Rgdt =?

Mctcncsb Mbsdag &

Mbvbfkp`bgt

Rgdt lkmb I/832/38>>

Rgdt typb Lkrb
Rgdt fbvbf =
Lrbmdt vcfub 32

Dgtrkmultdkg
Kracgdsctdkgs mbpbgm kg tibdr mctcncsbs tk prkvdmb dghkr`ctdkg bssbgtdcf hkr tibdr
mcy-tk-mcy kpbrctdkgs cgm tk ibfp tib` tcjb cmvcgtcab kh tkmcy's rcpdmfy arkwdga
cgm `cturdga b-lk``brlb kppkrtugdtdbs. Cg ugmbrstcgmdga kh mctcncsb tkkfs cgm
tbligkfkadbs ds cg bssbgtdcf sjdff hkr mbsdagdga cgm mbvbfkpdga
m bvbfkpdga systb`s tk suppkrt
tib`.

Mctcncsb systb`s
dgtbrhclbs, lkgtdgubabt
cs cppfdlctdkgs tk dglrbcsdgafy
mb`cgm `krb lk`pf bx mctc
lk`pfbx
skpidstdlctbm. strulturbs
@kst cgm
kracgdsctdkgs lkffblt
cgm stkrb fcrab vkfu`bs kh mctc, bdtibr kg tibdr kwg systb`s kr dg tib lfkum, cgm
tids mctc ds usbm gkt oust hkr tib kpbrctdkgcf ruggdga kh tibdr nusdgbss nut cfsk
`dgbm hkr ktibr `krb dgtbffdabgt
dgtbffd abgt cgm lk`pfbx cppfdlctdkgs. Mctcncsbs stcgm cs tib
nclj-bgm kh `kst systb`s usbm ny kracgdsctdkgs hkr tibdr kpbrctdkgs.
Mctcncsb mbsdag cgm mbvbfkp`bgt ds c hugmc`bgtcf cgm idaify nbgbhdldcf sjdff hkr
lk`putdga stumbgts tk `cstbr, rbacrmfbss kh tibdr spbldcfds`.
]ib cd` kh tids ugdt ds tk advb stumbgts kppkrtugdtdbs tk mbvbfkp cg ugmbrstcgmdga kh
tib lkglbpts cgm dssubs rbfctdga tk mctcncsb mbsdag cgm mbvbfkp`bgt, cs wbff cs tk
prkvdmb tib prcltdlcf sjdffs tk trcgsfctb tict ugmbrstcgmdga dgtk tib mbsdag
mbsda g cgm
lrbctdkg kh lk`pfbx mctcncsbs.
]kpdls dglfumbm dg tids ugdt crb? bxc`dgctdkg kh mdhhbrbgt mbsdag tkkfs cgm
tbligdqubs: bxc`dgctdkg kh mdhhbrbgt mbvbfkp`bgt skhtwcrb kptdkgs: lkgsdmbrdga
lk gsdmbrdga tib
mbvbfkp`bgt hbcturbs kh c huffy hugltdkgcf rknust skfutdkg lkvbrdga mctc dgtbardty,
d gtbardty,
mctc vcfdmctdkg, mctc lkgsdstbgly, mctc sblurdty cgm cmvcglbm mctcncsb qubrydga
hcldfdtdbs clrkss `uftdpfb tcnfbs: cpprkprdctb usbr dgtbrhclbs hkr mctcncsbs cgm hkr
ktibr bxtbrgcffy fdgjbm systb`s: lrbctdga lk`pfbx rbpkrts/mcsinkcrms,
rbpkrts/mcsinkcrms, tbstdga tib
systb` cacdgst tib usbr cgm systb` rbqudrb`bgts: cgm bfb`bgts kh lk`pfbtb
systb` mklu`bgtctdkg.
Kg sullbsshuf lk`pfbtdkg kh tids ugdt stumbgts wdff nb cnfb tk usb cpprkprdctb tkkfs
tk mbsdag cgm mbvbfkp c rbfctdkgcf
rbf ctdkgcf mctcncsb systb` hkr c sunstcgtdcf prknfb`. ]iby
wdff nb cnfb tk tbst tib systb` tk bgsurb dt `bbts usbr cgm systb` rbqudrb`bgts
cgm huffy mklu`bgt tib systb` ny prkvdmdga tbligdlcf cgm usbr mklu`bgtctdkg. Hkr
prcltdlcf purpksbs, tids ugdt lkvbrs rbfctdkgcf mctcncsbs cgm rbfctbm tkkfs cgm
tbligdqubs. C nrdbh kvbrvdbw kh knoblt-krdbgtbm mctcncsbs wdff cfsk nb lkvbrbm.
\tumbgts wdff mbvbfkp sjdffs suli cs lk``ugdlctdkg fdtbrcly, lrdtdlcf tidgjdga,
cgcfysds, rbcskgdga cgm dgtbrprbtctdkg, widli crb lruldcf hkr acdgdga b`pfky`bgt
cgm mbvbfkpdga clcmb`dl lk`pbtbglb.

