4 DiseReTE Mamennnes Siten Rasen e A. Logic monks Tr - Combinafsics CL. ert] ony 3 Set Theory [Rouman, Busan goss ~y 4+ Gora Theomy- CNaRsmen Bee) wr Crea : ory \ LC ot! yy A: logical StaleMent ? © es wr a Cractostlion] x ee Negation oT a > leglealOferafonn > Hin poepentes (Vs ALi 9.4s.@ TU) (ee, nreemed) ws waa oe pain “T Chercr) peel alpen Comp “T° 4 i ; _ =. oh Soda FONE ae igincne Neat. Ron) joetert ag cE bas > 5: Tnplitions $ siconartional (ay Bp geet Rad wanes pe Gi § Aagumanis © Eells Arguntert] ; ad 7 Rules of Inference oT 98: Preduate Logic =_Quantifio.(v.a) .< TT Raul Piatidity of a. predicate aS Cp Proporties ay ch Toanalation F L ~~ ch chi J —~ a ae BHARAT PHOTOSTAT & BOOK CENTER ~ www.notesbharat.com at ..--A Complete Student Solution Centre 5 F ; obi TOPPER’SCLASS NOTES ALL BRANCHES ie, FOR IAS, IES, GATE, PSU'S, BANKINGSSC, IT : ah” EXAM PAPERS & TEST SERIES Ms ADD-77 BER SARAL, NEAR MADE EASY NEW DELHI-16 MOBILE “8750121912, 8468880040 ab” PION NO-011.65421912 ok NW Scanned with CamScanner| | Gesedees eee NTs beret Aaa Losrc” “sp 1 Soperatas Logicat Slade Ment: (Powpesition) Selojatd jad St sDedhasetive Sentence which can be either tue ot Sie fd no} both at eae dikoweatara tn pared aime Ex- This board iS ushite (Ronee CEE | Noto. Logical StodeMent- 4 Questions. Wheck is Your Name? 2 Command - Stand up: 3. Exelamedion » Of | Thats gaieat. 4 XPD = 4 Git is net porebesition beoz 71 Same..x value, Hi is hue is/usn tenas4 declaection false 5-@is tau. Cuntess he i shedfed) oi 6 Today is Wednesd Se Nero aa beoz be tue. but sorrel vain" become, false 7 Tommorors ust otain- 7 - Ee prbeen mys is This sentence is fale. 2 se senkewe 6 Tt atts is Legrenk stots Logical, Operadons ; (ns wpe 2. 2. 7,4) A preposition is Saitien in the parsing’ way eve peq prata=4 eva qpo: x42=4 (Predicede) bud. not 0. baebosition ae x Pox) 5 prebosttionss Tous —3x POC) + Negatlian- 4. P.7,P) - Unarty opaatos » P|P Negation o}t 15 not 4 |o is # Zz < pag apy, PY. pv4 1 Pvq'a pte Scanned with CamScannerig pvqrt ~ than p=q, is ona bncsibisi am seme oho. ng ith bal net the sure thing. f also alle + if prq=o ’ 9 [P =a] not attnsays + ePUET pages) = T=E) + Tf pP2e2=4 or 347-10 x. A - alias be tue V ~~ cfeast ome is pout © ~ Exacttyones bus | 7 Aiteast Ine aa | | Bo wee FH and 347 #10 © Tf po 2tt=4 and 347= le B 3 BRAY OR 347 Fle © pr ais evens divisible by 4 ‘pi: Ris odd on not divsitte by 4 + PL if-Asains. 4 vsil cory umbaretia. [Either Htdoes not fain oR T oxi can a umbsetia pi: Te atains and Twill not caeisy- Ombrella © Cenerion gf, Secondony “operates intoBasio cheaters: + P24aeba tae OOD = Pea! = POs = POY *prpey = patap! = pa = Ped = P'Sq pea @'racpra). (pean qepl + P@q= Pbq + Pq Pod = POq! P! Anumbe, is even if and only. 