C – LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION

In 1972 Ken Thomson & Denise Ritchie develop C Language in BELL Laboratories (USA).

Def: - Middle level language.

Use: - General purpose.

Compiler: - It converts H.L.L. to L.L.L

H.L.L. Compiler L.L.L.

English Binary
Ex:- C, Pascal, Cobal, Ex :- 0’s & 1’s
Basic, Fortran….. etc.

Key words: - These are the words pre-define by the programmers.

int if default register

float else return external
char while struct
short do union
long for typedef
double switch sizeof
signed break auto
unsigned continue static

Character set: -
Special characters: -
A–Z # $ ! & ^ ¦ * / % + - { } ( ) [ ] : ; . , ‘ “ \ = > < ? ……. etc
a–z
0–9

Operators: -

1. Arithmetical operators : +-*/%

2. Logical operators : && , ¦¦
3. Relational operators : < > <= >= = = !=
4. Conditional operator : ?:
5. Bit wise operators :& ¦^
6. Unary operators : ++, --
7. Shift left & Shift right operators :<<, >>
8. Assignment operators : +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

1
Data Types: -

1. Primary data types - int, char, float

2. User defined data types - struct, union
3. Derived data types - pointer, FILE
4. Empty data types - void

1. Simple Program. Output:

#include<stdio.h> welcome
void main( )
{
printf(“welcome”);
}

Alt + F9  compile
Ctrl + F9  run
Alt + F5  see the output

2. Simple Program about printf

#include<stdio.h>
void main( ) x Output:
{ 10
int x=10; x : 10
clrscr( );
printf(“x :%d”,x);
getch( );
}

3. Simple Program about printf

#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
float x=1.23; x Output:
clrscr( ); 1.23
printf(“x :%f”,x); x : 1.230000
getch( );
}

4. Simple Program about printf

#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{ x Output:
char x=’a’; a
clrscr( ); x:a
printf(“x :%c”,x);
getch( );
}

2
5. Simple Program about scanf
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{ x Output:
int x; 12
clrscr( ); enter no: 12
printf(“enter no:”); x :12
scanf(“%d”,&x);
printf(“x :%d”,x);
getch( );
}

6. Simple Program about scanf

#include<stdio.h>
void main( ) x Output:
{ 12.34
float x; enter no:12.34
clrscr( ); x :12.340000
printf(“enter no:”);
scanf(“%f”,&x);
printf(“x :%f”,x);
getch( );
}

7. Simple Program about scanf

#include<stdio.h>
void main( ) x Output:
{ r
char x; enter char : r
clrscr( ); x :r
printf(“enter char :”);
scanf(“%c”,&x);
printf(“x :%c”,x);
gech( );
}

8. Write a program to add two nos.

#include<stdio.h> x Output:
#include<conio.h> 10
void main( ) enter two nos:10 20
{ z :30
int x,y,z; y z
clrscr( ); 20
printf(“enter two nos:”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
z = x + y;
printf(“z :%d”,z);
getch( );
}

3
9. Write a program to print area of circle. (a=r2)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> r a Output:
void main( ) 1
{ enter r :1
int r; a : 3.140000
float a;
clrscr( );
printf(“enter r :”);
scanf(“%d”,&r);
a = 3.14 * r * r;
printf(“a :%f”,a);
getch( );
}

10. Write a program swapping or interchange two numbers. (using third variable)
void main( )
{
int x,y,t; x y Output:
clrscr( ); 10 20
printf(“enter two nos :”); enter two nos: 10 20
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y); t x :10 y : 20
printf(“x :%d y :%d \n”,x,y); x :20 y : 10

t = x;
x = y;
y = t;

printf(“x :%d y :%d \n”,x,y);

getch( );
}

11. Write a program swapping or interchange two numbers. (without using third variable)
void main ( )
{
int x,y; Output:
clrscr( ); x y
printf(“enter two nos :”); 10 20 enter two nos: 10 20
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y); x : 10 y : 20
printf(“x :%d y :%d \n”,x,y); x : 20 y : 10
x = x + y;
y = x - y;
x = x - y;
printf(“x :%d y :%d \n”,x,y);
getch( );
}

4
12. Write a program to add, sub, multi, divide & find remainder of the two nos.
void main( )
{
int x,y,a,b,c,e; Output:
float d; x y
clrscr( ); 10 3 enter two nos: 10 3
printf(“enter two nos:”); a : 13 b : 3 c : 30
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y); d : 3.333333 e : 1
a = x + y;
b = x – y; a b c d e
c = x * y;
d = x / (float) y;
e = x % y;
printf(“a :%d b : %d c : %d \n”,a,b,c);
printf(“d :%f e : %d ”,d,e);
getch( );
}

Increment & Decrement:

13. Pre-increment & Post-increment

void main( ) Output:
{
int x = 10; x :10
clrscr( ); x x :10
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); 10 x :11
printf(“x :%d\n”,x++); x :12
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x :12
printf(“x :%d\n”,++x);
printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
getch( );
}

14. Pre-increment & Post-increment

void main( )
{ x Output:
int x = 10;
10
clrscr( ); x :10
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x :11
printf(“x :%d\n”,++x); x :11
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x :11
printf(“x :%d\n”,x++); x :12
printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
getch( );
}

5
15. Pre-decrement & Post-decrement
void main( )
{ Output:
int x = 10; x
clrscr( ); 10 x :10
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x :10
printf(“x :%d\n”,x--); x :9
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x :8
printf(“x :%d\n”,--x); x :8

printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
getch( );
}

16. Pre-decrement & Post-decrement

void main( )
{ Output:
int x = 10; x
clrscr( ); 10 x :10
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x :9
printf(“x :%d\n”,--x); x :9
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x :9
printf(“x :%d\n”,x--); x :8
printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
getch( );
}

6
 LOOPS

Def: -
One or more that one statement(s) are repeated or executed through a condition.

Types of loops: -

1. If
2. While
3. For
4. Switch

If: -

Def: -
Check the condition, when condition is true execute if following statement(s).

Syntax: -
if(cond) if(cond)
statement1; (or) {

B.S.
}

1. Write a program to check the given no is positive. (using if)

void main( )
{ Output:
int x; x
clrscr( ); 10 enter any no : 10
printf(“enter any no :”); 10 is +ve
scanf(“%d”,&x);
if(x>0)
printf(“%d is +ve”,x);
getch( );
}

2. Write a program to check the given no is even. (using if)

void main( )
{
int x; x Output:
clrscr( ); 20
printf(“enter any no :”); enter any no : 20
scanf(“%d”,&x); 20 is even
if(x% 2 = = 0)
printf(“%d is even ”,x);
getch( );
}

7
If-else: -

Def: -
Check the condition, when condition is true execute if following statement(s). When condition is
false else following statement(s) will be executed.

Syntax: -

if(cond) if(cond)
statement1; (or) {
else
statement2; B.S.
}
else
{

B.S.
}

1. Write a program to check the given no is positive or negative. (using if-else)

void main( )
{
int x; x Output:
clrscr( ); 12
printf(“enter any no :”); enter any no : 12
scanf(“%d”,&x); 12 is +ve
if(x>0)
printf(“%d is +ve”,x); enter any no : -2
else -2 is -ve
printf(“%d is -ve”,x);
getch( );
}

2. Write a program to check the given no is even or odd. (using if-else)

void main( )
{
int x; x Output:
clrscr( ); 10
printf(“enter any no :”); enter any no : 10
scanf(“%d”,&x); 10 is even
if(x% 2 = = 0)
printf(“%d is even ”,x); enter any no : 15
else 15 is odd
printf(“%d is odd ”,x);
getch( );
}

8
3. Write a program to print greatest of two nos. (using if-else)

void main( ) x y
{ 20 10
int x,y;
clrscr( );
printf(“enter two nos:”); Output:
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
if ( x > y) enter two nos: 20 10
printf(“%d”, x); 20
else
printf(“%d”, y); enter two nos: 10 50
getch( ); 50
}

4. Write a program to check the given two nos are equal or not equal. (using if-else)

void main( ) x y
{ 10 10
int x,y;
clrscr( );
printf(“enter two nos:”); Output:
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
if ( x = = y) enter two nos: 10 10
printf(“ equal ”); equal
else
printf(“not equal”); enter two nos: 10 5
getch( ); not equal
}

Nested if: -
If-else is following with another if-else.

