Module 2

HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS AND BIO

DESIGNS
 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS
MODULE 2
HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS AND BIO DESIGNS - 1 (QUALITATIVE):
Brain as a CPU system (architecture, CNS and Peripheral Nervous System, signal
transmission, EEG, Robotic arms for prosthetics. Engineering solutions for Parkinson’s
disease). Eye as a Camera system (architecture of rod and cone cells, optical corrections,
cataract, lens materials, bionic eye). Heart as a pump system (architecture, electrical
signaling - ECG monitoring and heart related issues, reasons for blockages of blood vessels,
design of stents, pace makers, defibrillators).
HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
The human body is a biological machine made up
of various organ systems. Organ systems are
made up of various organs working together to
perform a vital body function. There are primarily
11 organ systems namely:
1. Skeletal system,
2. Muscular system,
3. Cardiovascular system,
4. Respiratory system,
5. Nervous system,
6. Digestive system,
7. Urinary system,
8. Endocrine system,
9. Lymphatic system,
10. Reproductive system,
11. Integumentary (Exocrine) system.
➢ Role and function of the organ Systems.
• Biodesign is the use of living organisms in design.
• Its processes can be used in the creation of fashion, textiles, furniture
and architecture.
• Nonprofit design companies and universities around the world,
increasingly implement biodesign practices into research and product
development.
• This presents a new frontier in terms of design with nature as opposed
to design by nature in the case of bio-inspired design.
• Bio-design was coined by William Myers in 2012 as “an emerging and
often radical approach to design that draws on biological tenets and
even incorporates the use of living materials into structures, objects and
tools” (Myers, 2012).
• BRAIN AS A CPU SYSTEM
• Both CPU and brain use electrical
signals to send messages.

• The brain uses chemicals to transmit

information; the computer uses
electricity.

• Even though electrical signals travel

at high speeds in the nervous system,
they travel even faster through the
wires in a computer. Both transmit
information.
Architecture of human Brain
The human brain is one part of the nervous system. That’s the control system that
sends instructions to all the other parts of your body. The human Brain has many
different parts. Each one plays a different function. But they all work together to
manage complex thoughts, feelings and behaviours.

The three main parts of the brain Fig: Parts of a neuron

Figure: Transmission of signal between neurons
• On average, an adult human brain weighs about 1300 grams. It uses about
20% of the body’s energy.

• The brain helps coordinate all of the body’s internal and external actions.
Without your brain, you wouldn’t be able to sneeze, kick a ball or send a
text.
The brain has three main parts. They are the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the
brainstem.
1. The cerebellum helps fine-tune your muscle movement. For example, it helps
control balance, posture and motor learning.
2. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, spanning both the left and
right hemispheres. It sits on top of the cerebellum and the brainstem. Many of
your body’s higher functions rely on the cerebrum. For instance, it controls touch,
vision, hearing, speech and fine motor skills. You also need your cerebrum to

interpret emotions, solve problems and learn.

3. The brainstem connects the base of the brain to the spinal cord. It helps
coordinate the brain’s communication with the rest of the body. The brainstem
also helps coordinate involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate.

Interior parts of the brain including the

(1) corpus callosum, (2) thalamus, (3) hypothalamus, (4) pituitary gland, and (5) pineal gland.
Nervous System
The nervous system helps all the parts of the body to communicate with each other. It also reacts to changes
both outside and inside the body. The nervous system uses both electrical and chemical means to send and
receive messages.

The nervous system has two main parts:

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the body’s “control center.” The CNS has various
centers located within it that carry out the sensory, motor and integration of data. These centers can be
subdivided to Lower Centers (including the spinal cord and brain stem) and higher centers communicating
with the brain via effectors.