'f divisible by 2 CL poua peq) | P!: A Tumber is.even 0 it is divisible by 2,bud not both. expC | axerpen) Ax PO) | vx PL) atxnpey | ax Po) Bx Poo)| vx POD) Scanned with CamScannerPU Ye LPOY> QUO) = ax(~PH gu] 5 ix( POX) n= Qo ier = some (3x Vy (Poy, 216 tm 4.2))) = tee 2))) = Wee y 3y ( Poxsyy2y <> Ol ys2)) pr (stm) (p=0.or q=0) (pq=0) qap Comverse] (pate) =>(p=0 071 q=0) ope. cas _, Cp #o.andg #0) > (bq 0) conteapesttive] ( ba spe) > (peoand 4 #9) es yooo A pia ; Payer 7 Ea n4a| pa] perg. rt ie ° ° 3 i # fe t o 4 lo |. 2 4 4. of 4 af if two prefesifions one equivalent ( then [ky = Lxey ipp xyes] Hb bec and a > CbySb) Is Houtblsgy ‘ ued can be injersed bout ab nc)? bec > bec aSibvr) 7 9 a4 * avibac) = avCbAb) =LVb= 4 CTaudoleg yp) Cs.t8? Logic Digital als Set theory ) €S,0, MAD + Qn is @ bedean figebor- be ant! Ura Tor FD ean A> (BUC) = a- coe) = Or que! + ab'rac! C false) ca-8) 0 (AO b) +0a-©) Scanned with CamScanner6. Caxioms | . + cpetahors core ase knsiin 08 Logical connectives ‘ ' 5» 1 ERY Vay, wes « [29s] eyes ! ace enules! : ap es ' Anges NAB eS [; uBe 2. THE: read Woayes [xty =y+* vt nypes [@ v8)-@LM abies (anpy=tane) Wey es Pxag =yax fesse] vawes E von ges waignay stinapae] np sowed wA.Bes [ Au(Buc) = (AUBUIC (ana) nc = Ancenc) sect t7) = AETH digniowhee on Woogze so T x+ey.z). Sec Beclean alg. : este Ge) ¥ xigiz ©S [xatgv2) = Gay) vCxnz) y Xv (yp AZ) = OKVY) ALEVE) Ru(8Nc)= @uB)n Ae) An (Buc) = (ANB) y (ANG dottx xt +X Ayre x Lex row | By xes [RAT x =Tax 3 KVF= x =F Ux ag v Aes Nese! Bs #aes Accra Po oniversa se] Scanned with CamScanner= CTSTTT ESSE boa — Pe cee ee PERE errr eee r gmallak Goblin oly. is possible wih minimum 2 eluyust {ot Quey- The Smattest Finite Beolean Algebae. has 2. whal_ is value gn? 7 4. u 2 Least Upper Bound nea 2h 18a atthe (Eager! wer Bound Bement 6 Mimi x ay KS Aer) =F Ye Aye a ty ay’ | ex! *] X Vex) =T. On, Pe lun moe Res dnces | A URS Eonwersat sa] 1 complenqut A nated Gut Sts ok pecsible Oy Beslenn + Precakence gf operabas: UT [> 7 CD20 > VIF = or bosean zebra “Or pertr are (LC bv (oaa2))?s] #4) TE an element aatisfy. complement Property awiely. scctistfies ilen tty. property 4, Sienppientilamy. pes Reel 7 pee ge PYP=P, ¥ Aun=aA + The biggest balynomial in Bes Aupae| oclean Fg esitin degree “No 1. jNio coe-ficiemt exist 9. RBgexbtion Law pes |PUpr=P beaeernere | Pecprp=P] |pupigle P =PaayP. Ex - pq pqa t past +p Exat p i{(p+q)(q'+5)] = pat Past tp [Pe ass) = pqtp =P C “Ex ue i) pee +P | x3 [ps (qh ove! aprdtaaia = P] AARHAHRANRMHRARHANKHAKRARRARARARABAAR AR Scanned with CamScanner iF' Vpes [Peas Prd] — Vpes| Prt = Pha : PC P*Q)= Pq PUpty= Pag Sau Beaaage by st mile : Ww Y sort pag ramen: Na sp pamper: ¥pqes ee foe pay’ = pq! (bq) = op vorg || Iwole. form Ex- (ptqs = Simplified gom is Lp eqales= pegs) +s | for Set Bessy: Vaoe “Tore nines (ansy= At 1 aap Benbl Gropernert* vpes (PF) nn FAL ES & ; a "eq, if and only If a= pi i (Psa 9 = Pp] Alwaiys « taucology é6 ca xoo= pes ee | need BD ines hal u-universal Set ange? 5 Dowimotenilaw= + nee 1 [p42 aizrl =e —_ ~enkepasitive set Scanned with CamScanner= Pe _ (ee 424] SEEPS SPE TEP RR ES SSC SC Ceed sg Quuzas Which ef the gollewing. is -Feurtology 2 % bq pve = pag @ +> ba = ba!