Syntax: -

if(cond)
statement1;
else
if(cond)
statement2;
else
if(cond)
statement3;
else
if(cond)
:
:
:

9
1. Write a program to print greatest of three nos. (using nested - if)
Void main ( )
{ x y z
int x,y,z; 3 1
2
clrscr( );
printf(“enter three nos:”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&x,&y,&z); Output:
if ( x > y && x > z )
printf(“%d”, x); enter three nos: 3 2 1
else 3
if(y > z)
printf(“%d”, y); enter three nos: 2 3 1
else 3
printf(“%d”,z);
getch( );
}

2. Write a program to find total, average & grade of the student when three subjects are given.
void main( )
{
int m1,m2,m3,tot; Output:
float per;
clrscr( ); enter three sub marks: 80 80 80
printf(“enter three sub marks :”); m1 : 80
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&m1,&m2,&m3); m2 : 80
tot = m1 + m2 + m3; m3 : 80
per = tot / 3.0; tot : 240
printf(“ m1 : %d\n”,m1); per : 80.000000
printf(“ m2 : %d\n”,m2); distinction
printf(“ m3 : %d\n”,m3);
printf(“ tot : %d\n”,tot);
printf(“ per : %f\n”,per); m1 m2 m3
if( m1 >= 35 && m2 >= 35 && m3 >= 35 ) 80 80 80
{
if( per >= 75)
printf(“ distinction “); tot per
else
if( per >= 60)
printf(“ 1st class “);
else
if( per >= 50)
printf(“ 2nd class “);
else
printf(“ 3rd class “);
}
else
printf(“ fail “);
getch( );
}

10
While: -

Def: -
Check the condition, when condition is true execute the loop until the condition is false.

Syntax: -

while(cond) while(cond)
st1; (or) {

B.S.
}

1. Write a program to print 1,2,3,……… 10

void main( )
{ Output:
int i=1; i
clrscr( ); 1 1
while(i<=10) 2
{ 3
printf(“%d\n”,i); :
i++; :
} 10
getch( );
}
2. Write a program to print 2,4,6,8,10
void main( )
{ i Output:
int i=2; 2
clrscr( ); 2
while(i<=10) 4
{ 6
printf(“%d\n”,i); 8
i=i+2; 10
}
getch( );
}
3. Write a program to print 1,3,5,7,9
void main( ) Output:
{ i
int i=1; 1 1
clrscr( ); 3
while(i<=10) 5
{ 7
printf(“%d\n”,i); 9
i=i+2;
}
getch( );
}

11
4. Write a program to print 10, 9, 8, …….. 1
void main( ) i Output:
{ 10
int i=10; 10
clrscr( ); 9
while(i>=1) 8
{ :
printf(“%d\n”,i); :
i--; 1
}
getch( );
}

5. Write a program to print 1+2+3+……… +10

void main( )
{ i sum
int i=1,sum=0; 1 0
clrscr( );
while(i<=10)
{ Output:
sum = sum + i;
i++; 55
}
printf(“%d”,sum);
getch( );
}

6. Write a program to print reverse of the given number.

void main( )
{ num rem sum
int num, rem, sum=0; 123 0
clrscr( );
printf(“enter the number :”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
while(num>0) Output:
{
rem = num % 10; enter the number : 123
sum = (sum * 10)+ rem; reverse o the given number is : 321
num = num / 10;
}
printf(“reverse o the given number is :%d”,sum);
getch( );
}

12
7. Write a program to check the given number is palindrome or not.
void main( )
{ num rem sum temp
int num, rem, sum=0,temp; 121 0 121
clrscr( );
printf(“enter the number :”);
scanf(“%d”,&num); Output:
temp=num;
while(num>0) enter the number : 121
{ 121 is palindrome
rem = num % 10;
sum = (sum * 10)+ rem;
num = num / 10;
}
if(sum = = temp)
printf(“%d is palindrome ”,temp);
else
printf(“%d is not palindrome ”,temp);
getch( );
}

8. Write a program to check the given number is Armstrong or not.

void main( )
{ num rem sum temp
int num, rem, sum=0,temp; 153 0 153
clrscr( );
printf(“enter the number :”);
scanf(“%d”,&num); Output:
temp=num;
while(num>0) enter the number : 153
{ 153 is Armstrong
rem = num % 10;
sum = sum + (rem* rem * rem);
num = num / 10;
}
if(sum = = temp)
printf(“%d is Armstrong ”,temp);
else
printf(“%d is not Armstrong ”,temp);
getch( );
}

13
9. Write a program to print sum of the digits of the given numbers.
void main( )
{ num rem sum
int num, rem, sum=0; 123 0
clrscr( );
printf(“enter the number :”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
while(num>0) Output:
{
rem = num % 10; enter the number: 123
sum = sum + rem; 6
num = num / 10;
}
printf(“%d”,sum);
getch( );
}

For: -

Syntax: -
for(Exp1;Exp2;Exp3) (or) for(Exp1;Exp2;Exp3)
statement1; {
B.S.
}
Exp1: - (Initialization)
Ex: -
i=0; j=10; k=1; …….. etc.

Exp2: - (Condition)
Ex: -
i<=10; j>=1; k<=100; …….. etc.

Exp3: - (Increment / Decrement)

Ex: -
i++; j--; k++; …….. etc.

1. Write a program to print 1, 2, 3, ……… 10

void main( ) Output:
{ i
int i; 1 1
clrscr( ); 2
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) 3
printf(“%d \n”,i); :
getch( ); 10
}

14
2. Write a program to print 2, 4, 6, ……… 10
void main( ) i Output:
{ 2 2
int i; 4
clrscr( ); 6
for(i=2;i<=10;i=i+2) 8
printf(“%d \n”,i); 10
getch( );
}
3. Write a program to print 1, 3, 5, ……… 9
void main( ) Output:
{ i 1
int i; 1 3
clrscr( ); 5
for(i=1;i<=10;i=i+2) 7
printf(“%d \n”,i); 9
getch( );
}

4. Write a program to print 1, 4, 9, ……… 100

void main( ) Output:
{ i
int i; 1 1
clrscr( ); 4
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) 9
printf(“%d \n”,i*i); :
getch( ); 100
}
5. Write a program to print 10, 9, 8, ……… 1 Output:
void main( )
{ i 10
int i; 10 9
clrscr( ); 8
for(i=10;i>=1;i--) :
printf(“%d \n”,i); 1
getch( );
}

6. Write a program to print 1+ 2 + 3+ ………+10

void main( )
{ i sum
int i,sum=0; 1 0
clrscr( );
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
sum = sum + i; Output:
printf(“%d \n”,sum);
getch( ); 55
}

15
7. Write a program to print 1, 2, 3, ……… n
void main( ) i n Output:
{ 1 5 enter n : 5
int i,n; 1
clrscr( ); 2
printf(“enter n :”); 3
scanf(“%d”,&n); 4
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) 5
printf(“%d \n”,i);
getch( );
}
8. Write a program to print 1+ 2 + 3+ ………+n
void main( ) Output:
{ i sum enter n : 10
int i,sum=0; 1 0 55
clrscr( );
printf(“enter n :”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
sum = sum + i;
printf(“%d \n”,sum);

getch( );
}
9. Write a program to print mathematical table. Output:
void main( ) i n
{ enter which table you want: 5
1 5
int i,n; 5* 1= 5
clrscr( ); 5 * 2 = 10
printf(“enter which table you want :”); 5 * 3 = 15
scanf(“%d”,&n); :
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) :
printf(“%2d * %2d = %2d \n”,n,i,n*i); 5 * 10 = 50
getch( );
}

10. Write a program to print

1
12
123
1234 line
12345
void main( ) 1 Output:
{ i n enter how many line you want : 5
int line,i,n; 1
1 5
clrscr( ); 2 2
printf(“enter how many line you want :”); 3 3 3
scanf(“%d”,&n); 4 4 4 4

for(line=1;line<=n;line++) 5 5 5 5 5

16
 {
for(i=1;i<=line;i++)
printf(“%d \t”,i);
printf(“\n”);

getch( );
}

11. Write a program to print

1
22
333
4444
55555
void main( ) Output:
{
int line,i,j,n; enter how many line you want : 5
clrscr( );
printf(“enter how many line you want :”); 1
scanf(“%d”,&n); 2 2
for(line=1;line<=n;line++) line n 3 3 3
{ 1 5 4 4 4 4
for(i=1;i<=n-line;i++) 5 5 5 5 5
printf(“ ”); i j
for(j=1;j<=line;j++ ) 1 1
printf(“%2d”,line);
printf(“\n”);

getch( );

do-while: -
Def: - Execute the loop, after execution of loop check the condition when condition is true
execute the loop until the condition is false.
syntax: -
do
{
B.S.
}while(cond);

Difference between while and do-while: -

While do-while
Def: - Check the condition, when condition is true Def: - Execute the loop, after execution of loop
execute the loop until the condition is false. check the condition when condition is true execute
the loop until the condition is false.