CNS is usually considered to have seven basic parts: the spinal cord, the medulla, the pons, the cerebellum,
the midbrain, the diencephalon, and the cerebral hemispheres.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all
parts of the body.
• The CPU is the brain of a computer, containing all the circuitry
needed to process input, store data, and output the results.
• The CPU is constantly following instructions of computer
programs that inform as to which data needs to be processed
and how.
• The memory capacity of a human brain was testified to be
equal to 2.5 petabytes, which is equivalent to 2.5 million
gigabytes of memory.
• Comparing computer and brain frequencies, Bostrom noted
that “biological neurons operate at a peak speed of about 200
Hz, a full seven orders of magnitude slower than a modern
microprocessor (∼2 GHz)”.
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
A neuron sending a signal (i.e., a presynaptic neuron) releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter, which
binds to a receptor on the surface of the receiving (i.e., postsynaptic) neuron.

• ELECTRO ENCEPHALO GRAM [EEG]

• An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures electrical activity in the brain using small, metal
discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp. Brain cells communicate via electrical impulses and are active all
the time, even during asleep.
• This activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. An EEG is one of the main diagnostic tests
for epilepsy.
• An EEG can also play a role in diagnosing other brain disorders. An EEG can find changes in brain
activity that might be useful in diagnosing brain disorders, especially epilepsy or another seizure disorder.

• An EEG might also be helpful for diagnosing or treating Brain tumors, Brain damage due to head injury,
Brain dysfunction that can have a variety of causes (encephalopathy), Sleep disorders, Inflammation of
the brain (herpes encephalitis), Stroke, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease etc.
EYE AS A CAMERA SYSTEM
The human eye is a wonderful instrument, relying on refraction and lenses to form images. There are many similarities between
the human eye and a camera, including:
A diaphragm to control the amount of light that gets through to the lens. This is the shutter in a camera, and the pupil, at the center
of the iris, in the human eye. A lens to focus the light and create an image. The image is real and inverted. A method of sensing the
image. In a camera, film is used to record the image; in the eye, the image is focused on the retina, and a system of rods and cones
is the front end of an image-processing system that converts the image to electrical impulses and sends the information along the
optic nerve to the brain.
 Photoreceptors in the retina are classified into two groups, named after their physical morphologies, into rods and cones. These
photoreceptors are localized around an area near the centre of the retina called the macula, which is the functional center of the
retina

OPTICAL CORRECTIONS
A slight modification of geometrically correct lines (as of a building) for the purpose of making them appear correct to the eye.
The ability to see images or objects with clear, sharp vision results from light entering the eye. Light rays bend or refract when
they hit the retina, sending nerve signals to the optic nerve, which then sends these signals to the brain. The brain processes them
into images, allowing you to understand what you see
CATARACT
A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. At first, the cloudiness in your vision caused by a cataract may affect
only a small part of the eye's lens and you may be unaware of any vision loss. As the cataract grows larger, it clouds more of your
lens and distorts the light passing through the lens. This may lead to more-noticeable symptoms. A cataract is a cloudy lens. The
lens is positioned behind the colored part of your eye (iris). The lens focuses light that passes into your eye, producing clear, sharp
images on the retina — the light-sensitive membrane in the eye that functions like the film in a camera.