+ Pq = poq > vg > inp OV >2Ip= phiepr palace CS PDP HS = pylerits Oca al) altst= Sint fF None Tautblogy= far a. Prefesition if puth table contain alt rue values only. + Also Known as atid preposition. Quis Check Ushether it iso tautology 2 piotets Uae beens ola [ler nr] FOP] te Lied TIES [ero Caray] = ete] = (paaytlqien' + ate = paleqalr'tP : = pra = Hence fee Ques- check whether 4 Is jautology? 24) nlq 22) > (pam) 74, P = patqa'ep's = pieqieatg = 4 Hence it is ataublogy. © Gontradiction- fer ali Value itis folse [peo 20] + Alse known ag fallacy. + Also Known as Invaliel. _ Bees —_—— Sais Fan) lUnSatisfiobe Ca | (USAT) ig 1 Reap Fenradinfo All drut eo Scanned with CamScannerQues Which | the gollowamng- 1s vaud? be pdcqua) =(p94q) V( pa) “ pagan =(po4) a lpo) I> plrara =. (PtqiC pr) Prat (valid) BHARAT PHOTOSTAT & BOOK CENTER oe % Pleqa 3 (peq)c pon Serre = pt. ‘FOR ANS, IES, GATE, PSU'S, BANKING, SSC, HTT fii va) Turi tS am-7rmmens, sean ADF EAT SEW DH i -$750121912 8468580010 Ques- check whether Valid or not ? HON NO-O11.65421912 AutB-c) =(@@uB) -CAauc) At+Bc = (tH cA'c’) A+se) = A'BC! bb Hence it Is false / mvatid Moker |. path commidative & Assocedive Commutotive: PROB S8OA ; A’g'+eA = ABTA'B! pscociative: ne(Bec) =(heosec Ae (Bc+ BC')"S (ABAJO ABCHABC'S A'CBYCBHO = ABCTA'BC +(A'rBI(ATB)C’ ABctaBe +A'B'c+ABC = ABctaABc’+AlBc + AlBc! Ques Check whathor ell is: Vaid ox net ? Cperay. il p'se4) => ZAZ=O Hence it ts invaticd Scanned with CamScanner ry PANANNOHOGKANOONOWYOS r, ARRANNAgeewe SPUDDOSBDOODPOGDTORAOBDHSVOSCEOHOGCSCECEES SS Commutative: @ pt =4Tp 2 Peq'=q' Pla =P = pas aip’ Associadive * fem eon No fimwhm is exid plrqa Ft pater LF WlWdA is Asset pucqua) # (puget ft ek coment] | pega # (err iF ametionalty, Complete Set-) Sel gp operators eshich 9 is capable to waite Ray . 7 even, bodean qo Ex- fu, ar} > FC Set f vin A stdt reset, {vat = Nota functionally GompieleiSet {Voda FC Set 2 gn, {nwt Fe Set “3 | | fa wy 2 eset es = ped] Cs p39 = PF) fest onet FES peng, = Pa't Pd {ay rrese Heetet Mminimot Fo set es Svy 23 Fc seh, aye £7 PONG . t va? ea HD pv, ; WA aprret Cpta) = PAO . nn? cpyprerP Ay \s > Cpypy (ta) = PML va (pug) Cpvq) = PM4 si Ee Se + i+ should be FC + Np Subset of FC shoutd be FC Exy§ wind =F FeycFe = fv, } alse an FC + it ig Nok minimal ee Scanned with CamScannerTaudolegy « Consingencys Sen FL well formed derma eanbe aie ct cu Ccollectively exhaustive & muctiatly exclusive) + wag = Logicat stmt = legiest-f® = boolean qunctian = logical Expasn. A well-pamed fooimula can be either cen Satisfiable (SAT) OR Unsadtisfiable (USAT), INGeFY Contigenyp = Sahsfiable 2 Taustology > satisfiable 3 Brey. Setsfiable is a Gontigene. - Every," Saiisfiable is a. Teustole Beng Commirandiction Is Unsadtisfiable Contradiction <> Unsadtisfiable Gey) ceveny.) 