17
Syntax: - while(cond) syntax: - do
{ { B.S
B.S.
} }while(cond);
When the condition is true then only execute the When the condition is true or false loop will be
loop. executed at least one’s.

1. Write a program to print 1, 2, 3, ….. 10 (using do-while)

void main( )
{ i
int i=1; 1 Output:
clrscr( );
do 1
{ 2
printf(“%d\n”,i); 3
i++; :
} while(i<=10); :
getch( ); 10
}

2. Write a program to print sum of the given n numbers.

void main( )
{ Output:
int i=1,x,n,sum=0; i sum
clrscr( ); 1 0 enter n : 5
printf(“enter n :”); enter any no : 3
scanf(“%d”,&n); n x enter any no : 1
do 5 3 enter any no : 4
{ enter any no : 7
printf(“enter any no :”); enter any no : 2
scanf(“%d”,&x); sum : 17
sum = sum + x;
i++;
} while(i<=n);
printf(“sum :%d”,sum);
getch( );
}

switch: -
Select one statement from number of statements.
Syntax: -
switch (op)
{
‘char’
case (or) : statement 1; break;
const
18
 ‘char’
case (or) : statement 2; break;
const
‘char’
case (or) : statement 3; break;
const
:
:
default : statement n;
}

1. Simple program for switch.

void main( )
{ int n; n
clrscr( ); 3 Output:
printf(“enter no :”);
scanf(“%d”,&n); enter no : 3
switch(n) three
{
case 1 : printf(“ one ”); break;
case 2 : printf(“ two ”); break;
case 3 : printf(“ three ”); break;
case 4 : printf(“ four ”); break;
default : printf(“ aaaa ”);
}
getch( );
}
2. Simple program for switch.
void main( )
{ Output:
int n;
clrscr( ); n enter no : 3
printf(“enter no :”); 3 three four aaaa
scanf(“%d”,&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1 : printf(“ one ”);
case 2 : printf(“ two ”);
case 3 : printf(“ three ”);
case 4 : printf(“ four ”);
default : printf(“ aaaa ”);
}
getch( );
}
3. Simple program for switch.
void main( ) Output:
{ char x; x
clrscr( ); enter character : b
b
printf(“enter character :”); b
scanf(“%c”,&x);

19
 switch(x)
{
case ‘a’ : printf(“ a ”); break;
case ‘b’ : printf(“ b ”); break;
case ‘c’ : printf(“ c ”); break;
case ‘d’ : printf(“ d ”); break;
default : printf(“ default statement ”);
}
getch( );
}

4. Simple program for switch.

void main( ) x
{ b Output:
char x;
clrscr( ); enter character : b
printf(“enter character :”); b c d default statement
scanf(“%c”,&x);
switch(x)
{
case ‘a’ : printf(“ a ”);
case ‘b’ : printf(“ b ”);
case ‘c’ : printf(“ c ”);
case ‘d’ : printf(“ d ”);
default : printf(“ default statement ”);
}
getch( );
}

5. Write a program for add, subtract, multiple, divide and find remainder of the two numbers when
operator is given.
void main( )
{
char op;
int x,y,a,b,c,e; float d;
clrscr( );
printf(“enter character [+ - * / %]:”);
scanf(“%c”,&op);
printf(“enter two nos :”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
switch(op)
{
case ‘+’ : a = x+y; printf(“ %d ”,a); break;
case ‘-’ : b = x-y; printf(“ %d ”,b); break;
case ‘*’ : c = x*y; printf(“ %d ”,c); break;
case ‘/’ : d = x/(float) y; printf(“ %f ”,d); break;
case ‘%’ : e= x%y; printf(“ %d ”,e); break;
default : printf(“ default statement ”);
}
getch( );

20
}

OUTPUT:

enter character [+ - * / %]: *

enter two nos : 10 3
30

ARRAYS

Def: -

Collection of similar or related data elements.

Declaration: -
i). Data type Variable [size] = {values}; ii). Data type Variable [size];
int x[5]={10,20,30,40,50}; int x[3];
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2
10 20 30 40 50

float a[3] = {1.1, 1.2, 1.3}; float a[5];

0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4
1.1 1.2 1.3

char s[10]={‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’, ‘g’, ‘h’, ‘i’, ‘j’}; char b[5];
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
a b c d e f g h i j

1. Simple program about array.

0 1 2 3 4
void main( ) 10 20 30 40 50
{
int x[5]={10,20,30,40,50};
clrscr( ); OUTPUT:
printf(“ x[0] : %d \n”,x[0]);
printf(“ x[1] : %d \n”,x[1]); x[0] : 10
printf(“ x[2] : %d \n”,x[2]); x[1] : 20
printf(“ x[3] : %d \n”,x[3]); x[2] : 30
printf(“ x[4] : %d \n”,x[4]); x[3] : 40
getch( ); x[4] : 50
}

2. Write a program read five numbers store in array and print those five numbers.
0 1 2 3 4
Void main( ) 10 20 30 40 50
{
21
 int x[5],i;
clrscr( ); OUTPUT:
printf(“ enter 5 eles : ”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++) enter 5 eles : 10 20 30 40 50
scanf(“%d”,&x[i]); eles : 10 20 30 40 50
printf(“eles :”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
printf(“ %d \t”,x[i]);
getch( );
}

3. Write a program read five numbers store in array and print those five numbers in reverse order.
0 1 2 3 4
void main( ) 10 20 30 40 50
{
int x[5],i;
clrscr( ); OUTPUT:
printf(“ enter 5 eles : ”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++) enter 5 eles : 10 20 30 40 50
scanf(“%d”,&x[i]); else : 50 40 30 20 10
printf(“eles :”);
for(i=4;i>=0;i--)
printf(“ %d \t”,x[i]);
getch( );
}

4. Write a program to sort the given elements.

0 1 2 3 4
void main( ) 5 4 3 1 2
{
int x[5],i,j,t;
clrscr( ); OUTPUT:
printf(“ enter 5 eles : ”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++) enter 5 eles : 5 4 3 1 2
scanf(“%d”,&x[i]); before sorting eles :
printf(“before sorting eles : \n”); 5 4 3 1 2
for(i=0;i<=4;i++) after sorting eles :
printf(“ %d \t”,x[i]); 1 2 3 4 5
for(i=0;i<=3;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<=4;j++)
{
if(x[i]>x[j])
{
t=x[i];
x[i]=x[j];
x[j]=t;
}
}

22
 }
printf(“after sorting eles :\n”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
printf(“ %d \t”,x[i]);
getch( );
}

5. Write a program to find maximum and minimum number in given array.

0 1 2 3 4
Void main ( ) 10 5 3 1 6
{
int x[5], i, max, min;
clrscr( ); OUTPUT:
printf(“ enter 5 eles : ”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++) enter 5 eles : 10 5 3 1 6
scanf(“%d”,&x[i]); max :10 min : 1
max=min=x[0];
for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
if(x[i]>max)
max=x[i];
if(x[i]<min)
min=x[i];
}
printf(“max :%d min :%d”,max,min);
getch( );
}

2D Array: -

Declaration: -
Data Type Variable[size][size];

Ex: -
int x[3][3];
float a[4][2];
char s[10][20];

1. Simple program for printing 2*2 matrices elements.

void main( )
{
int x[2][2],i,j; OUTPUT:
clrscr( );
printf(“ enter 4 eles : ”); enter 4 eles : 1 2 3 4
for(i=0;i<=1;i++) eles :
for(j=0;j<=1;j++) 1 2
scanf(“%d”,&x[i][j]); 3 4

23
 printf(“eles :\n”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++) 00 01 11 12
{ 10 11 21 22
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
printf(“ %d \t”,x[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