358 Ubcrskg N]BL Fbvbfs = cgm 2 Idaibr Gctdkgcfs dg Lk`putdga

 \ bldhdlctdkg
bldhdlctdkg Dssub
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Kltknbr >538 © Ubcrsk
Ubcrskg
g Bmulctdkg
Bmulctdkg Fd`dtbm
Fd`dtbm >53
>538
8

Fbcrgdga Kutlk`bs
Ny tib bgm kh tids ugdt stumbgts wdff nb cnfb tk?
FK3. Rsb cg
cg cpprkprdctb mbsdag tkkf tk mbsdag c rrbfctdkgcf
bfctdkgcf mctcncs
mctcncsb
b systb`
systb` hkr c
sunstcgtdcf prknfb`.
FK>. Mbvbfkp c huffy hugltdkgcf
hugltdkgcf rbfctdkgcf
rbfctdkgcf mctcncsb
mctcncsb systb`,
systb`, ncsbm kg
kg c
cg
g bxdstdga
systb` mbsdag.

FK<. ]bst tib systb` cacdgst usbr cgm systb` rbqudrb`bgts.

FK=. Urkmulb tbligdlcf cgm usbr mklu`bgtctdkg.

Ubcrskg N]BL Fbvbfs = cgm 2 Idaibr Gctdkgcfs dg Lk`putdga 351

\ bldhdlctdkg
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Ubcrskg Bmulctdkg
Bmulctdkg Fd`dtbm
Fd`dtbm >53
>538
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Bssbgtdcf Lkgtbgt

FK3 Rsb cg cpprkprdctb

cpprkprdctb mbsdag tkkf tk mbsdag c rbfctdkgcf mc
mctcncsb
tcncsb systb`
hkr c sunstcgtdcf prknfb`

]ib rkfb kh mctcncsb systb`s b.a. cs nclj-bgm systb`s, dg b-lk``brlb, hkr

mctc `dgdga cppfdlctdkgs btl.

Mbtbr`dgdga usbr cgm systb` rbqudrb`bgts.

Mbsdag tkkfs cgm tbligdqubs hkr c rbfctdkgcf mctcncsb systb`.
Fkadlcf mbsdag hkr rbfctdkgcf mctcncsbs b.a. tcnfbs, mctc bfb`bgts, mctc typbs,
dgmbxbs, prd`cry/hkrbdag jbys, bgtdty rbfctdkgsidp `kmbffdga, rbhbrbgtdcf
dgtbardty, mctc gkr`cfdsctdkg tk tidrm gkr`cf hkr`.
Mbsdags hkr mctc dgtbardty, mctc vcfdmctdkgs, mctc sblurdty cgm mctc lkgtrkfs.
Rsbr dgtbrhclb mbsdag.
Kutput mbsdags hkr usbr rbqudrb`bgts.
Kvbrvdbw kh knoblt-krdbgtbm mctcncsbs cgm tibdr mbsdag tkkfs.

FK> Mbvbfkp c huffy hugltdkgcf

hugltdkgcf rbfctdkgcf mctcncsb systb`, ncsbm kg cg
bxdstdga systb` mbsdag

Lkgsdmbrctdkg kh mctcncsb cgm pfcthkr` kptdkgs hkr systb` mbvbfkp`bgt.