5+ The. Complement of seurbologyy is akeays a. orrtmag\iction [USAT) & Contigenay” is choayp & contingsinay ( ser’) Gnimshetion is atcoaypt 0 facto. (Sarr) Comivngency- AHeast Gre Ziow Ahould be Ow rittenst mann Scanned with CamScanner PPP LPN PWA a ¢ =Wote= 4. pis sat, -pis sat < pis (cr) } p is sat, up is ust & Pls CF) NORMAL FORMS; Waiting aj the sta exposn-uith the boctean oboracbors, foro given expan. * PONE -Primcpat Disjunctise Nosimal asim Be | + Min team poesent im expas . * V dishibuded oven A. sorineims ane denoied by my Ex: pe@lq at) tap qe) | pe 27) ) a -Mo PAPE! Bao palate pala + ba! peng = (ptqt) (pratt) C pratt . (pq) oO -My i-ms a-m, 4-™s &h -me a-™ pet Poo 0 OF FEO OB RO Olp ororor ol lpbee re ¢ PENE « . Potincipal Gen junchive NeziMal Foam + Max. fem potesent i w « f\ distibuted oven V + denokd by. 28 My * O is m Unwmpleted gorm $4 is im complemented gor lole= . fom Contains zene femmsthan » Lf either PONE or PCNF. + n 7 dyes nies satis fiable “091 Unsadisfable © Zoo fenms in PONF > Unsatisfiable (cenhradichon] e Zeno ems In PCN 7 Satisfiable CTautelegy] © Nun Zeno PENFS PONF ? Contingency Csccistiable] Scanned with CamScanner fea given assignment Stauth value dt pigs! (bats [the Ne af rom ferrns /ojauses usbich 15 equaa ei = 4 “Vane Ne a min jonns [clauses ushich, equcevaluates =7 2%) Ne ap Max forrm eyoluakes tO = 4 s __——— exahiates 2 &= 7021) wie What gpeston cp Penk gar eque evaludes to 4-2 jobses] fastesi “for n yee, ponf clauses, eubluaten to b 7a, ey atest 8 . = & atteast Ys : : ae Cpe) Aly dy atmest Ya pop vlp™ pau ee . . poy (yr paqer [x =f 24 = fayaz] . g yece2) = (sz xtvez 5 xX tyHZ ate) # (20 9% Scanned with CamScanner: Tiplinion_ Sieondetii! © , Saas y p2a_- | pq . p 4 implies q. 4 Ip ony if roe + tran Qe 3p ifand only if, , Consequently p ID ao tecedary ; B arp p ‘y (pif a) and (q if b) 4 mf =4)_A(q4>p) i? bo 4 S[k ify = ya Sy (bifa) and (ponlyif 4) FE ire) A (9D Chaq) pet wil cobb, Umbsela. only fff rains, 6 pis neccessary poufficient fora, é UPR : > pegs -qonps popery + Tusill casey Ombrella. if i eins $ r Rol = 4p ae * yeu can enter-thedheatse only if youhave|® [Emvense = cqnierse = Die “ee i Ane Heke. t Thealse = ticket 3: (Ps necessary) 1, pissftet) fag Popa © 4 folews fam p 1 Ex- pqso gpllaos -frem p=oqro @p) 8 (pea) , Spee ‘Dp fear p» 4 follows EX> Woatting shond is same 8 being ' Be Onl IF JA seins T-usil cerry Oni Eek ae aich] Lovell cary: urnbella omy. if eins 5 c : I pis equivalent fo 9 ' [Uroboteba > 2ains] ; [healed eq is peccensaryy pa Pe a p is Sufficient a ae ley pa po yis mecc02 50% - ot for heath This nneceessonyy ee P BIARAT PHOTOSTAT & BOOK CENTER heatin =e Www.notesbharat.com . ; ste Stet