2. Simple program for printing 3*3 matrices elements.

void main( ) OUTPUT:
{
int x[3][3],i,j; enter 9 eles : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
clrscr( ); eles :
printf(“ enter 9 eles : ”); 1 2 3
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) 4 5 6
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 7 8 9
scanf(“%d”,&x[i][j]);
printf(“eles : \n”);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) 00 01 02 11 12 13
{ 11 12 13 21 22 23
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 21 22 23 31 32 33
printf(“ %d \t”,x[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

OUTPUT:
3. Write a program to print transpose of the given matrices. enter 9 eles :1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
void main( ) eles :
{ 1 2 3
int x[3][3],i,j; 4 5 6
clrscr( ); 7 8 9
printf(“ enter 9 eles : ”); transpose of the given matrices:
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) 1 4 7
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 2 5 8
scanf(“%d”,&x[i][j]); 3 6 9
printf(“eles : \n”);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) 00 01 02 1 2 3
{ 11 12 13 4 5 6
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 21 22 23 7 8 9
printf(“ %d \t”,x[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}
printf(“\n transpose of the given matrices: \n”);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)

24
 printf(“ %d \t”,x[j][i]);
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

4. Write a program to print trace of the given matrices.

void main( )
{
int x[3][3],i,j,sum=0;
clrscr( ); Output:
printf(“ enter 9 eles : ”); enter 9 eles : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) eles: 0 1 2
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 1 2 3 0 00 01 02
scanf(“%d”,&x[i][j]); 4 5 6 1 10 11 12
printf(“eles :”); 7 8 9 2 20 21 22
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{ trace of the given matrices:
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 15 i j
printf(“ %d \t”,x[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
{
if(i = = j)
sum = sum + x[i][j];
}
}
printf(“\n trace of the given matrices: \n”,sum);
getch( );
}

5. Write a program to add two matrices. (3*3) with (3*3)

void main( )
{
int x[3][3],y[3][3],z[3][3]i,j;
clrscr( ); Output:
printf(“ enter 9 eles in x : ”); enter 9 eles in x : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) enter 9 eles in y : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
scanf(“%d”,&x[i][j]); eles in x : 0 1 2
printf(“enter 9 eles in y :”); 1 2 3 0 00 01 02
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) 4 5 6 1 10 11 12
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 7 8 9 2 20 21 22
scanf(“%d”,&y[i][j]);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) eles in y :
25
 for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 1 1 1
z[i][j]= x[i][j] + y[i][j]; 1 1 1
printf(“ \n eles in x : \n”); 1 1 1
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{ eles in z :
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 2 3 4
printf(“%d\t”,x[i][j]); 5 6 7
printf(“\n”); 8 9 10
}

printf(“ \n eles in y : \n”);

for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
printf(“%d\t”,y[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}
printf(“ \n eles in z : \n”);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
printf(“%d\t”,z[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}
6. Write a program to multiple two matrices. (3*3) with (3*3)
void main( )
{
int x[3][3],y[3][3],z[3][3]i,j,k;
clrscr( ); Output:
printf(“ enter 9 eles in x : ”); enter 9 eles in x : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) enter 9 eles in y : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
scanf(“%d”,&x[i][j]); eles in x : 0 1 2
printf(“enter 9 eles in y :”); 1 2 3 0 00 01 02
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) 4 5 6 1 10 11 12
for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 7 8 9 2 20 21 22
scanf(“%d”,&y[i][j]);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) eles in y : 0 1 2
{ 1 0 0 0 00 01 02

for(j=0;j<=2;j++) 0 1 0 1 10 11 12
{ 0 0 1 2 20 21 22
z[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<=2;k++) eles in z :
z[i][j]= z[i][j] + (x[i][k] * y[k][j]); 1 2 3
} 4 5 6
} 7 8 9
printf(“ \n eles in x : \n”);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
printf(“%d\t”,x[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
26
 }
printf(“ \n eles in y : \n”);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
printf(“%d\t”,y[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}

printf(“ \n eles in z : \n”);

for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
printf(“%d\t”,z[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

27
 FUNCTIONS

Def: - Sub program.

Function is sub program. It having own name and block of statements. When it is called from
main it will be executed.

main

function

function

function

Types of functions: -

1. Passing by arguments & Return type

2. Passing by arguments & Non-return type
3. Passing by reference & Return type
4. Passing by reference & Non-return type

1. Simple program on function.

void main( ) function declaration Output:

{
void function( ); we are in main
clrscr( ); we are in function
printf(“\n we are in main”); we are in main
28
 function( ); calling of function
printf(“\n we are in main”);
getch( );
}
void function( ) called function
{
printf(“\n we are in function”);
}

2. Simple program on function.

void function1( );
void function2( );

void main( ) Output:

{
clrscr( ); we are in main
printf(“\n we are in main”); we are in function1
function1( ); we are in function2
printf(“\n we are in main”); we are in function1
function2( ); we are in main
printf(“\n we are in main”); we are in function2
getch( ); we are in main
}

void function1( )
{
printf(“\n we are in function1”);
function2( );
printf(“\n we are in function1”);
}

void function2( )
{
printf(“\n we are in function2”);
}

3. Write a program to print area of the circle. (Using function)

void main( ) Output :

{
void area( ); enter r : 1
clrscr( ); area of the circle : 3.140000
area( );
getch( );
}

void area( )
{

29
 int r; r a
float a; 1
printf(“enter r :”);
scanf(“%d”,&r);
a= 3.14 * r * r;
printf(“area of the circle :%f”,a);
}

4. Write a program to print area of the rectangle. (Using function)

void main( ) Output :

{
void area( ); enter l b : 10 2
clrscr( ); area of the rectangle : 20
area( );
getch( );
}
void area( )
{
int l,b,a; l b a
printf(“enter l b :”); 10 2
scanf(“%d%d”,&l,&b);
a= l * b;
printf(“area of the rectangle :%d”,a);
}

5. Write a program to swapping or interchanging of two numbers. (Using function)

void main( ) Output :

{
void swap( ); enter two nos : 10 20
clrscr( ); x : 10 y : 20
swap( ); x : 20 y : 10
getch( );
}
void swap( )
{
int x,y; x y
printf(“enter two nos :”); 10 20
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
printf(“ x : %d y : %d \n”,x,y);
x=x+y;
y=x-y;
x=x-y;
printf(“ x : %d y : %d \n”,x,y);
}

6. Write a program to print reverse of the given number. (Using function)

30
void main( ) Output :
{
void reverse( ); enter no : 123
clrscr( ); reverse of the given no :321
reverse( );
getch( );
}

void reverse( )
{
int num,rem,sum=0; num rem sum
printf(“enter no :”); 123 0
scanf(“%d”,&num);
while(num>0)
{
rem = num % 10;
sum = (sum * 10) + rem;
num = num / 10;
}
printf(“reverse of the given no :%d”,sum);
}

7. Write a program to print area of the circle. (Using passing by argument & non-return type)
void main( ) Output :
{
void area( int r ); enter r : 1
int r; r area of the circle : 3.140000
clrscr( );
1
printf(“enter r :”);
scanf(“%d”,&r);
area( r ); actual parameter
getch( );
}
void area( int r ) formal parameter r a
{ 1
float a; local variable
a= 3.14 * r * r;
printf(“area of the circle :%f”,a);
}

8. Write a program to print area of the rectangle. (Using passing by argument & non-return type)
void main( ) Output :
{
void area( int l, int b ); enter l b : 10 2
int l,b; l b area of the rectangle : 20
clrscr( ); 10 2
printf(“enter l b :”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&l,&b);

31
 area( l,b );
getch( );
}
void area(int l, int b ) l b a
{ 10 2
int a;
a= l * b;
printf(“area of the rectangle :%d”,a);
}

9. Write a program to swapping or interchanging of two numbers. (Using passing by argument &
non-return type)
void main( ) Output :
{
void swap( int x, int y ); enter two nos : 10 20
int a,b;
clrscr( ); a : 10 b : 20
printf(“enter two nos :”); a : 20 b : 10
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
printf(“ a : %d b : %d \n”,a,b); a b
swap( a,b); 10 20
getch( );
}
void swap( int x, int y )
{
x=x+y; x y
y=x-y; 10 20
x=x-y;
printf(“ a : %d b : %d \n”,x,y);
}

10. Write a program to print reverse of the given number. (Using passing by argument &
non-return type)

void main( ) Output :

{
void reverse( int num ); enter no : 123
int n; reverse of the given no :321
clrscr( );
printf(“enter no :”);
scanf(“%d”,&n); n
reverse( n ); 123
getch( );
}

void reverse( int num )

