,
it is a two-way traffic in phloem.
Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapours from aerial parts of the plant.
Functions
Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating pull. Helps
in temperature regulation in plant.