Satin Conte | AD ong. ps Sffvent aera TORTS. GATE, MUS BANKING SS, I> EXO PAPERS & TEST SRIES wo-7 cg, se EY DEAT TT, hin a vy rnoninarLssone. pa Scanned with CamScanner ie \ EEE HO OOD DP OHH OE LOLLYal 7 (@pva) | © Some Branahation + \> Vohenneesvsheneven =i” > Babswand: = Neverbelee— “The Sun is shi tha goass is shit wet Pi! sunis shining. een) LL g7ass, is Shil wet. 27 as You will net pass the exam@nlem you Study bard. -You will net pass the Xan oR You werk hard Pt You will pass the xm q) You will study ‘hosid %} E_didnet study for xam nevertheless I passed. + i [paa) 1 T passed. af well he passed « (Lz passed) AChe posted) a passed alse he passed. ( passed) ACDe passed) Fp on q beta ret beth = pOq = Exactty oneef Pand 4, & Either pong Spy = atleastome q pond, fe -Nelthen p ne gs Nok. = mp t-g. = net pe neha, . B- Either b is-false on 4,15 false = NANO 2 &pyna) a aitenst ned to saHeast Lis bur ~~ PYL . ecHeast 115 fol = - b 14. + Exacty Liste - pOq + both axe 421ue - par 2 poth ae false - PVA q degnee eae i pegaee 5 sufficient Gor de> [Degree 775) Scanned with CamScannerDT You cannet mide on stellen coaster Lf you vie under 3 geet unless 3 you ae mete than lo old. > Pz You cant aide on sober coaster J: Undin 3 feet lo: more than le years 2 . > > : > “fe Preah rane ec] > eats ¥ Fe pis ete ssony. buck net Suffienct gor q. 2 taving. Ticket is ‘neccessary. buct net, sufficient ops entering. to thes > > es _needssaxy fog) but’ p is net sufficient fing) ; _ @ePN Fegy > [asp avtpep] = (4'4 PD C bq!) = ba! = pang, Ourecr. fp aq > CONVERSE 1 Qh > CONTRAPOSTIVE | ong up } INVERSE, Dep sq ' Ques ' T will-stay only if you go’ ished 1S the converse fea. above stmt? 5. T dont Stay. qollows drom you dem go. [uq 3m] ¥ by T Stay Ws neccessany, for you domhgo. Cinq pl VC T stay is suffident gor you go Cpoq) 1 rT stoy Pilaas from ypu go Lor) 1 ay ap pq is tuefvatia [roids ” ' J) IE p ts false q.can be ether 0, 4, ' ~ Uy if p is tue, 4am unit surely be tue. } y (iy F q is hue, p canbe cithen. pue or fase ) uy If 4 IS falses P is also dalse- , ’ | Sp tat et fea P2@ny—atk OG | tt nove baper™ L “y% =: Mak Cad Scanned with CamScanner Et) » nn 1 Of ODD Dawes LLLSCGOOEETH SE’ vwrwrvuvvvvweyw \ if p is False, pq, Is also hue ‘ Tf q 1s tue, Peep caay te| : Dues: IF pvq 1 -heids § sis false Uhat can you Say abou 4 Pq? ‘ N- ve 2 4 PYZo D .pyqso Je pq beth mut be false we- If pygrre taq folds + pv4 ts hue ‘ [on 4.q/Pl ane fue] 1 ‘ - t qe is tue : gee Fis oP av ' at op aqua? pra ol ae ol 4 ‘cT a 4 Ke y ely Nene ‘ Qua Tf pq 15 false hat 1s Pp 7V? — PAATE aes LG pat rgqaO * wt ¥ ae 4 th ct prqt7) i macs arora . ‘ 6 BHARAT PHOTOSTAT & BOOK CENTER ab ) ‘www.notesbharat.com ¢ ssvt] 2b TTA Capt: St Stone dyes: pq 2 NS? Sv . A Come moves aut anavenes 4 pase 34 [a2 Mccon eon? Ra AU PAPERS & TEST SERIES z worms | (ey eT io ADanLAS1812 ; (o> © ch None ‘ ; e is false |! soi oy get siffne (premise D eatoaye a valid] [conclusion is ue] arigumentt ‘ 4 ; at ‘ ect. the vaudiy a on a are _ Assume Lis 40 fue i n. check if 7 Is hue 2 pue fl ee False 5 the! Scanned with CamScanner> Quer check dor the validity: > ~ Jal wecpos) A Of 8O9) > wdaet PRIA Qo) = & ~ : D Wh LHS istue Je PAG = T (RHS- ee POX) is hue af ald Py... Pris: » ad Vx G00) i tue at Qugr Onis > Pr A@n=T - hue : ae 2 RHS is-one, a Hence if is vatid. I a: - check gon the vatidrhy 5 Ques cheek Jo ; yx (POO V 900) = [vx Poo] Vv [Me goo) } i * Peery Lvs tet Lis is pue . PV Q istue tet PT, Qi =F HS ¥x POO? false for Pe = We@O) fase for gprs 1 RvQis pue LM =F, ep ot c yo, . ES sence false “I 1 Tris invalid. € E ' con, ' Peiguifends + 0 Sef @ Premises followed by a conclusion. é EL ne CPIARAP3.... Pr EQ . i E a TY Pi. Pr IS teuethan = be ‘ be sate 2TH be ine c ; ! S , = I * y PL APR APSA... = ~ Paqument— JTF you. work hovid ou eailt poss pq ei: 2 You ane weatking- head iB S 3. Thesepore » You: uxill pass-the Xam. 4 y 1 [ is vatid.| NS as Dus bk Tf you wok hand, You will poss pq = % You pass 4 | . 3. therefore, You. Wolk haxd. 4 #P \ [His invatid ] Scanned with CamScannerQues - Check Whether ak is valid 021 NoFY Tf you work hyd + you are-tatente T You wortk | hard. You: ate not talenled therefore Twill be happy EE SS ESS OOCOEC EE HS tented. then gee salibecrm 1 Musician, Tf you felon musician, then you will be habby Teadomal paas)— paq7s Awd 198 P P : payee -4 1 “BA Hence invasid 2a . fae make & coment You ane fetented ep theregore You arte habby 7 pagel =e pag7s APS Pye => tue Poo = 2 4s Be 4s » Prd. sa lad a8 os ma Op fs Svaliid as 4- wh pyarr yap oP 4% pvgrm nes s@sq P= Swsq P P , P sa_ sa sa ~S _(Invatid) 28 (asia) 5 (trvasi) P= s@sa PosusA PS>stsSA Ps svsn P E P ae “sp vs “oS “sa 5B p sa ~s___(vasid) Ss _vatid (neither soup or salad) Pastsn POSVSA PS AsA P as Ti oi Po Ss [invatid] 1. SnsA__finvatid] _SVSA_Cvosid] [ena > Pva] eathshene A hall parerts-cxre. points este varnishes 2% BSomne varmisher arte green A eee 3 theneforte Some, padends ane qpieen [Fats] Green pil varnishes are green Veashinen <= theo Some varinishers ae. green’ Leas] AX Is ¥ anyisx Ga) (sx geome XI8Y GTO CY 6) some ¥ 15 X GE @ ¢ An js ane Vartnisher Scanned with CamScanner“ys é ‘ Bisi" 1. AN-paint aote vosmnishor e %_ALL_voonishenis_gpreen. = 3: .",, Some paint is nat green si ae ee ear : oie [Ervastie’] g G whe 7 Some *\s yet ¥ q EY. x andy cI E> OOF 3 she 8: Same Y is no) X : 7 xy x / = <9 OO < = oe € , & = Negeshom' Some X is ¥_ ite negeson 18 No Xs ¥. ‘ 6 2Y) 5 ak #Y . = pre (OO) ~ 1 arch usill b>NEt be played ¢ SS Ques-REF H+ statins the 1 °y ‘ c.: Set cg i eggs ‘ “ap which gf: the qpltowing a fl ; =, gy tb mains 5 : — 4 Th didnet va ‘ co it ethen goin ot didnot xan. ‘ = : . : Py. Tp A skiing Bone qe Jeam didnot dusin up the mestch will ; Ques nee _— ‘not be prayed: 3 pe: the match was played eva = (a WF vain spew i Lia it didnot sain ces - Vv jednot vein 9° yearn rom ub or 4 TAP ‘esse IS ot ape fear wmub: Sy ser 3 Scanned with CamScanner, : y Rules_op Tpf1eHees C41) these o1ules arya -euxologys] ; : ion nef . A Simnpiifiesdion”, Epng &x ieee vaaeerh 3 remains: _p _it is aiglexive - - ; Pg 1H is amerieg on sym » 3 Gayneton: p p74 = We j } 5 (Modus Torens! 