As you age, the lenses in your eyes become less flexible, less transparent and thicker. Age-related and other medical conditions
cause proteins and fibers within the lenses to break down and clump together, clouding the lenses
Refractive errors occur when light entering the eye is not correctly
focused on the retina, leading to blurred vision.
There are several types of refractive errors, including:
• Myopia (nearsightedness): Light is focused in front of the retina,
making distant objects appear blurry.
• Hyperopia (farsightedness): Light is focused behind the retina,
making near objects appear blurry.
• Astigmatism: Light is not focused evenly on the retina, leading to
blurred or distorted vision.
• BIONIC EYES
• Bionic eye, is an electrical prosthesis which is surgically implanted into a
human eye in order to allow for the transduction of light (the change of
light from the environment into impulses the brain can process) in people
who have sustained severe damage to the retina.
• The bionic eye comprises an external camera and transmitter and an
internal microchip.
• The camera is mounted on a pair of eyeglasses, where it serves to organize
the visual stimuli of the environment before emitting high-frequency radio
waveshttps
HEART AS A PUMP SYSTEM
• Heart is sort of like a pump, or two pumps in one.
The right side of your heart receives blood from
the body and pumps it to the lungs.
• The left side of the heart does the exact opposite:
It receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out
to the body.
• The human heart is very strong and is capable of
pumping blood up to 30 feet distance.
• An average heart beats maximum of 70-80 beats
per minute and is considered healthy.
• The efficiency of the heart can be maintained and
improved by performing physical activity.
• Approximately 5.6 liters of blood circulate the body, with three cardiac
cycles completed each minute.
• On an average heartbeat of 60-100 beats per minute.
• The volume of blood ejected with each beat is the stroke volume, which is
approximately 50-100 ml, and the sum of the stroke volumes ejected in one
minute is the cardiac output, which is 3-5L/minute.
• The flow of blood through the heart's chambers is due to the contraction
and expansion of cardiac muscles.
• For regular pumping, the heart needs electrical signals, which are sent to
these muscles, guiding them when to contract and relax.
• If the electrical signals within the heart are interrupted, the heart can beat:
➢ too quickly (tachycardia)
➢ too slowly (bradycardia)
➢ in an irregular way (arrhythmia)
• ELECTRICAL SIGNALING
• The sinus node generates an electrical stimulus regularly, 60 to 100 times per minute under
normal conditions. The atria are then activated. The electrical stimulus travels down through
the conduction pathways and causes the heart's ventricles to contract and pump out blood.

• ECG MONITORING
• ECG monitoring systems have been developed and widely used in the healthcare sector for
the past few decades and have significantly evolved over time due to the emergence of smart
enabling technologies.
• Nowadays, ECG monitoring systems are used in hospitals, homes, outpatient ambulatory
settings, and in remote contexts.
• They also employ a wide range of technologies such as IoT , edge computing, and mobile
computing.
• In addition, they implement various computational settings in terms of processing
frequencies, as well as monitoring schemes.
• They have also evolved to serve purposes and targets other than disease diagnosis and
control, including daily activities, sports, and even mode-related purposes.
[Link]
1. Cardiovascular diseases including heart failure (HF).
2. REASONS FOR BLOCKAGES OF BLOOD VESSELS: Coronary artery disease is a common heart condition.
The major blood vessels that supply the heart (coronary arteries) struggle to send enough blood, oxygen
and nutrients to the heart muscle. Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries and inflammation
are usually the cause of coronary artery disease. Signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease occur
when the heart doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.
• PACE MAKERS
• A pacemaker is a small device that's placed
(implanted) in the chest to help control the
heartbeat.
• It's used to prevent the heart from beating
too slowly. Implanting a pacemaker in the
chest requires a surgical procedure. A
pacemaker is also called a cardiac pacing
device.
Types
• Single chamber pacemaker. This type
usually carries electrical impulses to the
right ventricle of your heart.
• Dual chamber pacemaker. This type carries
electrical impulses to the right ventricle and
the right atrium of your heart to help control
A pacemaker has two parts:
Pulse generator. This small metal container houses a battery and the electrical circuitry
that controls the rate of electrical pulses sent to the heart.
Leads (electrodes). One to three flexible, insulated wires are each placed in one or more
chambers of the heart and deliver electrical pulses to adjust the heart rate. However, some
newer pacemakers don't require leads. These devices, called leadless pacemakers, are
implanted directly into the heart muscle.
Lungs as Purification System
Figure 10.1
Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

◼ Passageway for respiration

◼ Receptors for smell
◼ Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
◼ Moistens and warms incoming air
◼ Resonating chambers for voice
 Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract
◼ Functions:
◼ Larynx: maintains an open
airway, routes food and air
appropriately, assists in sound
production
◼ Trachea: transports air to and
from lungs
◼ Bronchi: branch into lungs
◼ Lungs: transport air to alveoli for
gas exchange
Figure 10.3
Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A
◼ Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air out
◼ Cycle:

◼ Relaxed state: diaphragm and intercostal muscles

relaxed
◼ Inspiration: diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down,
intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall and
expanding volume of chest, lowering pressure in
lungs, pulling in air
◼ Expiration: muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome
shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower
resulting in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion
of air
Respiratory Cycle Figure 10.9
Gas Exchange & Transport: A Passive Process

◼ Gases diffuse according to their partial

pressures
◼ External respiration: gases exchanged between air and blood
◼ Internal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue fluids
◼ Oxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
or dissolved in blood plasma
◼ Carbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood plasma, bound
to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma bicarbonate
Disorders of Respiratory System

◼ Reduced air flow: asthma, emphysema,

bronchitis
◼ Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis,
botulism
◼ Lung cancer
◼ Congestive heart failure
◼ Cystic fibrosis
Ventilators
• Ventilators are medical devices
that assist or control breathing in
individuals who cannot breathe
adequately independently.
• A ventilator helps to push air in
and out of the lungs so the body
can get the Oxygen it needs.
• A person may wear a fitted mask
to help get Oxygen from the
ventilator into their lungs or, if their
condition is more serious, a
breathing tube may be inserted
down their throat to supply their
lungs with Oxygen.
A person might need mechanical respiration:
1. During surgery, general anesthesia can make it difficult to
breathe well enough without support.
2. If a person has certain lung conditions or infections.
3. In a medical emergency, that blocks the airway or impairs the
breathing.
4. If a person has specific brain injuries or conditions. The brain
might not communicate well enough with the rest of the body,
including the lungs, to allow one to breathe correctly.
5. If a person has any conditions that cause their blood to have too
much carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) or insufficient Oxygen
(hypoxemia)
Artificial lung devices
• Artificial lungs are devices designed to mimic the
function of the natural respiratory system.
• Artificial lung devices are membranes made of
synthetic material connected to blood vessels
through tubes and cannulas of silicone.
• The blood passing through the device is
oxygenated and cleared of carbon dioxide.
• Advances in artificial lung technology include
improved membranes, pumps, and even
ambulatory support systems, making it
increasingly possible to support patients
successfully without waiting for a suitable donor
Kidney as a Filtration System
The urinary system, also known as the renal system, is
an essential part of the body responsible for the
production, storage, and elimination of urine. Beyond
waste excretion, this system plays a critical role in
maintaining homeostasis, including the regulation of
electrolytes, blood pressure, and overall blood
composition.
Functions of the Urinary System
•Filtration: Filters waste materials from the bloodstream to form urine.
•Regulation of Blood Composition: Maintains optimal levels of various
substances, including electrolytes, in the bloodstream.
•Volume Control: Regulates the volume of extracellular fluid in the body
by adjusting the volume and concentration of urine.
•Acid-Base Balance: Helps control the pH of blood by excreting
hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions.
•Blood Pressure Regulation: Manages blood pressure through the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which alters blood volume and
vascular resistance.
•Detoxification: Helps remove waste products like urea, ammonia, and
drug metabolites from the bloodstream.
Major Organs
• Kidneys: Paired organs located near
the lower back that are the primary
sites for blood filtration and urine
formation.
• Ureters: Tubes that transport urine
from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder.
• Urinary Bladder: A muscular sac that
stores urine until it is expelled from
the body.
• Urethra: The duct through which urine
is discharged from the bladder and
out of the body.
Kidneys
• The kidneys are the primary functional organ of the renal system. They
are essential in homeostatic functions such as the regulation of
electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and the regulation of
blood pressure (by maintaining salt and water balance).
• They are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and
amino acids, and will maintain the balance of these molecules in the
body.
• In addition, the kidneys produce hormones including calcitriol,
erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin, which are involved in renal and
hemotological physiological processes.
• The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped, brown organs about the size of
your fist.
• They are covered by the renal capsule, which is a tough capsule of
fibrous connective tissue. Adhering to the surface of each kidney are
two layers of fat to help cushion them.
Nephron
A nephron is the basic structural and
functional unit of the kidneys that
regulates water and soluble substances
in the blood by filtering the blood,
reabsorbing what is needed, and
excreting the rest as urine. Its function
is vital for homeostasis of blood
volume, blood pressure, and plasma
osmolarity. It is regulated by the
neuroendocrine system by hormones
such as antidiuretic hormone,
aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.
The kidneys filter about 180-200 liters
of fluid daily.
Overview of Urine Formation
• A kidney can filter 100-150 quarts of blood every day.
• If the kidneys are not functioning properly, waste starts accumulating
in the blood. This results in coma and even death.
• To cure this, the patient is subjected to dialysis.
• Dialysis is done when a person is suffering from a critical kidney
disorder, grave kidney damage or previously severe renal failure.
• It is required when the kidney loses 90% of its efficiency and has a
glomerular filtration rate of less than 15.
• This treatment may continue for months or years since most kidney
failures are irreversible.
• However, dialysis is not a permanent solution, instead, it should be
seen as a temporary alternative to substitute the kidney’s function until
the kidney can repair itself.
• But chronic kidney damage will rarely heal itself, the only solution
being a kidney transplant.
• Dialysis involves the process of ultrafiltration of fluid through a
semipermeable membrane and concept of the dissipation of solutes.
• Diffusion is a characteristic of materials in water that has the
tendency to flow against a concentration gradient.
• Blood runs on one flank of the semi-permeable film, and dialysate or
distinct dialysis fluids flow on the opposite flank.
• A selectively permeable layer is a skinny membrane of material that
comprises pores of different sizes or holes.
• Minor solutes and fluids flow through the layer, but the membrane
stops the path of bigger substances (for instance, large proteins, red
blood cells).
• This imitates the filtering procedure that happens in the kidneys
when the blood moves into the kidneys and the bigger substances
are divided from the minor ones in the glomerulus.
Hemodialysis (HD)