{
int rem,sum=0; num rem sum
while(num>0) 123 0
{

32
 rem = num % 10;
sum = (sum * 10) + rem;
num = num / 10;
}
printf(“reverse of the given no :%d”,sum);
}

11. Write a program to print reverse of the given number. (Using passing by argument & return type)

void main( ) Output :

{
int reverse( int num ); enter no : 123
int n,t; reverse of the given no :321
clrscr( );
printf(“enter no :”);
scanf(“%d”,&n); n t
t = reverse( n ); 123
printf(“reverse of the given no :%d”,t);
getch( );
}

int reverse( int num )

{ num rem sum
int rem,sum=0;
while(num>0) 123 0
{
rem = num % 10;
sum = (sum * 10) + rem;
num = num / 10;
}
return( sum );
}

12. Write a program to print area of the circle. (Using passing by argument & return type)

void main( ) Output :

{
float area( int r ); enter r : 1
int r; area of the circle : 3.140000
float a; r a
clrscr( );
1
printf(“enter r :”);
scanf(“%d”,&r);
a = area( r );
printf(“area of the circle :%f”,a);

33
 getch( );
}

float area( int r ) r a

{ 1
float a;
a= 3.14 * r * r;
return( a );
}

Recursion: -
Function calling it self.

1. Write a program to print factorial of the given number. (Using Recursion)

void main( ) Output :

{
int fact( int n ); enter no : 5
int n,t; 5! = 120
clrscr( );
printf(“enter no :”);
scanf(“%d”,&n); n t
t = fact( n ); 5
printf(“%d! :%d”,n,t);
getch( );
}

int fact( int n )

{ n f
int f; 5 1
if(n = =0)
return(1);
else
if(n = = 1)
return(1);
else
f = n * fact (n-1);

return( f );
}

34
 STRINGS

Def: - Collection of characters.

Declaration : -

i) D.T. V[size]=”string”; ii) D.T. V[size];

iii) D.T. V[size]={‘s’,’t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’\0’};

ex:- ex:-
char x[5]=”gopi”; char x[10];
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
g o p i ‘\0’

char y[10]=”abc”; char a[0];

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ----- 19
a b c ‘\0’

‘\0’  NULL Character

1. Simple program on strings.

void main( )
{
char x[10] = “gopi”; 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
clrscr( ); x g o p i ‘\0’
printf(“string :%s”,x);
getch( ); Output: string : gopi
}

2. Simple program on strings. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 19

void main( ) x
g o p i ‘\0’
{
char x[20];
clrscr( ); Output:
printf(“enter string :”);
scanf(“%s”,x); enter string : gopi
printf(“string :%s”,x); string : gopi
getch( );
}

35
3. Simple program on strings. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
void main( ) x
g o p i k r i s h n a ‘\0’
{
char x[20];
clrscr( ); Output:
puts(“enter string :”); enter string :
gets(x); gopi krishna
puts(x); gopi krishna
getch( );
}

String functions: -

1. strlen( )
2. strcpy( )
3. strcmp( )
4. strcat( ) <string.h>

strlen( ): - (string length)

Use: - To find string length

Declaration: -

v = strlen(“string”); or v = strlen(string variable);

Ex: - len = strlen(“gopi”);

a = strlen(x);
b = strlen(s);

4. Write a program to find string length. [Using string function strlen( )]

#include<string.h> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
void main( ) x
g o p i ‘\0’
{
char x[20];
int len; Output: len
clrscr( );
printf(“enter string :”); enter string : gopi
scanf(“%s”,x); string : gopi
len = strlen(x); length : 4
printf(“ string :%s \n”,x);
printf(“ length :%d”,len);
getch( );
}

strcpy( ): - (string copy)

Use: - To copy string one variable to other.

36
Declaration: -

strcpy(v,“string”); or strcpy(destination, source);

Ex: - strcpy (s,“gopi”);

strcpy (x,y);
strcpy (s1,s2);

5. Write a program to copy string one variable to other. [Using string function strcpy( )]
#include<string.h> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
void main( ) x
g o p i ‘\0’
{
char x[20],y[20];
clrscr( ); 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
printf(“enter string:”); y
scanf(“%s”,x);
strcpy(y,x); Output:
printf(“x :%s\n”,x); enter string : gopi
printf(“y :%s\n”,y); x : gopi
getch( ); y : gopi
}

strcmp( ): - (string comparison)

Use: - To compare to strings.

> 0  s1 > s2
Declaration: -
v = strcmp (s1,s2); < 0  s1 < s2

Ex: - a = strcmp (x,y); = 0  s1 = s2

b = strcmp (s1,s2);

6. Write a program to compare to strings. [Using string function strcmp( )]

#include<string.h> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
void main( ) x
g o p i ‘\0’
{
char x[20],y[20]; int a;
clrscr( ); 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
printf(“enter two strings:”); y
g o p i ‘\0’
scanf(“%s%s”,x,y);
a = strcmp(x,y);
if( a = = 0) Output:
printf(“ equal ”); enter two string : gopi gopi

37
 else equal
printf(“ not equal ”);
getch( );
}

strcat( ): - (string concatenation)

Use: - To combine to strings.
Ex : -
Declaration: - strcat (s1,s2);
strcat(s1,s2); strcat (x,y);
7. Write a program to combine two strings. [Using string function strcat( )]
#include<string.h> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
void main( ) x
g o p i ‘\0’
{
char x[20],y[20];
clrscr( ); 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
printf(“enter two string:”); y
k r i s h n a ‘\0’
scanf(“%s%s”,x,y);
printf(“x :%s\n”,x); Output:
printf(“y :%s\n”,y); enter two string : gopi krishna
strcat(x,y); x : gopi
printf(“x :%s\n”,x); y : krishna
printf(“y :%s\n”,y); x : gopikrishna
getch( ); y : krishna
}
strrev( ): - (string reverse)
Use: - To change the reverse of the given string.
ex: - strrev(s);
Declaration: - strrev(x);
strrev(string variable); strrev(a);

8. Write a program to print reverse of the given string. [Using string function strrev( )]
#include<string.h> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
void main( ) x
a b c d ‘\0’
{
char x[20]; Output:
clrscr( );
printf(“enter string :”); enter string : abcd
scanf(“%s”,x); string : abcd
printf(“ string :%s \n”,x); string : dcba
strrev(x);
printf(“ string :%s \n”,x);
38
 getch( );
}

strupr( ) : - (String Upper) strlwr( ) : - (String Lower)

Use :- To change upper case. Use :- To change lower case.
Declaration: - Declaration: -
strupr(sv); strlwr(sv);
Ex :- Ex :-
strupr(s); strlwr(s);
strupr(x); strlwr(x);

9. Write a program to check the given string is palindrome or not.

#include<string.h> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
void main( ) x
m a d a m ‘\0’
{
char x[20],y[20];
clrscr( ); 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
printf(“enter string:”); y
scanf(“%s”,x);
strcpy(y,x); Output:
strrev(y); enter string : madam
if( strcmp(x,y) = = 0) madam is palindrome
printf(“%s is palindrome ”,x);
else
printf(“%s is not palindrome ”,x);
getch( );
}

10. Write a program to convert lower case string to upper case.

#include<ctype.h> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
void main( ) x
a b c d ‘\o’
{
char convert (char c);
char x[20],y[20]; 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19
int i; y
clrscr( );
printf(“enter string :”);
scanf(“%s”,x); Output:
printf(“string :%s”,x);
for(i=0;x[i]!=’\0’;i++) enter string : abcd
y[i]= convert(x[i]); string : abcd
y[i]=’\0’; string : ABCD
printf(“string :%s”,y);
getch( );
}

char convert (char c)

{
39
 if( islower(c) )
return(toupper(c) );
else
return(c);
}

STRUCTURES & UNIONS

STRUCTURES
Def: -
Collection of different data types.

