Lecture - 11

Urban Planning & Design

and Urban Land Use

Land Use Planning

[GPA-303]
 Urban Planning and Design

◼ Urban Land Use is directly linked and drives the:

❑ Urban Plan and

❑ Urban Design
 Urban Planning
◼ Urban Planning

◼ Urban Planning is not simply a matter of allocating land for various

uses. It includes but not limited to

❑ Physical reshaping of the large towns and cities.

❑ Solution for Urban Social Problems and creating livelihood in cities

❑ Urban Renewal, Regeneration , Modernization and Redevelopment

❑ Concerned with the form of development, and design

❑ Quality of the physical environment

❑ Urban growth Management in many towns

❑ Conservation of environmental and heritage resources

 Urban Planning
◼ Complex nature of Urban development requires extensive Planning
at all steps/levels, areas

◼ It takes the form of

❑ City Strategy
❑ Urban Plan
❑ Programs / Policies.
❑ Design Criteria, Standards and Specifications.
❑ Guidelines.

❑ Laws form an integral part of the whole planning process.

❑ All expression and action within the city limits are formally
controlled by law.
Urban Development Perspectives

Political Physical

Social Economic
 Facets of Urban Plan

◼ Hard Part
❑ Physical /Infrastructure Planning

◼ Soft Part
❑ Social Planning
❑ Economic Planning
❑ Environmental Planning
❑ Political/Administrative Planning (Governance)

◼ Urban Planning involves both hard and soft Planning

 Process of Urban Planning

◼ Urban Planning process has seven distinct stages.

1. Work programming (Inception Report)

2. Formulating goals and objectives

3. Data Collection, Analysis and Forecasting

4. Prepare Strategy and Master Plan of the City

5. Master Plan Implementation

6. Monitoring and Control

7. Lessons Learned
 Urban Planning Process Steps
1. Work Programming
❑ A schedule of the steps to be followed in the planning process. work
program sometimes called the “ Plan for Planning”.
2. Formulating Goals and objectives
❑ Clear statements establishing goals, objectives, based on shared vision
of the city
3. Data Collection, Analysis, and Forecasting
❑ Baseline Studies:
◼ A description of conditions, as they currently exist in the form. In
urban setting following types of baseline studies are usually
conducted:
❑ Population Studies:
◼ Estimates of the current population
◼ Forecast for future population.
 Urban Planning Process Steps
❑ Economic Studies.
◼ Include collection and analysis of data on the production, distribution,
and consumption systems, knowledge of economic activities of
individuals and families.
❑ Social System Study:
◼ Behavior patterns of individuals, families, institutions, and firms in
spatial patterns.
❑ Land-use Studies:
◼ Includes some or all of the following physiographic features
(Topography), geology, climatology, existing land-use, suitability of
vacant land; hydrology, flood potential; structural and environmental
quality, seismology, land value and aesthetics.
❑ Transportation Studies:
◼ Data on traffic generation , traffic patterns, evaluation of capacities of
each part of transportation system.
 Urban Planning Process Steps
❑ Social Welfare Studies:
◼ Indices based on health, education, standard of living, crime,
delinquency, family structure, and other elements.
❑ Ecological Studies:
◼ Environmental quality, this include forests, surface and subsurface
water, marshlands, features of unique visual quality, steep slopes.
Some planners advocates preparing plans based on natural
processes, a process called “environmental determination”
4. Prepare Strategy and Master Plan of the City
▪ Prepare broad conceptual framework and Master Plan of the city
5. Strategy and Master Plan Implementation
◼ Depends on Structure, Culture and Resources of implementing organization
6. Monitoring and Control
◼ Dependent on M&E system in place
7. Lessons Learned
◼ Key lessons learned during experience
 Factors in Urban Planning

◼ Urban Plan adresses following

factors

◼ Aesthetics - POSH
◼ Safety
◼ Sustainability
◼ Transport
◼ Control of Slums
◼ Suburbanization
◼ Natural Environment
◼ Reconstruction & Renewal
 Urban Planning Tools
◼ Urban Planning generally carried out through implementation of
controlling and enabling tools.

