Class 10 Mathematics – Formulas and
Theorems
1. Real Numbers
Euclid’s Division Lemma: For any two positive integers a and b, there exist unique
integers q and r such that a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r < b.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed
(factorised) as a product of primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order
of the prime factors.
HCF × LCM = Product of the two numbers.
2. Polynomials
If α and β are the zeroes of quadratic polynomial ax² + bx + c, then:
Sum of zeroes = α + β = -b/a
Product of zeroes = αβ = c/a
For cubic polynomial ax³ + bx² + cx + d:
Sum of zeroes = -b/a, Sum of product of zeroes taken two at a time = c/a, Product of
zeroes = -d/a
Polynomial Division Algorithm: Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
3. Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Standard Form: a₁x + b₁y = c₁ and a₂x + b₂y = c₂
Solution Methods: Graphical, Substitution, Elimination, Cross-multiplication
Consistency Conditions:
a₁/a₂ ≠ b₁/b₂ ⇒ Unique solution (Consistent)
a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ ≠ c₁/c₂ ⇒ No solution (Inconsistent)
a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ = c₁/c₂ ⇒ Infinitely many solutions (Consistent)
4. Quadratic Equations
General form: ax² + bx + c = 0
Solutions using Factorisation or Quadratic Formula:
x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / (2a)
Discriminant (D) = b² - 4ac
D > 0 ⇒ Two distinct real roots
D = 0 ⇒ Two equal real roots
D < 0 ⇒ No real roots
5. Arithmetic Progression (AP)
nth term: aₙ = a + (n - 1)d
Sum of n terms: Sₙ = n/2 × [2a + (n - 1)d] or Sₙ = n/2 × (a + l)
6. Triangles
BPT (Basic Proportionality Theorem): If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle
to intersect the other two sides, it divides those sides in the same ratio.
Pythagoras Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, (Hypotenuse)² = (Base)² + (Height)²
Converse of Pythagoras Theorem: If (Hypotenuse)² = (Base)² + (Height)², then the
triangle is right-angled.
Criteria for Similarity: AAA, SSS, SAS
Areas of similar triangles are in the ratio of the squares of their corresponding sides.
7. Coordinate Geometry
Distance Formula: √[(x₂ − x₁)² + (y₂ − y₁)²]
Section Formula (Internal division): [(mx₂ + nx₁)/(m + n), (my₂ + ny₁)/(m + n)]
Midpoint Formula: [(x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2]
8. Introduction to Trigonometry
Basic Ratios:
sin θ = Perpendicular / Hypotenuse
cos θ = Base / Hypotenuse
tan θ = Perpendicular / Base
cot θ = 1/tan θ, sec θ = 1/cos θ, cosec θ = 1/sin θ
Identities:
sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ
9. Applications of Trigonometry
Used to find heights and distances of objects.
Angle of Elevation: Angle from horizontal upward to object.
Angle of Depression: Angle from horizontal downward to object.
Apply trigonometric ratios in right triangle appropriately.
10. Circles
Tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at point of contact.
From an external point, the lengths of the tangents drawn to a circle are equal.
11. Constructions
Division of a line segment in a given ratio.
Construction of tangents from an external point to a circle.
12. Areas Related to Circles
Area of circle = πr²
Circumference = 2πr
Area of sector = (θ/360) × πr²
Length of arc = (θ/360) × 2πr
13. Surface Areas and Volumes
Cube: TSA = 6a², Volume = a³
Cuboid: TSA = 2(lb + bh + hl), Volume = l × b × h
Cylinder: CSA = 2πrh, TSA = 2πr(h + r), Volume = πr²h
Cone: CSA = πrl, TSA = πr(l + r), Volume = (1/3)πr²h
Sphere: Surface Area = 4πr², Volume = (4/3)πr³
Hemisphere: CSA = 2πr², TSA = 3πr², Volume = (2/3)πr³
14. Statistics
Mean (Assumed Mean method): x̄ = a + (∑fᵢuᵢ / ∑fᵢ) × h
Median: Median = l + [(n/2 − F)/f] × h
Mode: Mode = l + [(f₁ − f₀) / (2f₁ − f₀ − f₂)] × h
15. Probability
Probability of an event = Number of favourable outcomes / Total number of outcomes
0 ≤ Probability ≤ 1