Declaration: -

i. struct tag ii. struct

{ {
members of structures; members of structures;

}; }variable;
struct tag variable;

1. Write a program to print student details using structures. (i.e. rno, name & per)

struct student
{ rno name per
int rno;
char name[20]; s
float per;
2 20 4
};

void main( ) s
{ 2
struct student s; 6
clrscr( );
Output:
printf(“enter rno :”);
scanf(“%d”,&s.rno); enter rno : 1
printf(“enter name :”); enter name : gopi
scanf(“%s”,s.name); enter per : 70

40
 printf(“enter per :”);
scanf(“%f”,&s.per); rno :1
name : gopi
printf(“\n rno :%d”,s.rno); per : 70.000000
printf(“\n name :%s”,s.name);
printf(“\n per :%f”,s.per);
getch( );
}

2. Write a program to print book details using structures. (i.e. bname, author & price)
struct book
{ bname author price
char bname[20];
char author[20]; b
20 20 4
float price;
};
void main( ) b
{ 4
struct book b; 4
clrscr( );
printf(“enter bname :”); Output:
scanf(“%s”, b.bname);
printf(“enter author :”); enter bname : c
scanf(“%s”,b.author); enter author : swamy
printf(“enter price :”); enter price :100
scanf(“%f”,&b.price);
printf(“\n bname :%s”,b.bname); bname : c
printf(“\n author :%s”,b.author); author : swamy
printf(“\n price :%f”,b.price); price : 100.000000
getch( );
}

3. Write a program to print purchasing item from super market using structures. (i.e. item, quantity
price & totalamt)
struct market
{ item quantity price totalamt
char item[20];
int quantity; m
20 2 4 4
float price, totalamt;
};
void main( ) m
{ 3
struct market m; 0
clrscr( );
printf(“enter item :”); Output:
scanf(“%s”, m.item);

41
 printf(“enter quantity :”); enter item : pen
scanf(“%d”,&m.quantity); enter quantity : 5
printf(“enter price :”); enter price :10
scanf(“%f”,&m.price);
m.totalamt = m.quantity * m.price;
printf(“\n item :%s”,m.item); item : pen
printf(“\n quantity :%d”,m.quantity); quantity :5
printf(“\n price :%f”,m.price); price : 10.000000
printf(“\n totalamt :%f”,m.totalamt); totalamt : 50.000000
getch( );
}

4. Write a program to print details of employee using structures. (i.e. ename, desig & sal)
struct employee
{ ename desig sal
char ename[20];
char desig[20]; b
float sal;
20 20 4
};
void main( ) e
{ 4
struct employee e; 4
clrscr( );
printf(“enter ename :”); Output:
scanf(“%s”, e.ename);
printf(“enter desig :”); enter ename : ravi
scanf(“%s”,e.desig); enter desig : jr.asst
printf(“enter sal :”); enter sal :5000.00
scanf(“%f”,&e.sal);
printf(“\n ename :%s”,e.ename); ename : ravi
printf(“\n desig :%s”,e.desig); desig : jr.asst
printf(“\n sal :%f”,e.sal); sal : 5000.000000
getch( );
}

5. Write a program to print students details using array of structures. (i.e. rno, name & per)
struct student
{ rno name per
int rno; 0 26
char name[20]; s 1 26
float per; 2 26
}; 3 26
void main( ) 4 26
{ int i; s
struct student s[5]; 13
clrscr( ); Output: 0
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{ enter rno : 1
printf(“enter rno :”); enter name : gopi
scanf(“%d”,&s[i].rno); enter per : 70
printf(“enter name :”); :
scanf(“%s”,s[i].name); :
printf(“enter per :”); enter rno : 5
42
 scanf(“%f”,&s[i].per); enter name : xyz
} enter per : 60
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{ rno :1
printf(“\n rno :%d”,s[i].rno); name : gopi
printf(“\n name :%s”,s[i].name); per : 70.000000
printf(“\n per :%f”,s[i].per); :
} rno :5
getch( ); name : xyz
} per : 60.000000

6. Write a program to print student details using passing an argument as a structures. (i.e. rno, name, m1, m2,
m3, total & per)

struct student
{ rno name m1 m2 m3 total per
int rno;
char name[20]; s
int m1,m2,m3,total;
float per; 2 20 2 2 2 2 4
};
void main( ) s
{ 3
struct student s; 4
void print(struct student s);
clrscr( ); Output:
printf(“enter rno :”);
scanf(“%d”,&s.rno); enter rno : 1
printf(“enter name :”); enter name : gopi
scanf(“%s”,s.name); enter three sub marks : 70 70 70
printf(“enter three sub marks :”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&s.m1,&s.m2,&s.m3); rno :1
print(s); name : gopi
getch( ); m1 : 70
} m2 : 70
m3 : 70
void print(struct student s) total : 210
{ per : 70.000000
s.total = s.m1 + s.m2 + s.m3;
s.per = s.total / 3.0;
printf(“\n rno :%d”,s.rno);
printf(“\n name :%s”,s.name);
printf(“\n m1 :%d”,s.m1);
printf(“\n m2 :%d”,s.m2);
printf(“\n m3 :%d”,s.m3);
printf(“\n total :%d”,s.total);
printf(“\n per :%f”,s.per);
}

7. Write a program to print student details using passing an argument as a structures & return type. (i.e. rno,

43
 name, m1, m2, m3, total & per)
struct student
{ rno name m1 m2 m3 total per
int rno;
char name[20]; s
int m1,m2,m3,total;
float per; 2 20 2 2 2 2 4
};

void main( )
{
struct student s;
struct student print(struct student s);
clrscr( ); Output:
printf(“enter rno :”);
scanf(“%d”,&s.rno); enter rno : 1
printf(“enter name :”); enter name : gopi
scanf(“%s”,s.name); enter three sub marks : 70 70 70
printf(“enter three sub marks :”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&s.m1,&s,m2,&s.m3); rno :1
s = print(s); name : gopi
printf(“\n rno :%d”,s.rno); m1 : 70
printf(“\n name :%s”,s.name); m2 : 70
printf(“\n m1 :%d”,s.m1); m3 : 70
printf(“\n m2 :%d”,s.m2); total : 210
printf(“\n m3 :%d”,s.m3); per : 70.000000
printf(“\n total :%d”,s.total);
printf(“\n per :%f”,s.per);
getch( );
}

struct student print(struct student s) rno name m1 m2 m3 total per

{
s.total = s.m1 + s.m2 + s.m3; s
s.per = s.total / 3.0;
return(s); 2 20 2 2 2 2 4
}

8. Write a program to print student details using array in structures.

struct student
{ rno name m total per
int rno;
char name[20]; s
int m[3],total;
float per; 2 20 6 2 4
};
void main( ) s
3
44 4
{
struct student s;
int i;
clrscr( ); Output:
printf(“enter rno :”);
scanf(“%d”,&s.rno); enter rno : 1
printf(“enter name :”); enter name : gopi
scanf(“%s”,s.name); enter three sub marks : 70 70 70

printf(“enter three sub marks :”);

for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&s.m[i]); rno :1
s.total = 0; name : gopi
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) m1 : 70
s.total = s.total + s.m[i]; m2 : 70
s.per = s.total / 3.0; m3 : 70
printf(“\n rno :%d”,s.rno); total : 210
printf(“\n name :%s”,s.name); per : 70.000000
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
printf(“\n m[%d] :%d”,i,s.m[i]);
printf(“\n total :%f”,s.total);
printf(“\n per :%f”,s.per);
}

Nested Structure : -
Structure within structure.

Declaration: -
struct tag1 struct tag1
{ {
------
members of structures;
------
struct tag2
{ };
struct tag2
members of structures; {
members of structures;
} variable2;
} variable1;
struct tag1 variable1
}variable2;

8. Write a program to print student details using nested structures.

rno name per
struct address
{ fname hno city
char fname[20];
char hno[20]; s a a
45 20 20 20
 char city[20];
};
2 20 60 4
struct student
{
int rno; s
char name[20]; 86
struct address a;
float per;
};

Output:
void main( )
{
struct student s; enter rno :1
clrscr( ); enter name : ravi
printf(“enter rno :”); enter fname : ram
scanf(“%d”,&s.rno); enter hno : 1-2-34/A/2
printf(“enter name :”); enter city : Hyd
scanf(“%s”,s.name); enter per : 70
printf(“enter fname :”);
scanf(“%s”,s.a.fname); rno :1
printf(“enter hno :”); name : ravi
scanf(“%s”,s.a.hno); fname : ram
printf(“enter city :”); hno : 1-2-34/A/2
scanf(“%s”,s.a.city); city : hyd
printf(“enter per :”); per : 70.000000
scanf(“%f”,&s.per);

printf(“\n rno :%d”,s.rno);

printf(“\n name :%s”,s.name);
printf(“\n fname :%s”,s.a.fname);
printf(“\n hno :%s”,s.a.hno);
printf(“\n city :%s”,s.a.city);
printf(“\n per :%f”,s.per);

getch( );
}

UNIONS
Def: -
Collection of different data types.