Bxc`dgctdkg kh mdhhbrbgt skhtwcrb mbvbfkp`bgt kptdkgs hkr mbvbfkpdga tib
rbfctdkgcf mctcncsb systb`.
D`pfb`bgtctdkg kh tib piysdlcf mctc `kmbf ncsbm kg tib fkadlcf `kmbf.
Mctc stkrbs, dgtbrgcf stkrcab cgm bxtbrgcf stkrcab (b.a. tib lfkum).
D`pfb`bgtctdkg kh sblurdty bfb`bgts dg
d g mctcncsbs.
^bfctdkgcf mctcncsbs wdti lkgtrkfs fdjb mctc vcfdmctdkg usdga: dgput `csjs,
mrkp mkwg fdsts, kptdkg nuttkgs.
Rsbr dgtbrhclb hkr rbqudrb`bgts, hugltdkgcfdty, rbfdcndfdty, lkgsdstbgly cgm
pbrhkr`cglb.
Lkgsdmbrctdkg kh dgtbrhclb fdgjs wdti ktibr systb`s b.a. dgtbrgbt-ncsbm
cppfdlctdkgs.
Mctc `cgdpufctdkg usdga cpprkprdctb qubry tkkfs, dglfumdga lk`pfbx qubrdbs tk
qubry clrkss `uftdpfb tcnfbs, cgm usdga hugltdkgs cgm hkr`ufcb.
Mctcncsb `cdgtbgcglb cgm mctc `cgdpufctdkg? dgsbrts, upmctbs, c`bgm`bgts,
mbfbtdkgs, mctc ncljup cgm rblkvbry.
\ystb` rbpkrts usdga rbpkrt wrdtdga tkkfs cgm rbpkrt abgbrctkrs, mcsinkcrms.

359 Ubcrskg N]BL Fbvbfs = cgm 2 Idaibr Gctdkgcfs dg Lk`putdga

 \ bldhdlctdkg
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FK< ]bst tib systb` cacdgst

cacdgst usbr cgm systb`
systb` rbqudrb`bgts
rbqudrb`bgts

Dmbgtdhy bfb`bgts kh tib systb` tict gbbm tk nb tbstbm.

Lkgsdmbr mctc tict sikufm nb usbm tk huffy tbst tib systb`.
@ctli tbsts cacdgst usbr cgm systb` rbqudrb`bgts.
]bst prklbmurbs tk nb usbm? tbst pfcgs, tbst `kmbfs b.a. widtb nkx, nfclj nkx:
tbstdga mklu`bgtctdkg.

Hugltdkgcf cgm systb` tbstdga cgm tbstdga tib rknustgbss kh tib systb`,
dglfumdga ibfp `bgus, pkp-ups, ikt-spkts, mctc vcfdmctdkg libljs.

FK= Urkmulb tbligdlcf cgm usbr mklu`bgtctdkg

]bligdlcf cgm usbr mklu`bgtctdkg cgm tibdr lkgtbgts.

Ubcrskg N]BL Fbvbfs = cgm 2 Idaibr Gctdkgcfs dg Lk`putdga 354

\ bldhdlctdkg
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>538
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Fbcrgdga Kutlk`bs cgm Cssbss`bgt Lrdtbrdc

Ucss @brdt Mdstdgltdkg

FK3 Rsb cg cpprkprdctb mbsdag tkkf tk mbsdag c

rbfctdkgcf mctcncsb systb` hkr c sunstcgtdcf prknfb`

U3 Mbsdag c rbfctdkgcf @3 Urkmulb c M3 Cssbss tib

bhhbltdvbgbss kh tib
mctcncsb systb`
cpprkprdctb usdga
mbsdag tkkfs lk`prbibgsdvb
c huffy hugltdkgcfmbsdag
systb`hkr mbsdag dg rbfctdkg tk usbr
cgm tbligdqubs, widli dglfumbs dgtbrhclb cgm systb`
lkgtcdgdga ct fbcst hkur cgm kutput mbsdags, mctc rbqudrb`bgts.
dgtbrrbfctbm tcnfbs, wdti vcfdmctdkgs cgm mctc
lfbcr stctb`bgts kh usbr gkr`cfdsctdkg.
cgm systb` rbqudrb`bgts.

FK> Mbvbfkp c huffy hugltdkgcf rbfctdkgcf mctcncsb

systb`, ncsbm kg cg bxdstdga systb` mbsdag

U> Mbvbfkp tib mctcncsb FK> & <

@> D`pfb`bgt c huffy
systb` wdti bvdmbglb kh hugltdkgcf mctcncsb M> Bvcfuctb tib
bhhbltdvbgbss kh tib
usbr dgtbrhclb, kutput cgm systb` widli dglfumbs mctcncsb skfutdkg dg
mctc vcfdmctdkgs, cgm systb` sblurdty cgm
qubrydga clrkss `uftdpfb mctcncsb `cdgtbgcglb. rbfctdkg tk usbr cgm
tcnfbs. systb` rbqudrb`bgts,
@< Cssbss wibtibr cgm suaabst
U< D`pfb`bgt c qubry `bcgdgahuf mctc ics nbbg d`prkvb`bgts.
fcgaucab dgtk tib bxtrcltbm tirkuai tib usb
rbfctdkgcf mctcncsb kh qubry tkkfs tk prkmulb
systb`. cpprkprdctb `cgcab`bgt
dghkr`ctdkg.

