✅ Unit IV – Java Programming Notes (Definitions + Q&A)
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⚡ Key Definitions
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Class
A class is a blueprint for objects. It defines variables and methods that objects of the class will
have.
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Object
An object is an instance of a class that occupies memory and can perform operations defined in
the class.
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Method
A block of code that performs a specific task and runs when called.
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Method Overloading
Multiple methods in the same class having the same name but different parameters.
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Method Overriding
Defining a method in a child class with the same name and parameters as in the parent class.
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Final Variable
A constant whose value cannot be changed after initialization.
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Final Method
A method that cannot be overridden by subclasses.
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Final Class
A class that cannot be inherited by other classes.
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Static Variable
A variable shared by all objects of a class.
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Static Method
A method that belongs to the class rather than any object. Called using class name.
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Visibility Control (Access Modifiers)
Specifies how accessible a class member is:
private – accessible only in the same class
default – accessible in the same package
protected – accessible in same package + subclasses
public – accessible everywhere
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Array
A container that holds multiple values of the same type in contiguous memory locations.
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String
A sequence of characters treated as an object in Java.
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Interface
A collection of abstract methods (no body) that a class implements. Used for achieving multiple
inheritance.
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Inheritance
The concept of acquiring properties and methods from another class.
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Single Inheritance
One class inherits from one superclass.
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Multiple Inheritance
A class inherits from multiple classes (Java supports this via interfaces, not classes).
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Abstract Class
A class with one or more abstract methods that has no implementation and must be
implemented by subclasses.
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Abstract Method
A method without a body, declared using abstract keyword.
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Package
A group of related classes and interfaces.
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API Package
Standard libraries provided by Java (like java.util, java.lang).
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Thread
A lightweight process. Allows parallel execution of code.
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Multithreading
Running multiple threads simultaneously to perform tasks faster.
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Extending Thread Class
Creating a new thread by inheriting from the Thread class.
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Runnable Interface
An interface implemented to create threads without extending Thread class.
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Thread Lifecycle
States through which a thread passes: New → Runnable → Running → Blocked → Terminated.
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Stopping a Thread
Method to stop a running thread (e.g. stop() – deprecated in Java).
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Blocking a Thread
A thread that waits for a condition to become true or for resources to be released.
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Exception
An unwanted event that disrupts normal program flow.
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Types of Errors
Compile-time Error: Syntax errors caught by compiler.
Runtime Error: Errors occurring during program execution.
Logical Error: Program runs but produces incorrect result.
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Checked Exception
Exceptions checked at compile-time (e.g., IOException).
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Unchecked Exception
Exceptions not checked at compile-time (e.g., ArithmeticException).
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Exception Handling
Mechanism to handle runtime errors to prevent program crash.
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try-catch Block
Used to handle exceptions gracefully.
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finally Block
Block that always executes whether exception occurs or not.
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Syntax of Exception Handling
try {
// code that may throw exception
} catch (Exception e) {
// exception handling code
} finally {
// clean-up code
}
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Applet
A small Java program that runs inside a browser.
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Applet Lifecycle
init()
start()
paint()
stop()
destroy()
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HTML Applet Tag
Used to embed an applet in a web page.
Example:
<applet code="HelloApplet.class" width="300" height="300"></applet>
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Graphics Class
Java class used to draw shapes and text in applets.
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Drawing Methods in Graphics
drawLine()
drawRect()
drawOval()
drawString()
drawArc()
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✅ Important Questions & Answers
(Exactly as provided earlier for your exam preparation – included here for completeness.)
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1. What are Classes and Objects in Java?
A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines properties (variables) and
behaviors (methods).
An object is an instance of a class, which uses memory and can perform tasks defined in the
class.
Example:
class Student {
int id;
String name;
void display() {
System.out.println(id + " " + name);
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s1 = new Student();
s1.id = 101;
s1.name = "Puneet";
s1.display();
}
}
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2. Explain Method Overloading with example.
Method overloading means multiple methods in the same class with the same name but
different parameters.
Example:
class MathOperations {
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
double add(double a, double b) {
return a + b;
}
}
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3. What is Method Overriding?
Method overriding means redefining a parent class method in the subclass.
Example:
class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes sound");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}
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4. Explain final variable, final method and final class.
final variable – value can’t be changed after assignment.
final method – can’t be overridden in child class.
final class – can’t be inherited.
Example:
final class A {
final int x = 10;
final void show() {
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}
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5. What are static members in Java?
static members belong to the class instead of instances. You can access them without creating
objects.
Example:
class Example {
static int count = 0;
static void display() {
System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
}
}
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6. Difference between abstract class and interface.
Abstract ClassInterface
Can have methods with bodyAll methods abstract (Java 7)
Can have constructors Cannot have constructors
Use abstract keywordUse interface keyword
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7. What is an Interface in Java? How do you implement it?
Example:
interface Drawable {
void draw();
}
class Circle implements Drawable {
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing Circle");
}
}
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8. What is a Package? How to import it?
A package is a collection of classes and interfaces.
Creating a package:
package mypackage;
public class A {
public void display() {
System.out.println("Inside package");
}
}
To import:
import mypackage.A;
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9. How to create a Thread in Java?
Two ways:
By extending Thread class
By implementing Runnable interface
Example:
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running...");
}
}
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10. What is Exception Handling? Explain try-catch block.
Example:
try {
int data = 100 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Can't divide by zero");
}
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11. Explain types of Exceptions in Java.
Checked Exception: caught at compile-time (e.g., IOException)
Unchecked Exception: caught at runtime (e.g., ArithmeticException)
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12. Syntax of try-catch-finally block.
try {
// risky code
} catch (Exception e) {
// handling
} finally {
// cleanup
}
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13. What is an Applet? How to write and run it?
Example:
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class HelloApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello Applet", 50, 50);
}
}
To run:
Compile: javac HelloApplet.java
Run using appletviewer or embed in HTML.
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14. What is the use of paint() method in Applet?
paint(Graphics g) is used for drawing shapes and text in an applet.
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15. How to draw shapes in Applet (circle, rectangle, etc.)?
Example:
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawLine(20, 30, 80, 30);
g.drawRect(100, 40, 60, 30);
g.drawOval(200, 50, 50, 50);
}
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16. How to add an Applet to HTML Page?
Example:
<applet code="HelloApplet.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
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17. Explain stop(), start(), and run() methods in Thread.
start() → starts the thread.
run() → code executed by thread.
stop() → forcibly stops thread (deprecated).