Declaration: -

i. union tag ii. union

{ {

46
 members of structures; members of structures;

}; }variable;
union tag variable;

1. Write a program to print student details using union. (i.e. rno, name & per)

union student
{
int rno;
char name[20]; s
float per;
20
};

void main( ) s
{ 2
union student s; 0
clrscr( );
Output:
printf(“enter rno :”);
scanf(“%d”,&s.rno); enter rno : 1
printf(“ rno :%d \n”,s.rno); rno :1
printf(“enter name :”); enter name : gopi
scanf(“%s”,s.name); name : gopi
printf(“\n name :%s \n”,s.name); enter per : 70
printf(“enter per :”); per : 70.000000
scanf(“%f”,&s.per);
printf(“\n per :%f”,s.per);
getch( );
}

47
 POINTERS

Def: - Memory
Address specifier. 0
1
Declaration: - 2
Data type *variable; :
:
Ex: - x 10 1000
int *p; :
char *k; 1000 :
float *a; y 2000
2000 :
x y z z 4000
:
12 1000 2000
:
1000 2000 4000 65535

x : 10 y : 1000 z : 2000
&x : 1000 &y : 2000 &z : 4000

1. Simple program on pointers.

void main( )
{
int x=10,*y; Output:
clrscr( );
y=&x; x :10 &x :1000
printf(“x :%d &x :%u \n”,x,&x); y :1000 &y :2000
printf(“y :%u &y :%u \n”,y,&y); *y :10
printf(“*y :%d ”,*y);
getch( );
}
2. Simple program on pointers.
void main( )
{

48
 int x=10,*y,**z; Output:
clrscr( );
y = &x; z = &y; x :10 &x :1000
printf(“x :%d &x :%u \n”,x,&x); y :1000 &y :2000
printf(“y :%u &y :%u \n”,y,&y); z :2000 &z :4000
printf(“z :%u &z :%u \n”,z,&z); *y :10 *z :1000
printf(“*y :%d *z :%u \n”,*y,*z); **z:10
printf(“**z:%d”,**z);
getch( );
}

3. Simple program of pointer. 0 1 2 3 4

10 20 30 40 50
1000 1002 1004 1006 1008
void main( )
{
int x[5]={10,20,30,40,50};
clrscr( );
printf(“x[0] :%d &x[0] :%u \n”,x[0],&x[0]); Output:
printf(“x[1] :%d &x[1] :%u \n”,x[1],&x[1]); x[0] :10 &x[0] :1000
printf(“x[2] :%d &x[2] :%u \n”,x[2],&x[2]); x[1] :20 &x[1] :1002
printf(“x[3] :%d &x[3] :%u \n”,x[3],&x[3]); x[2] :30 &x[2] :1004
printf(“x[4] :%d &x[4] :%u \n”,x[4],&x[4]); x[3] :40 &x[3] :1006
getch( ); x[4] :50 &x[4] :1008
}
4. Write a program to print array of element using pointer.
0 1 2 3 4
10 20 30 40 50
1000 1002 1004 1006 1008
void main( )
{ p
int x[5]={10,20,30,40,50},*p,i;
clrscr( ); 1000
p=&x[0]; 2000
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{ Output:
printf(“%d \n”,*p); 10
p++; 20
} 30
getch( ); 40
} 50
5. Write a program to swap two numbers using passing by reference.
void main( ) Output:
{
void swap(int *x,int *y); enter two nos: 10 20
int a,b; a :10 b :20
clrscr( ); a :20 b :10
printf(“enter two nos:”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b); a b

49
 printf(“a :%d b :%d \n”,a,b); 10 20
swap(&a,&b);
printf(“a :%d b :%d \n”,a,b); 1000 2000
getch( );
}
void swap(int *x,int *y) x y
{ 1000 2000
*x = *x + *y;
*y = *x - *y;
*x = *x - *y;
}

6. Write a program to find length of the given string. (using passing by reference)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
a B c d ‘\0’
1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1001 1002 1003 1004
void main( )
{ Output:
void length(char *x);
char x[15]; enter string : abcd
clrscr( ); abcd
printf(“enter string :”); length : 4
scanf(“%s”,x);
length( x );
getch( );
}
void length(char *x)
{ x len
int len = 0;
1000 0
while( *x != ‘\0’ )
{
printf(“%c”,*x);
x++;
len++;
}
printf(“ length :%d”,len);
}

7. Write a program to print student details using pointers. (i.e. rno, name & per)
struct student
{ rno name per
int rno;
char name[20]; s
float per;
1000 1002 1022
};
void main( ) p
{
1000
struct student s,*p;
clrscr( );
printf(“enter rno :”); Output:

50
 scanf(“%d”,&s.rno); enter rno : 1
printf(“enter name :”); enter name : gopi
scanf(“%s”,s.name); enter per : 70
printf(“enter per :”);
scanf(“%f”,&s.per); rno :1
p=&s; name : gopi
printf(“\n rno :%d”,prno); per : 70.000000
printf(“\n name :%s”, pname);
printf(“\n per :%f”, pper);
getch( );
}

8. Write a program to print student details using passing by reference as a structures. (i.e. rno, name, m1,
m2, m3, total & per)

struct student
{ rno name m1 m2 m3 total per
int rno;
char name[20]; s
int m1,m2,m3,total;
float per; 100 102 122 124 126 128 130
};

void main( )
{
struct student s;
void print(struct student *s);
clrscr( ); Output:
printf(“enter rno :”);
scanf(“%d”,&s.rno); enter rno : 1
printf(“enter name :”); enter name : gopi
scanf(“%s”,s.name); enter three sub marks : 70 70 70
printf(“enter three sub marks :”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&s.m1,&s,m2,&s.m3); rno :1
print(&s); name : gopi
printf(“\n rno :%d”,s.rno); m1 : 70
printf(“\n name :%s”,s.name); m2 : 70
printf(“\n m1 :%d”,s.m1); m3 : 70
printf(“\n m2 :%d”,s.m2); total : 210
printf(“\n m3 :%d”,s.m3); per : 70.000000
printf(“\n total :%d”,s.total);
printf(“\n per :%f”,s.per);
getch( );
}

void print(struct student *s) rno name m1 m2 m3 total per

{ 100 102 122 124 126 128 130
stotal = sm1 + sm2 + sm3; s
sper = stotal / 3.0;
}

51
 FILES
Def: -

Collection of information or collection of records.

Declaration: -

FILE *p;

File functions: -

fopen( ) putw( ) fprintf( )

fclose( ) getw( ) fscanf( )
fputc( ) fputs( )
fgetc( ) fgets( )

1. Write a program to create a file. or write information into the file.(using files)
#include<stdio.h> Output:
void main( ) enter text (at last press ctrl+z): abcdefgh^z
{
FILE *p; file1 “w”  write
char c;
clrscr( ); p c
p = fopen(“file1”,”w”);
printf(“enter text (at last press ctrl + z) :”);

while ( ( c=getchar( ) )!=EOF)

putc( c, p );

fclose(p);
}

2. Write a program to read information from the file. (using files)

#include<stdio.h> Output:
void main( ) text : abcdefgh
{ abcdefgh “r”  read
FILE *p; file1
char c;
52
 clrscr( ); p c
p = fopen(“file1”,”r”);
printf(“text :”);

while ( ( c=getc( p ) )!=EOF)

putchar( c );
fclose(p);
getch( );
}

3. Write a program to append or add information to the given file.(using files)

#include<stdio.h> Output:
void main( ) enter text (at last press ctrl+z): abcdefgh^z
{
FILE *p; file1 “a”  appending
char c;
clrscr( ); p c
p = fopen(“file1”,”a”);
printf(“enter text (at last press ctrl + z) :”);
while ( ( c=getchar( ) )!=EOF)
putc( c, p );
fclose(p);
}

