1.
To View First 6 Rows of the data:
Head(dataset name)
2. To View first n number of Rows of
the Data:
Print(DatasetName,n=120)
3. To View Last 6 Rows of the Data:
Tail(Datasetname)
4. To View the Structure of the Dataset
Str(DatasetName)
5. To View the Dimensions of Rows and
Columns (Counting)
Dim(DatasetName)
6. To View First 6 Rows of a Specific
Column
Head(Datasetname$Columnname)
7. To View Summary Statistics of the
Dataset
Summary(Datasetname)
Data Structures in R
1. Vector (1 Dimensional Data)
It is a collection of values of the same type
(numeric, character, logical etc.)
- To Create Numeric Vector
a <- c(10,20,30,40)
print (a)
- To Create a character vector
Fruits <- c(“Apple”, “Cherry”, “Kiwi”)
Print (Fruits)
Numeric and Character can me mixed to create a
vector.
2. Matrix (2-Dimentional Data)
It has same type of elements in rows and
columns.
Matrix works on multiplication. Example: 1:15
range of values, then rows=5 and column=3
Variable <- Matrix (Range of Values, Rows,
Column)
- To Create a 3X3 Numeric Matrix
a <- matrix (1:9, nrow=3, ncol=3)
print (a)
3. Array (Multidimensional Data)
It is like a matrix but can have more than two
dimensions.
Arr<- array(1:18,dim=c(3,3,2))
Print(Arr)
4. List (Collection of Different Data
Types)
It can store different types of data (vectors,
matrics, dataframes etc.)
Studentlist<- list(name= “John”, age = 25, scores
= c(90,85,88))
Print(Studentlist)
5. Factor (Categorical Data)
It used to store categorical (Grouped) data such
as Male/Female, Yes/No, Low/Medium/High etc.
Gender <- factor (c(“Male”, “Female”, “Male” ,
“Male”))
Print(Gender)
6. Data frame (Tabular Data)
It is like a spreadsheet or table that holds
different types of data (numbers, text, logical
values etc) in columns.
df<-data.frame(Name =
c("Alice","Bob","Charlie"),Age =
c(25,30,35),Score = c(90,85,88))
> print(df)
Summary: Choosing the Right Data
Structure
Data Definition Example Use
Structur Case
e
Vector 1D collection of Storing test
same type scores (e.g.,
c(85, 90, 78))
Matrix 2D table of same Storing sales
type elements data for multiple
products
Array Multidimensional Storing weather
matrix data over
multiple years
List Stores different Collecting a
types of data person’s details
(age, name,
grades)
Factor Categorical data Gender, survey
with levels responses (e.g.,
Yes/No)
Data Table with A dataset with
Frame different types in names, ages,
columns and test scores
Data Frame Practice
# Create sample data
data <- data.frame(
age = c(25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70),
income = c(35000, 40000, 45000, 50000,
55000, 60000, 65000, 70000, 75000, 80000)
)
print(data)
To print only one Column of the Table
Print(Data$Columnname)
Measures of Central Tendency
1. To Calculate Average Age of the Data
Mean_age <- mean(data$age)
Print (Mean_age)
2. To Calculate Average Income of the
Data
Mean_income <- mean(data$income)
Print (Mean_income)
3. To Calculate Median Age of the Data
median_age <- median(data$age)
Print (median_age)
4. To Calculate Median Income of the
Data
Median_income <- Median(data$income)
Print (Median_income)
5. To Calculate Mode Income of the
Data
mode <- function(x) {
names(sort(table(x), decreasing=TRUE))[1]
}
# Example usage:
numbers <- c(1,2,2,3,4,4,4,5)
mode(numbers)
Measures of Dispersion
Create table on R studio
math_scores science_scores
1 75 70
2 80 78
3 68 65
4 90 92
5 85 88
6 72 75
7 88 85
8 72 96
9 88 80
10 95 83
1. To make the Table:
> StudentScores <- data.frame(math_scores =
c(75,80,68,90,85,72,88,72,88,95), science_scores
= c(70,78,65,92,88,75,85,96,80,83))
> print(StudentScores)
2. To Calculate Range
Range_maths =
range(studentscores$maths_Scores)
Range_science =
range(studentscores$maths_scores)
3. To calculate difference in Range
Diff(range_maths)
Diff(range_science)
4. To Calculate Variance
> var_maths <- var(StudentScores$math_scores)
> print(var_maths)
> var_science <-
var(StudentScores$science_scores)
> print(var_science)
5. To Calculate Standard Deviation
> sd_maths <- sd(StudentScores$math_scores)
> sd_science <-
sd(StudentScores$science_scores)
> print(sd_maths)
[1] 9.177872
> print(sd_science)
[1] 9.647107
Relationship between Variables
- Covariance
- > cov_maths_science <- cov(StudentScores$math_scores,
StudentScores$science_scores)
- > print(cov_maths_science)
- [1] 41.26667
- > round(cov_maths_science,2)
- [1] 41.27
- Correlation
- > cor_maths_science <-
cor(StudentScores$math_scores,StudentScores$science_scores)
- > print(cor_maths_science)
- [1] 0.4660798
- Coefficient of Determination (R2)
It is simply the square of the correlation
coefficient.