FK< ]bst tib systb` cacdgst usbr cgm systb`

rbqudrb`bgts

U= ]bst tib systb` @= Cssbss tib

cacdgst usbr cgm systb` bhhbltdvbgbss kh tib
rbqudrb`bgts. tbstdga, dglfumdga cg
bxpfcgctdkg kh tib likdlb
kh tbst mctc usbm.

FK= Urkmulb tbligdlcf cgm usbr mklu`bgtctdkg

U2 Urkmulb tbligdlcf cgm @2 Urkmulb tbligdlcf cgm M< Cssbss cgy huturb
usbr mklu`bgtctdkg. usbr mklu`bgtctdkg hkr c d`prkvb`bgts tict `cy
huffy hugltdkgcf systb`, nb rbqudrbm tk bgsurb tib
dglfumdga mdcarc`s lkgtdgubm bhhbltdvbgbss kh
sikwdga `kvb`bgt kh tib mctcncsb systb`.
mctc tirkuai tib systb`,
cgm hfkwlicrts mbslrdndga
ikw tib systb` wkrjs.

335 Ubcrskg N]BL Fbvbfs = cgm 2 Idaibr Gctdkgcfs dg Lk`putdga

 \ bldhdlctdkg
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^blk``bgmbm ^bskurlbs

]bxtnkkjs
Liurlibr, L. (>53>) Nbadggdga Mctcncsb Mbsdag? Hrk` Gkvdlb tk Urkhbssdkgcf.
>gm Bm. Cprbss.
Lkggkffy, ]. cgm Nbaa, L. (>53=) Mctcncsb \ystb`s? C Urcltdlcf Cpprkcli tk
Mbsdag, D`pfb`bgtctdkg cgm @cgcab`bgt. 8ti Bm. Afkncf Bmdtdkg.
Bmdtd kg. Ubcrskg.
Jrkb`jb, M. cgm Cubr, M. (>53>) Mctcncsb Lkglbpts? Dgtbrgctdkgcf Bmdtdkg. 8ti Bm.
Ubcrskg.
Ucufrco, U (>559). Mctcncsb Mbsdag cgm Mbvbfkp`bgt? Cg Bssbgtdcf Audmb hkr D]
Urkhbssdkgcf. Qdfby.
\tbpibgs, ^. (>559) Nbadggdga Mctcncsb Mbsdag \kfutdkgs. Qrkx.

Okurgcfs
Dgtbrgctdkgcf Okurgcf kh Mctcncsb @cgcab`bgt \ystb`s
Okurgcf kh Mctcncsb
Mctcncsb @cgcab`bgt

]ib Lk`putbr Okurgcf

Okurgcf kh \ystb`s Cgcfysds cgm
cgm \khtwcrb Bgadgbbrdga
Okurgcf kh B`bradga ]rbgms
]rbgms dg Lk`putdga cgm Dghkr`ctdkg \ldbglbs

Qbnsdtbs
www.fygmc.lk` Mctcncsb ]rcdgdga (]utkrdcfs)
`vc.`dlrkskht.lk` @dlrkskht Xdrtucf Clcmb`y ‖Mctcncsb
Mbvbfkp`bgt‐ (]rcdgdga)
`vc.`dlrkskht.lk`/bnkkjs
`vc.`dlrkskht.lk`/bnkkjs @dlrkskht Xdrtucf Clcmb`y
‖@dlrkskht Urbss‐ (B-Nkkjs)

Fdgjs
]ids ugdt fdgjs tk tib hkffkwdga rbfctbm ugdts?
Rgdt 1? \trctbadl Dghkr`ctdkg \ystb`s
Rgdt <9? Mctcncsb @cgcab`bgt \ystb`s

Ubcrskg N]BL Fbvbfs = cgm 2 Idaibr Gctdkgcfs dg Lk`putdga 333