4. Write a program to copy one file information to other. (using fputc & fgetc)
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *p1,*p2; file1
char c;
clrscr( ); p1 c
p1 = fopen(“file1”,”w”);
printf(“enter text (at last press ctrl + z) :”);
while ( ( c=getchar( ) )!=EOF)
putc( c, p1 ); p2
fclose(p1);

p1 = fopen(“file1”,”r”); /* copy */
p2 = fopen(“file2”,”w”); file2
while ( ( c=fgetc( p1 ) )!=EOF)
fputc( c, p2 );
fclose( p1 );
fclose( p2 );

p1 = fopen(“file1”,”r”); /* text in file1 */

printf(“\n text in first file : \n”); Output:
while ( ( c=getc( p1 ) )!=EOF) enter text (at last press ctrl+z):abcdefgh^z
putchar( c );

53
 fclose(p1); text in first file :
abcdefgh
p2 = fopen(“file2”,”r”); /* text in file2 */
printf(“\n text in second file : \n”); text in second file :
while ( ( c=getc( p2 ) )!=EOF) abcdefgh
putchar( c );
fclose(p2);
getch( );
}

5. Write a program to create file, send strings into the file and read strings from the file.
(using fputs & fgets)
#include<stdio.h> file1
void main( ) p x
{
FILE *p;
char x[20];
int i;
clrscr( );
p = fopen(“file1”,”w”); Output:
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{ enter string : aaaa
printf(“enter string :”); enter string : bbbb
scanf(“%s”,x); enter string : cccc
fputs( x , p ); enter string : dddd
fputc( ‘\n’, p); enter string : eeee
}
fclose(p); strings :
p = fopen(“file1”,”r”);
printf(“\n strings : \n”); aaaa
while( ( fgets( x, 20, p ) ) != EOF) bbbb
printf(“ %s \n”, x); cccc
fclose( p ); dddd
getch( );
}
6. Write a program to create a file, send numbers in to the file and read numbers from the file
(using putw & getw)
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *p; file1 i
int i,x; p
clrscr( ); c
p = fopen(“file1”,”w”);
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
putw( i , p );
fclose(p); x
p = fopen(“file1”,”r”); Output:

54
 for(i=1; i<=10; i++) 1
{ 2
x=getw( p ); 3
printf(“%d \n”, x); 4
} :
fclose(p); 10
getch( );
}

7. Write a program to create a file, send student details (rno, name & per) in to the file and read
student details from the file. (using fprintf & fscanf)
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *p; file1 rno
int rno; p
char name[20];
float per; name
clrscr( );
p = fopen(“file1”,”w”); per
printf(“enter rno :”); scanf(“%d”,&rno);
printf(“enter name :”); scanf(“%s”,name); Output:
printf(“enter per :”); scanf(“%f”,&per);
fprintf(p,”%d\t%s\t%f”,rno,name,per); enter rno : 1
fclose(p); enter name : gopi
p = fopen(“file1”,”r”); enter per :70
fscanf(p,”%d\t%s\t%f”,&rno,name,&per);
printf(“\n rno :%d”,rno); rno : 1
printf(“\n name :%s”,name); name : gopi
printf(“\n per :%f”,per); per : 70.000000
fclose(p);
getch( );
}
8. Write a program to create a file, send students details (rno, name & per) in to the file and read
student details from the file. (using fprintf & fscanf)
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *p; file1 rno
int rno,i; p
char name[20];
float per; name
clrscr( );
p = fopen(“file1”,”w”); per
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{ Output:
printf(“enter rno :”); scanf(“%d”,&rno);
printf(“enter name :”); scanf(“%s”,name); enter rno : 1
printf(“enter per :”); scanf(“%f”,&per); enter name : aa
fprintf(p,”%d\t%s\t%f\n”,rno,name,per); enter per :70
} :
55
 fclose(p); enter rno :5
p = fopen(“file1”,”r”); enter name :ee
while( fscanf(p,”%d\t%s\t%f\n”,&rno,name,&per)!=EOF) enter per : 50
{
printf(“\n rno :%d”,rno); rno : 1
printf(“\n name :%s”,name); name : aa
printf(“\n per :%f”,per); per : 70.000000
} :
fclose(p); rno : 5
getch( ); name : ee
} per :50.000000

1. Program on Local Variable.

void main( ) OUTPUT:

{
void gopi( ); x :5
int x=5; x : 10
clrscr( ); x : 15
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x :5
gopi( );
printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
getch( );
}
void gopi( )
{
int x=10;
printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
x=x+5;
printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
}

2. Program on Global Variable.

int x = 5;
void main( ) OUTPUT:
{
void gopi( ); x :5
clrscr( ); x :5
printf(“x :%d\n”,x); x : 10
gopi( ); x : 10
printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
getch( );
}
void gopi( )
{
56
 printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
x=x+5;
printf(“x :%d\n”,x);
}

3. Write a program add, subtract, multiply, divide and find reminder of two numbers when
operator is given ( + - * / %).

void main( )
{
void add(int x, int y);
void sub(int x, int y);
void mul(int x, int y);
void div(int x, int y);
void rem(int x, int y);
int a,b;
char op;
clrscr( );
printf(“enter op [+ - * / %] :”); scanf(“%c”,&op);
printf(“enter two nos:”); scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
switch( op )
{
case ‘+’ : add(a,b); break;
case ‘-’ : sub(a,b); break;
case ‘*’ : mul(a,b); break;
case ‘/’ : div(a,b); break;
case ‘%’ : rem(a,b); break;
default :

57
BINARY SEARCH

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5]={33,44,55,22,11},i,j,m,l=0,h=4,key;
clrscr();
printf("enet a key");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
m=(l+h)/2;
if(key>a[m])
h=m-1;
else if(key<a[m])
l=m+1;
}
printf("position is %d",m);
getch();
}

LINEAR SEARCH

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5]={33,44,55,66,77},i,key;
clrscr();
printf("enter element to be searched");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
if(key==a[i])
printf("element is found at %d position",i);

58
else if(key!=a[i])
printf("\nno such element");
}
getch();
}

SELECTION SORT

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],i,j,n,temp;
clrscr();
printf("enter size of arrary");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter elements");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("enter element at a[%d]",i);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("\nbefore sorting");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d ",a[i]);
}
printf("\nafter sort");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(a[i]<a[j])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=temp;
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d ",a[i]);
}
getch();
}

59
BUBBLE SORT

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5]={33,44,22,55,11},i,j,temp;
clrscr();
printf("\nbefore sorting");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d",a[i]);
}
printf("\nafter sort");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(j=i;j<5;j++)
{
if(a[i]>a[j+1])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d",a[i]);
}
getch();
}

INSERTION SORT

60
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int temp,a[5]={44,55,22,11,66},i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\n before sort");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d",a[i]);
}
printf("\n after sort");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
temp=a[i];
for(j=i;j>0&&temp<a[j-1];j--)
{
a[j]=a[j-1];
}
a[j]=temp;
}
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
getch();
}

MERGE SORT

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

61
void main()
{
int a[5]={1,3,5,7,9},b[5]={2,4,6,8,10},c[10],i=0,j=0,k=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nmerge sort\n");
while(i<5&&j<5)
{
if(a[i]<b[j])
{
c[k]=a[i];
k++;
i++;
}
else
{
c[k]=b[j];
k++;
j++;
}
}
if(i<5)
{
c[k]=a[i];
k++;
i++;
}
if(j<5)
{
c[k]=b[j];
k++;
j++;
}
printf("merged lements");
for(k=0;k<10;k++)
{
printf("%d ",c[k]);
}
getch();
}

QUICK SORT

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define maxsize 6
int A[maxsize];

void quicksort(int a, int b)

62
{
int rtidx=0,ltidx=0,k=a,l=0,pivot;
int leftarr[maxsize],rtarr[maxsize];
pivot=A[a];
if(a==b)return;
while(k<b) { ++k;
if(A[k]<A[a])
{
leftarr[ltidx]=A[k];
ltidx++;
}
else
{
rtarr[rtidx]=A[k];
rtidx++;
}
}

k=a;
for(l=0;l<ltidx;++l)A[k++]=leftarr[l];
A[k++]=pivot;
for(l=0;l<rtidx;++l)A[k++]=rtarr[l];
if(ltidx>0)quicksort(a,a+ltidx-1);
if(rtidx>0)quicksort(b-rtidx+1,b);
}

void printarr(int a)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<a;i++)
{
printf("%d",A[i]);
printf("\n");
}
}

main()
{
int i,s;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number of numbers to be entered \n");
scanf("%d",&s);
for(i=0;i<s;i++)
{
printf("enter the number \n" );
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf("array before sorting ");
printarr(s);
quicksort(0,s-1);
printf("array after sorting");

63
printarr(s);
}

64