R_squared <- coefficient of Correlation^2
> print(R_squared)
Data Visualization in R Studio
Bar Chart
Month Furnitu Office Technolo
re Supplies gy
Januar 4200 3000 3900
y
Februa 4700 3200 4100
ry
March 4500 3100 4400
# Step 1: Create the data
month <- c("January", "February", "March")
furniture <- c(4200, 4700, 4500)
office_supplies <- c(3000, 3200, 3100)
technology <- c(3900, 4100, 4400)
# Step 2: Calculate total sales per category
total_sales <- c(sum(furniture),
sum(office_supplies), sum(technology))
categories <- c("Furniture", "Office Supplies",
"Technology")
# Step 3: Create the bar chart
barplot(total_sales,
names.arg = categories,
col = "skyblue",
main = "Total Sales by Category",
xlab = "Category",
ylab = "Total Sales")
Explanation:
barplot() creates the bar chart.
names.arg specifies the category labels
shown on the x-axis.
col adds color to the bars.
main, xlab, ylab set the chart title and
axis labels.
Line Chart
# Step 1: Create the sales data for
Technology
months <- c("January", "February",
"March")
tech_sales <- c(3900, 4100, 4400)
# Step 2: Create the line chart
plot(Tech_sales,type = "o", col = "blue", main =
"Technology Sales Trend", xlab = "Month", ylab =
"Sales")
📝 Explanation:
plot() creates the line chart.
type = "o" means both line and points
are shown.
xaxt = "n" turns off the default x-axis
(so we can use custom month labels).
axis() is used to manually label the x-
axis with month names.
col sets the line color, and main, xlab, ylab
provide chart title and axis labels.
Simple Regression Model :
Step 1: Create your sample data
R
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Hours <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
Score <- c(50,55,60,65,65,70,75,80,85,90)
Step 2: Fit a linear regression model
R
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model <- lm(Score ~ Hours)
Step 3: Check your regression model
summary
R
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summary(model)
Step 4: Make predictions with intervals (for
5 Hours)
R
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new_data <- data.frame(Hours = 5)
# Confidence interval (Average score
prediction)
predict(model, newdata=new_data,
interval="confidence", level=0.95)
# Prediction interval (Individual score
prediction)
predict(model, newdata=new_data,
interval="prediction", level=0.95)
Easy Explanation:
Confidence interval shows where the
average score for students studying 5 hours
would likely fall.
Prediction interval tells you where the
score for one specific student studying 5
hours might fall.
Multiple Regression Model:
Hours studied (Hours)
Number of classes attended
(Attendance)
✅ Step 1: Create the Data
# Sample data
Hours <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
Attendance <- c(5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10)
Score <- c(50, 52, 55, 58, 60, 63, 68, 74, 78,
85)
# Combine into a data frame
data <- data.frame(Hours, Attendance,
Score)
✅ Step 2: Build the Multiple Linear
Regression Model
# Fit the model
model <- lm(Score ~ Hours + Attendance,
data = data)
# View summary
summary(model)
Texual Analysis
Easy Textual Analysis Question in R Studio:
Question:
Given the sentence:
"Data science is easy and fun. Data analysis is
interesting."
Find how many times each word occurs (word
frequency).
Step-by-step Solution in R Studio:
Step 1: Enter text into R
text <- "Data science is easy and fun. Data
analysis is interesting."
Step 2: Split text into words
words <- unlist(strsplit(tolower(text), "\\W+"))
tolower() converts all letters to lowercase.
strsplit() splits the text into words by spaces
and punctuation (\\W+).
Step 3: Calculate frequency
word_freq <- table(words)
word_freq
table() counts how many times each word
appears.
Output:
words
analysis and data easy fun interesting
is science
1 1 2 1 1 1 2
1
Explanation:
The word "data" appears 2 times.
The word "is" appears 2 times.
All other words appear 1 time.
Texual Analysis Question type 2:
🔹 Step 1: Create Simple Text Data
r
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text <- c("I love R", "R is boring", "Text mining is
fun", "I hate this", "R is helpful")
🔹 Step 2: Count Words (Text Mining)
r
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words <- tolower(unlist(strsplit(text, " ")))
table(words)
✅ This shows how often each word appears.
🔹 Step 3: Categorize as Positive or Negative
r
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positive_words <- c("love", "fun", "helpful")
negative_words <- c("boring", "hate")
category <- ifelse(grepl(paste(positive_words,
collapse="|"), text), "Positive",
ifelse(grepl(paste(negative_words,
collapse="|"), text), "Negative", "Neutral"))
data.frame(text, category)
✅ Each sentence is marked as Positive,
Negative, or Neutral.
🔹 Step 4: Sentiment Score (Simple)
r
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install.packages("syuzhet") # Only run once
library(syuzhet)
sentiment <- get_sentiment(text)
data.frame(text, sentiment)
✅ This gives a number (score):
Positive score = Good mood
Negative score = Bad mood