1 a oa) ' Y potoot bye Gmbvadiction i : ap | 6 Hypothetieat Syllogism: = pang, U7 Taanstive Rule a | ‘ qen Lmplicettion. papa 1 qnisjunchue sylogsm (PYQ)° V4. Prof G-Eliineten i

POO Ex Domeyn §: {WON Tiger , Cheetahs) Argument: fll Anirnots one vile is sil Cspecigiestien) Additions -Addinan of cuss Tmteger is mie 7 eerste Cspecificedion) 3 Gristenfad Qanhfiey “> ae PUx!) ——> Sx Pod Pox)! Gon is wild J. we can Say 2 fReme pirat ee wid] | Ae Gxistenhat_ Speciation Ax Px) —— > PUx Dv POG) V PUG) Ax Poo + Some. animals PE wild. Gens wilel wecansag = Hn es specificstien. Tiger Bool kl or cheetah wild LEUUUUUTTG Scanned with CamScannerPaedieate- Ti is a propasthenat qunction Poo: x+2 =Y Wx Px) — prepesition Here [ix Pox) - False 3x PO) Prepesition [3x Pix) — Toe. ee Domain: Sel gf Reat No POI x+FO.U= Cpe icmel DPR fees eae : fas eeey| Ques. Domain: Set ef Che rrbeder POX)! VX is teat oe WePMis tue Ix Pu) is hue PUxd: JX is, steak on poman=.zt ee MP6 TR is’ not stead x cis x POX)» False’ TPCT She —. RPOY > pue He-Puy.s false FxaPo) > false Onto vasiiable-_ Domajn : 2 Pox,yd= x tYy=lo Yslo-x Ie Mev. Posy) (False) RV Axdy Pooy) ( Toe} 3 ve ay Pow, pp dy ve PUxy) ( False) y Aety Posy) wb Hy Tx Posy) Come) ©) ey Ay Wx = axvy ay xe a wrap = vend const Yaniable ene b for eypynate BY be Ame ban be dependent a : Ft shout be ax Inds yx > Sole J Veet ih fem 4 £ valuable Scanned with CamScanner TUNE KOH ODWAA A aK BDL DADBAONIDDDDIDMNODDLeS FP VOPTVOVOTHEEEE LISS Nete- While ering fprthe. dunctions 4 i oe Vxvty > Bye 3 a GO Ax ay Ques- Domain: Nedwral No Pony) s xty=lo by Woe Wie False wax ay rue 3B Axvy = ayvx False eee EV dy False (due-b derncim) ‘ie: for Assyrnetic 4” Domain ' integer pox,yd! xtyP=te vx Wy — False. x=lo-y™ Te ye Vie > False Cx sheuld be independent 4 4) 2 false (demon as wellos net indehapgert) ~ false Cas Yols net in demain) +> tue (In demain) in: Rete Puy) * x+y7= 10 ~ False - Bue Fatse BHARAT PHOTOSTAT & BOOK CENTER ~ False www.notesbharat.com A rsa Serine Cove RISCLASS NOTES ALL BRANCHES false 8, HS GATE PAV, BANKDGS, IT Wy Ax - tue ‘EVAN PAPERS & TEST SERIES surrey, 2 AE ES DEE HARE Tn, 6808 PON O-O1L.65.21012 Scanned with CamScanner: UBT Piay, 2) = x4ytz = 46 Domain: nlegers : 2eb-xy | Vevy v2 —_ False B ¥a¥ya2 — — Sol can depend an xoy- both Ldeman ( Totue) b r 3 We Fg hy S51" can depend on x bef nek ony. (False) : (ArH vg False ( Nob inclebendent @f Ay) if itl be tree i 4 = lorety, 1» 5 FAG We > False (not mdebentlent gx) Petsten!