❑ Enabling Tools include public land acquisition laws, property

laws, city development law and allocation, investment in public
infrastructure, green spaces and laws relating to public-private
partnerships.

❑ Controlling Tools include spatial plans, zoning and land

subdivision regulations, building codes and standards.

❑ N.B Much of the city growth in developing countries happens outside

authorized planning.
 Four Aspects of Urban Planning
◼ Physical including Environmental Aspect

◼ Social aspect

◼ Economic aspect

◼ Governance /Environmental Aspect

Term is more frequently used for physical/spatial planning , though we

do carry out extensive planning in other areas.
 Physical Planning

◼ Public Planning
❑ Macro
❑ Direct intervention by public agencies in the private use of
physical spaces is both desirable and practical.

◼ Private Planning
❑ Micro
❑ How people plan their spaces, mostly regulated through
regulations and codes.
 Environmental Aspects
◼ Conservation of Natural Resources:

◼ Preservation of Cultural Heritage

◼ Environmental Hazards

◼ Disaster Management [Man-made + Natural]

◼ Pollution Control
 Social Aspects
◼ Urban Poverty

◼ Slums

◼ Social Protection and Social Security

◼ Social Inclusion

◼ Social Change

◼ Social Cooperation and integration

 Economic Aspects
◼ Informal Economy: Land-use plans and building codes are often
too restrictive, leading to an increase in informal settlements and
informal economies

◼ Spatial Development Plans: largely affects and drives the

economy of a city

◼ Informal sector should be encouraged to gradually integrate into

the formal economy.

◼ Dependence of Regional Economy on Urban Economy

 Governance

◼ Capacity of Local authorities

◼ City Administration

◼ Fair and inclusive laws

◼ Civil Society

◼ Equal Participation

◼ Private sector, including the informal sector, should have a more

instrumental role in urban planning.

◼ Media: is important for information dissemination and public debate.

City’s Master Plan and Land Use
 Urban Planning
◼ Why Plan Cities?
❑ To influence the future of cities and residents
❑ To achieve the goals (“Men hit only, what he aims at”)
❑ To ripe benefits, better organize the city life
❑ To resolve problems
❑ To fulfill needs and wants

◼ Master Plan:

❑ Plan of the Plans, distinct plans, integrated and

comprehensive plan for the Town/City which guides its
development

❑ Broader Comprehensive Plan that covers all aspects of urban

life vis-à-vis Home, Work and Recreation
 Master Plan

◼ “Master Plan is a set of land use allocation and control

measures in the form of a map, supported by a written
statement of goals, objectives, strategies and financial
implications.”
◼ Principles
❑ Improvement in quality of life of the residents

❑ Most efficient use of financial and ecological resources

 Master Plan
◼ Master plan describes the broad shared vision of the
City’s future , in a given plan period.
◼ Master plan is a compilation of goals, policies, plans
and recommendations for each area/aspect it covers.
❑ Goals are conceptual, broad, and long range.

❑ Plan is a blue print or milestones/ objectives set to accomplish

specified goals

❑ Policies are the guidelines for achievement of the goals.

❑ Recommendations Specific actions needed to accomplish the

overall goals, as well as the plan/policies
 Master Plan
◼ Underlying Principles that provide the foundation for the specified
goals and policies.

◼ These principles ensures to

❑ Protect the character of its neighborhoods

❑ Diversity of integrated transportation options
❑ High level of community services and facilities
❑ Maintain a safe and secure community
❑ Encourage a broad range of housing styles and prices
❑ Mix of Physical, Social and Economic Infrastructure
❑ Preservation of socio-cultural environment
❑ Adaptation in accordance with context and Environment
❑ Integration with other Sub-Plans
 Master Plan
❑ Plan of the Plans
◼ Typical essential Sub- Plans or Component Pans or
Sectoral Plans of City
1. Land Use Plan – Basic Framework / Mother Plan
2. Residential/Housing Plan
3. Slum Control and Re-Settlement Plan
4. Circulation/Transportation Plan
5. Utilities and Municipal Services Plan
6. Social Infrastructure/Community Services Plan
7. Economic/Commercial/Livelihood Plan
8. Public Safety Plan including Disaster Management Plan
9. Recreation Plan for the City
10. Conservation/Environment Plan
 Land Use Plan
Land use and zoning involves the regulation of the use and
development. The most common form of land-use regulation is zoning.