• In hemodialysis, a dialyzer (filtering machine) is used to remove

waste and extra fluid from your blood and then return the filtered
blood into your body.
• Before starting hemodialysis, a minor surgery is needed to create a
vascular access site (opening into one of your blood vessels),
usually in your arm.
• This access site is important to have an easy way to get blood from
your body, through the dialyzer, and back into your body.
• Hemodialysis can be done at a dialysis center or at home.
• Treatments usually last about four hours and are done three times
per week. Some people may need more time for treatments based
on their specific needs.
Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
• In peritoneal dialysis, your blood is filtered inside your own body instead of using a
dialyzer machine.
• For this type of dialysis, the lining of your abdomen or belly area (also called the
peritoneum) is used as a filter.
• Before starting peritoneal dialysis, a minor surgery is needed to place a catheter
(soft tube) in your belly.
• During each treatment, your belly area is slowly filled with dialysate (a cleansing
fluid made from a mixture of water, salt, and other additives) through the catheter.
• As your blood flows naturally through the area, extra fluid and waste products are
pulled out of the blood vessels and into the belly area by the dialysate (almost like
a magnet).
• After a few hours, the fluid mixture is drained from your belly using the same
catheter and bag that was used at the beginning of the treatment.
• Peritoneal dialysis can be done almost anywhere if you have the supplies required
to perform the treatment.
Artificial kidney
• Most patients awaiting a kidney transplant survive by undergoing long and
cumbersome dialysis treatments multiple times a week to clear toxins from their
blood, but dialysis does not replace many essential kidney functions and on
average, only 35 percent of dialysis patients remain alive after five years.
• The Kidney Project is a national research project with a goal to create a small,
surgically implanted, and free-standing bioartificial kidney to treat kidney failure.
• The artificial kidney is a device the size of a coffee cup. It consists of two
components, the hemofilter and bioreactor.
• The blood filtration system called the hemofilter, which removes toxins from the
blood by passing it through silicon membranes fabricated with precisely shaped
nanometer-scale pores; and a bioreactor, which contains cultured human kidney
cells intended to perform other kidney functions, such as maintaining adequate
fluid volume and blood pressure, adjusting salt levels, and producing essential
hormones.
• The device is placed inside the body, similar to a kidney transplant. Then it is
connected to blood vessels and the bladder, without the requirement of external
connections or power sources.
Muscular Systems as Scaffolds
• Tissue engineering has continued to evolve as an exciting and multidisciplinary
field aiming to develop biological substitutes to restore, replace or regenerate
defective tissues.
• Apart from blood cells, most, if not all other, normal cells in human tissues are
anchorage-dependent residing in a solid matrix called extracellular matrix (ECM).
• There are numerous types of ECM in human tissues, which usually have multiple
components and tissue-specific composition.
• Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies for tissue and organ
reconstruction/replacement vary widely but typically involve the in vitro and/or in
vivo use of a scaffold material to support cell delivery and/or growth.
• A scaffold is a three-dimensional structure designed to provide support and
guidance for cell growth and tissue formation in regenerative medicine.
• These structures serve as a temporary framework that mimics the natural
extracellular matrix, facilitating cellular attachment, proliferation, and
differentiation while eventually being resorbed or replaced by the developing
tissue.
The basic steps in this process are as follows:

1. Harvesting of muscle cells: Muscle cells are typically obtained from the patient
and then isolated and expanded in culture.
2. Seeding onto scaffold: The muscle cells are then seeded onto a scaffold, such
as a hydrogel or artificial matrix. The scaffold provides a framework for the cells
to grow and differentiate into new tissue.
3. Cell differentiation and tissue formation: Once the cells are seeded onto the
scaffold, they undergo differentiation, changing into specific celltypes, such as
muscle or heart cells. The cells also begin to organize andform new tissue, such
as heart or skeletal muscle tissue.
4. Implantation into the patient: The scaffold and cells are then implanted into the
patient to promote the growth of new, functional tissue.
• Scaffolds can be made from a variety of biomaterials, including polymers,
ceramics, and composites, each chosen for their specific properties that affect
cell behavior.
• The design of scaffolds can vary widely, including factors like porosity, pore
size, and surface chemistry, which all influence nutrient transport and cell
infiltration.
• Scaffolds can be bioactive or biodegradable; bioactive scaffolds interact with
cells to enhance tissue formation while biodegradable scaffolds are gradually
replaced by natural tissue.
• 3D printing technology has been increasingly utilized to create scaffolds with
precise geometries and customized designs to better mimic natural tissue
architecture.
• Functionalization of scaffolds with growth factors or peptides can further
enhance cell signaling and promote desired cellular responses for improved
tissue regeneration.
• The use of muscular systems as scaffolds in regenerative medicine is an area of
active research and development.
• Muscles can be used as scaffolds for the regeneration of tissues due to their
inherent mechanical properties and ability to support cell growth and tissue
formation.
• Researchers have developed methods for using muscle cells to create a
functional, three-dimensional scaffold that can support the growth of new heart
tissue.
• In this approach, muscle cells are harvested from the patient and then seeded
onto a scaffold, such as a hydrogel or artificial matrix.
• The scaffold provides a framework for the cells to grow and differentiate into new
heart tissue, which can help to repair the damaged or diseased tissue.
Using muscular systems as scaffolds is treating damaged or diseased heart tissue.
• Just as the steel beams of a building provide a scaffold to support its weight,
the bones and cartilage of your skeletal system compose the scaffold that
supports the rest of your body.
• Bones also facilitate movement by serving as points of attachment for your
muscles.
• While some bones only serve as a support for the muscles, others also
transmit the forces produced when your muscles contract.
The key components and functions of the skeletal system are:
• Bones: The human body consists of 206 bones that vary in size and shape.
Bones comprise complex and dense connective tissue that provides strength
and support. They serve as anchor points for muscles, protect internal organs,
and store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
• Cartilage: Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in certain joints and
structures such as the ears and nose. It acts as a cushion between bones,
reducing friction and absorbing shock.
• Ligaments: Ligaments are rugged bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones
to other bones in joints, providing stability and preventing excessive
movement.
THANK YOU