°* ' & 33g Bz Prue 7 Ye 3 32 Wy Tue Zty=lo-x Existenthal. Quantifier uaniable must be. Indebendent ef data on. ight P| 4% cam be debents upon data. on left of wt ' | Tn case qf Mone than me 3, take ost together, fee Pix 2) XP498=25 on cemain? [Re inntegen so oat : : “Netting wail be tue. "Th case of tuo J, tate both f dz ay vx — &xislenhoa ; 4 Variable togelhon t "OL Px Pod is puethen ax Pox is also-mue- y [iru = axrod] ,e Tt Sixty is hut then wy 4x Is tue 4 ¥ : Cone way. hearer) [Sy > Yay] 1% [rev pony <> Hyer y)] Pe [Axa Poy) > ay ax Poo) } la. Scanned with CamScannerD ve vy Poy —> Ax ayPony — Toe. : : Vey POs y) 9 Wx Hy Pony) Tojue a> vx. By POSY ——> B ax Wy Pooy) False > Way POxy) ——> ay ax Powy) [ene] A> ky Posy) —> Jy ax Poy) “TBHE s Dustibuive_propedes {- ibe AQ SS (hs Poo) fiw Ax € Pog-vGoo) {ax Pex), “Xx (Poo | med EP OO GU) <=> [Wx Poo] A [ike Quo] #2. ax ( Poo VOW) ) => [SxPoo) v [4x09] BAK OPOD VOW) ca [excrooy) VDMKOUN) A Bx CPR) AGW) L—> x Poo] A xQu0]) TB cher go tne vey sis PU be We [P00 1 000) et eS a eT Pe ticT PragneT Pa Qnet } RHS & Wx Px) >THE 5 Toe. i she Qu) > Tus . is ue . [yx PE) A ¥x 000] a Pine Pr ey yx(POdA@D] > UL Qu. - Qn we 1 Hence it is alia both sides LHS Is hue apo Bx( POO Y G00) NT ef Or HNFF RHS | daPcxy=T =» Tue ax @oo=F + Hene valid ELLLHUHUEDLOOOGE set Scanned with CamScanner+ Fx Poo V ax@vo 1s bus than aneasr ome GF PUPAE |--On till o€ ‘hue then — Ax( PO) V GOO) Loill be hue . Hence + i+ is uatid gor beth sides. ¢ Byrlot LHS [¥xCPox) Vv Vx@oay] is hue Let PI. -PrEFalse Pr Ons Tue ¥xC POO V OOO) is true. “ Hence itis valid” + * LHS ¥X( POO V9) Is hue Let P)=T Py...Py= False Vx POO VEE QU) 3 wise dork [Hence wit Is nop vourd] 4p. ax (POO A Ld) is tue me VE PET OP GHeF O1et ener ? HIS ue Ax POX) > hue Bx ge) & tue: 7 Hence # is vat %-(P9)] K Bx @ud] is tue Bx POIs tue Le PT, Ry ap Ax OQ) is bus FF O27, Qs. / 3XxC PIX.A'RO) > False Hence it is invabjd : Paarrr ah + OnsF Scanned with CamScanner HKDANONNNAN NAO OA ONnKR AAA Ai a [2x Pod? PON) => [2x (Poo am ax 9¢ (x) LHS Lot LHS be ue 4 ae “PSO P3593 Pat 93=T Rus | Bx[Poo > 000] 5 ax Po | VPS=T since Pa # Ps F than Qy ustlLnet Hence uit is muatid. ‘exter 3. [Bx Pex = ax OOO] Sy IxCPex > Ov9) Lai LHS be tue Ps > 96 GOVCCTTTITG Pg=T Qe=T L RHS 2 Ps > 5 3 Mayor may not be tus RQ, 2 Pu — [Hence wit is vais], an A -¥x (POON G) <> [Mx Pod} AO > a 2 Ax(PodA) <—> 3x POOA® \ puaparpHotostar & Book ceTER 3 ¥x(Pex) V @) — > VPRO VOD % ax (Pea vg): <——> ax Pow) VP ONS, IS, GX, PATS. BAYAN SE. TANPAPES TEM SERIES be Mx (POIAQ) - —> F¥xPoo] AP orn aeeDsHs THON NO-L. 65.2192. LHS — PAQ=T 2o.f...Pr=T Poa@ et O=T pis is also+7ue- . Py. P= Toe RHS ed Honea vai, Ye PLO AQ > WK CPLOAD) Pee-Pa=T AQ=T EXCPEO AG) 2 tut Nabil ' oA, ee coyelaion 18 fre; Argent os elie Vol PS ECSCVUUVHUHBEES % Scanned with CamScanner