Zoning is used to protect the use of land, prevent nuisances, ensure

compatibility between adjacent uses of land, protect and properly use
natural resources, and help to implement the land use objectives of a
community's comprehensive plan

Land use mapping. City planners need to know which areas of a city
are used for which purpose. Therefore, they produce a map of "land
use", that identifies parts of a city and the major activities (land use)
that happen there.

Zoning regulations and restrictions are used by municipalities to

control and direct the development of city within their boundaries
 Land Use Planning

◼ Land Use Planning starts with Zoning, Zoning leads to

Land Use map

◼ Zoning: Area earmarked in a City for a specific use

❑ Residential
❑ Commercial
❑ Industrial
❑ Institutional
❑ Administrative
❑ Recreational / Park/Green Area
❑ Floating
❑ Mixed
 Residential Plan
◼ City Residential area comprises of:
❑ Formal Settlement
❑ Informal Settlement (Slums or Katchi Abadis)
◼ Factors considered while preparing Residential Plan
❑ Safety
❑ Comfort
❑ Environment
❑ Culture
❑ Physical form
❑ Social Fabric -- Culture of Cooperation/Conflict
❑ Social Classes
 Types of Housing
◼ Depends on
❑ Demographic Trends
❑ Size of Households
❑ Household Composition
❑ Age of Residents
❑ Culture
◼ Housing types
❑ Villa (Upper class country home), Bungalow (Single story, detached,
verandah) , Detached (Single family stand alone house) and Semi-
Detached Single-family Houses (Sharing party wall, mirror image),
Apartments
❑ Multi-Family, Group Homes
❑ Housing for the Elderly
❑ Homeless Shelters
❑ Public Housing
❑ Affordable Housing
 Transportation Plan
◼ OBJECTIVE is to reduce travel time to activity centers

◼ Minimize congestion where appropriate, during peak hours

◼ Multi-modal transportation System, Rail, Bus, Bike,etc.
◼ Improve pedestrian connections from households to activity centers.
 Balance Between Walk and Ride
◼ Walk Circles - Typical placement of facilities:
❑ 5 – Min walk circles
◼ Primary School
◼ Dispensary
◼ Day care center
◼ Community Park
◼ Grocery Store
❑ 10 – Mins walk circles
◼ Secondary School
◼ Market
◼ Bust Stop
❑ 15 - Mins walk circles
◼ High School and College
◼ Hospital
◼ Bank/Commercial Center
◼ Post Office
 Circulation Plan

❑ These are

❑ Prepared by qualified and registered Town Planners or

Civil Engineers (Specialization in Traffic Engineering )

❑ It shows location of Streets,Collectors and main arteries

to the city.

❑ Based on different studies conducted on traffic (Traffic

survey results, Average Daily Traffic(ADT) Volume and
Turning Trend Analysis of intersections. Road width and
intersections are designed
 Circulation Plan
◼ Primary Roads
◼ Main arteries to the city
◼ Islamabad Highway, Kashmir Highway and Muree road
◼ Typically six - four lanes, free flow, median strip, rarely
side walks

◼ Secondary Roads
◼ Facilitates Traffic movement between Primary and tertiary
roads, Traffic Collectors
◼ Constitution Avenue, Jinnah Avenue
◼ Typically two - Four lanes, Controlled intersections, street
lighting, low design speed, essential side walks etc
 Circulation Plan

◼ Tertiary Road
❑ Cater localized Traffic

❑ Normally two lanes with side Parking lanes, street

lights, side walks, rare intersections (Stop-Go
arrangements)

❑ Road network within Islamabad sectors (excluding

streets), Service Roads
 Slums and Re-Settlement Plan
◼ Urban Poverty, high cost of living in cities produces Slums
◼ City Gravity Center, Rural – Urban migration, people has to live in cities
◼ Socially segregated, marginalized and socially excluded population
◼ Slum – UN-Habitat – Five Characteristics
❑ Inadequate access to safe water Less Land
❑ Inadequate access to sanitation and infrastructure allocated for
Poor , more
❑ Poor structural quality of housing
would be the
❑ Overcrowding Slums
❑ Insecure residential status, absence of property rights
◼ Slums Management -- Improvement of living conditions
◼ Slums Control
◼ Slums Up-gradation
◼ City has Rehabilitation and Re-Settlement Plan and Policy, as part of the
Master Plan
Utilities and Municipal Services Plan
◼ Water Supply

◼ Sanitation/Sewerage Level of services would be

defined by the Land Allocated
◼ Drainage System for Municipal Services

◼ Electricity

◼ Gas

◼ Waste Collection and Disposal

◼ Communication Network [Telephone, Cable T.V, Wi-Fi]

Utilities and Municipal Services Plan
◼ Graveyards

◼ Parking

◼ Markets [Regular + Special]

◼ Street Light

◼ Municipal Parks

◼ Bus Terminals
Social Infrastructure / Community Services Plan
◼ Post Offices, Libraries, Civic Centers

◼ Education Facilities
Level of services would be
◼ Health Facilities defined by the Land Allocated
for Community Services
◼ Child and Adult Care Facilities

◼ Correction Centers/Dar-ul-Amaans
◼ Nursing Homes

◼ Day Care Centers

◼ Old-Age Homes

◼ Orphanages
 Economic Development/Livelihood Plan
◼ GOAL to develop a sustainable economic base by retaining and
attracting business while balancing the needs of both the business
and residential communities, and considering the effects of
economic development on the environment

◼ Policies
❑ Attract businesses that will yield the highest economic benefits to
the City and its citizens without accruing negative
environmental issues or stressing the resources and
infrastructure that support them.

❑ Ensure compatibility of industrial and commercial uses with

nearby residential areas.
 Economic Development Plan
◼ Economic development is a means of strengthening a city’s
valuable, existing economic base while providing a balanced
commercial mix and a diversified economy.

◼ Formal Economy
◼ Informal Economy

◼ Livelihood Plan includes:

❑ Sustainable Economic Growth

❑ Job creation [Regular + Daily Workers]

❑ Contribution to Tax

❑ Changing and Preserving Economy of the city

❑ Attract investment
 Public Safety Plan
◼ Internal Risks
❑ Fire and Rescue Services

❑ Terrorism, political unrest, social strife etc.

◼ External Risks
❑ Attack, Global Politics , Global developments etc.

◼ Natural Hazards
❑ Seismic Safety Plan

❑ Flood Safety plan

❑ Earthquake Safety Plan

 Recreation Plan

◼ It includes

❑ Parks
❑ Playgrounds
❑ Zoos
❑ Cornice /Corniche Roads, View Points
❑ Gymnasiums
❑ Sports Centers
❑ Swimming Center
❑ Clubs
❑ Cinemas, Art galleries, theatres, Coliseum/amphitheatre
 Recreational Facilities

◼ Design Considerations

◼ Economic Factors
◼ Land Availability
◼ Environmental Protection
◼ Religious considerations
◼ Social/Cultural Factors
◼ Leisure Trends
◼ Building Design
◼ Site Design
◼ Provision of Public facilities
◼ Design of Public Spaces
◼ Art
 City’s Environmental Plan
◼ Water Quality: Streams, and Storm Water Management, Water
Storage

◼ Soil Quality: Nutrient Reduction, Pollution Control, and Enforcement

◼ Wetlands and Flood Plain, Erosion and Steep Slopes

◼ Habitats of Rare, threatened or Endangered Species: Plants, Fish,

and Wildlife

◼ Tree Protection Plan

◼ Solid Waste Management and Recycling

◼ Air Quality and Noise

◼ Urban Forestry Program- Street Trees, Forested Parkland, Non-

Forested Parkland, Private Urban Forest
 Conservation Plan

◼ Natural Resources Preservation

◼ Soil, air, water etc

◼ Cultural preservation
◼ Norms and values, onslaught of external cultures

◼ Heritage preservation
◼ Saidpur Village, Badshahi Mosque, Shalamar Bagh etc.
Urban Design
 Urban Form
◼ What determines the physical form of the city?

❑ A disciplinary subset of urban planning, City and regional planning,

landscape and architecture

❑ It emerges from the initiative and enterprise of city residents, acting

individually and collectively.

❑ Urban development implies a continuous responsibility, of all forces

associated in the process acting independently and
interdependently.
 Urban Design

❑ Difference between Urban Design and Urban Planning

❑ Urban design focus on physical improvement of the public space.

❑ Urban planning focus on the planning of city land use and other
statutory development controls

❑ Requires a good understanding of range of other disciplines

such as urban economics, political economy and social theories.

❑ Urban designers rarely have artistic liberty sometimes offered in

design professions such as architecture.
 Urban Design
➢ Urban Design concerns
❑ Arrangements and Appearance
❑ Functionality of Towns and Cities

❑ Particularly
❑ Shaping the facilities
❑ Effective use of urban public spaces
❑ Urban design primarily deals with the design and management of
public space and the way public places are experienced and used.

❑ Land Use changes with change in Urban Design

 Urban Design Considerations
❑ Urban Structure – How palces are put together and how its
parts relate to each other
❑ Acessibility – Providing for ease, safety and choice when
moving to and through Places

❑ Way finiding –Helping people to find their way around and

understand how a place works

❑ Animation– Designing places to stimulate public activity,

cultural stimulation

❑ Function and fit – Shaping places to support their varied

intended uses
 Urban Design Considerations
❑ Complementary mixed uses – Locating activities to allow
constructive interaction between them like Hotel , Golf course

❑ Character and meaning – Recognizing and valuing the

differences between one place and another

❑ Order and incident – Balancing consistency and variety in the

urban environment in the interests of appreciating both

❑ Continuity and change – Locating people in time and place,

including respect for heritage and support for contemporary
culture

❑ Civil Society – Making places where people are free to

encounter each other as civic equals, an important component in
building Social Capital .
 Issues in Urban Design
❑ Disability
❑ Disability Car Parking, Ramps
❑ Gender
❑ Separate Wash Rooms
❑ Children
❑ Play areas on airports, shopping centers etc
❑ Culture
❑ Body scanning machine
❑ Religion
❑ Respect for all, Dance Club in front of Mosque in Foregin
Country
 Urban Design Parameters
Design Parameters Design Parameters
Height Lower Ground , Ground plus 5 Ground plus 7

FAR 1:5 1:9

Location 5-KmsWithin radius of Airport Within 10-Kms radius of Airport
Ground Coverage 100% 75% or Set-Backs
N=10', S= 20', E=10', W=10'
Basement Parking Parking plus storage
Floors Detail All Commercial Two Floors Residential, 5-
Commercial
Amenities Public Toilets Food Court, Public Toilets
Essential Handicapped Parking, Ramps, Handicapped Parking, Ramps,
Provisions Emergency Exits on each floor Emergency Exits on each floor

Urban Design Parameters strike balance between creativity and controls

and affects Private Spaces
Urban Design Parameters
Height Restrictions
 Value of Urban Design
Potential benefits include:

❑ Better Urban Environment

❑ Better public health

❑ Greater social equity

❑ Enhanced land values

❑ More vibrant local economy

❑ Reduced vehicle emissions

❑ More sustainable use of non-renewable resources

❑ Enhanced Aesthetics and appearances

 Poor Design Can have adverse effects

Poor urban design may adversely affect

❑ Quality of life,

❑ Economically Unviable

❑ Unsustainable

❑ Good Urban Design does not necessarily cost more, Good design may
involve more investment upfront, but this generally pays off over the
lifetime of the building or place.
Good Urban Design Value Better Quality of Life

Two key areas of good urban design

❑ Encourage people to undertake physical exercise, thereby creating

health benefits.

❑ Help make towns and cities safer and more secure.

Thanks